Universality of spectator fragmentation at relativistic bombarding energies

Nuclear Physics A

Volumn 607, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 457-486

  Schuttauf A ^a   Kunze, W D ^b   Worner A ^b   Begemann Blaich, M ^b   Blaich, Th ^c   Bowman, D R ^d,k   Charity, R J ^e   Cosmo, A ^f   Ferrero, A ^g   Gelbke, C K ^d   Gross C ^b   Hsi, W C ^d,l   Hubele, J ^b   Imme G ^h   Iori, I ^g   Kempter, J ^a   Kreutz, P ^a   Kunde, G J ^b,d   Lindenstruth, V ^b,m   Lisa, M A ^d,m   Lynch, W G ^d   Lynen, U ^b   Mang, M ^a   Mohlenkamp T ⁱ   Moroni, A ^g   Muller W F J ^b   Neumann, M ^a   Ocker, B ^a   Ogilvie, C A ^b,n   Peaslee, G F ^d,o   Pochodzalla, J ^b,p   Raciti, G ^h   Rosenberger, F ^b   Rubehn, Th ^b,m   Sann, H ^b   Schwarz, C ^b   Seidel, W ⁱ   Serfling, V ^a   Sobotka, L G ^e   Stroth, J ^b   Stuttge, L ^f   Tomasevic, S ^f   Trautmann, W ^b   Trzcinski, A ^j   Tsang, M B ^d   Tucholski, A ^j   Verde, G ^h   Williams, C W ^d   Zude, E ^b   Zwieglinski, B ^j   more..

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b GSI HELMHOLTZZENTRUM FÜR SCHWERIONENFORSCHUNG GMBH   (Germany)

^c JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^d MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f Centre de Recherches Nucleaires   (France)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^h UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

ⁱ INSTITUTE OF ION BEAM PHYSICS AND MATERIALS RESEARCH   (Germany)

^j SOLTAN INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR STUDIES   (Poland)

^k CANADIAN NUCLEAR LABORATORIES   (Canada)

^l INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^m LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

ⁿ MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^o HOPE COLLEGE   (United States)

^p MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR KERNPHYSIK   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

129Xe, 197Au, 238U projectiles, Be, C, Al, Cu, In, Au, U targets, E A = 400, 600, 800, 1000 MeV; Measured fragment cross sections, fragment charge, charge asymmetries and correlations

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038244557     PISSN: 03759474     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0375-9474(96)00239-4     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. [1] C.A. Ogilvie, J.C. Adloff, M. Begemann-Blaich, P. Bouissou, J. Hubele, G. Imme, I. Iori, P. Kreutz, G.J. Kunde, S. Leray, V. Lindenstruth, Z. Liu, U. Lynen, R.J. Meijer, U. Milkau, W.F.J. Müller, C. Ngô, J. Pochodzalla, G. Raciti, G. Rudolf, H. Sann, A. Schüttauf, W. Seidel, L. Stuttge, W. Trautmann and A. Tucholski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 (1991) 1214.
2. [2] J. Hubele, P. Kreutz, J.C. Adloff, M. Begemann-Blaich, P. Bouissou, G. Imme, I. Iori, G.J. Kunde, S. Leray, V. Lindenstruth, Z. Liu, U. Lynen, R.J. Meijer, U. Milkau, A. Moroni, W.F.J. Müller, C. Ngô, C.A. Ogilvie, J. Pochodzalla, G. Raciti, G. Rudolf, H. Sann, A. Schüttauf, W. Seidel, L. Stuttge, W. Trautmann and A. Tucholski, Z. Phys. A 340 (1991) 263.
3. [3] P. Kreutz, J.C. Adloff, M. Begemann-Blaich, P. Bouissou, J. Hubele, G. Imme, I. Iori, G.J. Kunde, S. Leray, V. Lindenstruth, Z. Liu, U. Lynen, R.J. Meijer, U. Milkau, A. Moroni, W.F.J. Müller, C. Ngô, C.A. Ogilvie, J. Pochodzalla, G. Raciti, G. Rudolf, H. Sann, A. Schüttauf, W. Seidel, L. Stuttge, W. Trautmann and A. Tucholski, Nucl. Phys. A 556 (1993) 672.
4. [4] J. Hubele, P. Kreutz, V. Lindenstruth, J.C. Adloff, M. Begemann-Blaich, P. Bouissou, G. Imme, I. Iori, G.J. Kunde, S. Leray, Z. Liu, U. Lynen, R.J. Meijer, U. Milkau, A. Moroni, W.F.J. Müller, C. Ngô, C.A. Ogilvie, J. Pochodzalla, G. Raciti, G. Rudolf, H. Sann, A. Schüttauf, W. Seidel, L. Stuttge, W. Trautmann, A. Tucholski, R. Heck, A.R. DeAngelis, D.H.E. Gross, H.R. Jaqaman, H.W. Barz, H. Schulz, W.A. Friedman and R.J. Charity, Phys. Rev. C 46 (1992) R1577.
5. [5] A.S. Botvina and I.N. Mishustin, Phys. Lett. B 294 (1992) 23.
6. [6] H.W. Barz, W. Bauer, J.P. Bondorf, A.S. Botvina, R. Donangelo, H. Schulz and K. Sneppen, Nucl. Phys. A 561 (1993) 466.
7. [7] Bao-An Li, A.R. DeAngelis and D.H.E. Gross, Phys. Lett. B 303 (1993) 225.
8. [8] J. Konopka, G. Peilert, H. Stöcker and W. Greiner, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 30 (1993) 301.
9. [9] Zheng Yu-Ming, Wang Fei, Sa Ben-Hao and Zhang Xiao-Ze, Phys. Rev. C 53 (1996) 1868.
10. [10] A.S. Botvina, I.N. Mishustin, M. Begemann-Blaich, J. Hubele, G. Imme, I. Iori, P. Kreutz, G.J. Kunde, W.D. Kunze, V. Lindenstruth, U. Lynen, A. Moroni, W.F.J. Müller, C.A. Ogilvie, J. Pochodzalla, G. Raciti, Th. Rubehn, H. Sann, A. Schüttauf, W. Seidel, W. Trautmann and A. Wörner, Nucl. Phys. A 584 (1995) 737.
11. 3He ratio used to assign charges to A = 3 clusters is given incorrectly in Ref. [3]; the percolation results reported there were obtained by assigning Z = 2 to 20% of the A = 3 clusters; for details see P. Kreutz, Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Frankfurt (1992), report GSI-92-22.
12. [12] Y.M. Zheng, J. Richert and P. Wagner, J. Phys. G 22 (1996) 505.
13. [13] J.B. Garcia and C. Cerruti, Nucl. Phys. A 578 (1994) 597.
14. [14] R. Botet and M. Ploszajczak, Phys. Lett. B 312 (1993) 30; Acta Physica Polonica B 25 (1994) 353.
15. [14] R. Botet and M. Ploszajczak, Phys. Lett. B 312 (1993) 30; Acta Physica Polonica B 25 (1994) 353.
16. [15] S. Leray and S. Souza, Proc. Second European Biennial Conf. on Nuclear Physics, Megève (1993), ed. D. Guinet (World Scientific, Singapore, 1995) p. 81.
17. [16] B. Elattari, J. Richert, P. Wagner and Y.M. Zheng, Phys. Lett. B 356 (1995) 181; Nucl. Phys. A 592 (1995) 385.
18. [16] B. Elattari, J. Richert, P. Wagner and Y.M. Zheng, Phys. Lett. B 356 (1995) 181; Nucl. Phys. A 592 (1995) 385.
19. [17] For a recent review see L.G. Moretto and G.J. Wozniak, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Science 43 (1993) 379.
20. [18] M.L. Gilkes, S. Albergo, F. Bieser, F.P. Brady, Z. Caccia, D.A. Cebra, A.D. Chacon, J.L. Chance, Y. Choi, S. Costa, J.B. Elliott, J.A. Hauger, A.S. Hirsch, E.L. Hjort, A. Insolia, M. Justice, D. Keane, J.C. Kintner, V. Lindenstruth, M.A. Lisa, U. Lynen, H.S. Matis, M. McMahan, C. McParland, W.F.J. Müller, D.L. Olson, M.D. Partlan, N.T. Porile, R. Potenza, G. Rai, J. Rasmussen, H.G. Ritter, J. Romanski, J.L. Romero, G.V. Russo, H. Sann, R. Scharenberg, A. Scott, Y. Shao, B.K. Srivastava, T.J.M. Symons, M. Tincknell, C. Tuvé, S. Wang, P. Warren, H.H. Wieman and K. Wolf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 1590.
21. [19] J. Pochodzalla, T. Möhlenkamp, T. Rubehn, A. Schüttauf, A. Wörner, E. Zude, M. Begemann-Blaich, Th. Blaich, H. Emling, A. Ferrero, C. Groß, G. Immé, I. Iori, G.J. Kunde, W.D. Kunze, V. Lindenstruth, U. Lynen, A. Moroni, W.F.J. Müller, B. Ocker, G. Raciti, H. Sann, C. Schwarz, W. Seidel, V. Serfling, J. Stroth, W. Trautmann, A. Trzcinski, A. Tucholski, G. Verde and B. Zwieglinski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (1995) 1040.
22. [20] Th. Rubehn, W.F.J. Müller, R. Bassini, M. Begemann-Blaich, Th. Blaich, A. Ferrero, C. Groß, G. Imme, I. Iori, G.J. Kunde, W.D. Kunze, V. Lindenstruth, U. Lynen, T. Möhlenkamp, L.G. Moretto, B. Ocker, J. Pochodzalla, G. Raciti, S. Reito, H. Sann, A. Schüttauf, W. Seidel, V. Serfling, W. Trautmann, A. Trzcinski, G. Verde, A. Wörner, E. Zude and B. Zwieglinski, Z. Phys. A 353 (1995) 197.
23. [21] Th. Rubehn, R. Bassini, M. Begemann-Blaich, Th. Blaich, A. Ferrero, C. Groß, G. Immé, I. Iori, G.J. Kunde, W.D. Kunze, V. Lindenstruth, U. Lynen, T. Möhlenkamp, L.G. Moretto, W.F.J. Müller, B. Ocker, J. Pochodzalla, G. Raciti, S. Reito, H. Sann, A. Schüttauf, W. Seidel, V. Serfling, W. Trautmann, A. Trzcinski, G. Verde, A. Wörner, E. Zude and B. Zwieglinski, Phys. Rev. C 53 (1996) 993.
24. [22] Th. Rubehn, R. Bassini, M. Begemann-Blaich, Th. Blaich, A. Ferrero, C. Groß, G. Imme, I. Iori, G.J. Kunde, W.D. Kunze, V. Lindenstruth, U. Lynen, T. Möhlenkamp, L.G. Moretto, W.F.J. Müller, B. Ocker, J. Pochodzalla, G. Raciti, S. Reito, H. Sann, A. Schüttauf, W. Seidel, V. Serfling, W. Trautmann, A. Trzcinski, G. Verde, A. Wörner, E. Zude and B. Zwieglinski, Phys. Rev. C 53 (1996) 3143.
25. [23] W. Trautmann et al., Proc. XXXIII Intern. Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics, Bormio (1995), ed. I. Iori (Ricerca Scientifica ed Educazione Permanente, Milano, 1995) p. 372.
26. [24] R.T. De Souza, N. Carlin, Y.D. Kim, J. Ottarson, L. Phair, D.R. Bowman, C.K. Gelbke, W.G. Gong, W.G. Lynch, R.A. Pelak, T. Peterson, G. Poggi, M.B. Tsang and H.M. Xu, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 295 (1990) 109.
27. [25] M.B. Tsang, W.C. Hsi, W.G. Lynch, D.R. Bowman, C.K. Gelbke, M.A. Lisa, G.F. Peaslee, G.J. Kunde, M.L. Begemann-Blaich, T. Hofmann, J. Hubele, J. Kempter, P. Kreutz, W.D. Kunze, V. Lindenstruth, U. Lynen, M. Mang, W.F.J. Müller, M. Neumann, B. Ocker, C.A. Ogilvie, J. Pochodzalla, F. Rosenberger, H. Sann, A. Schüttauf, V. Serfling, J. Stroth, W. Trautmann, A. Tucholski, A. Wörner, E. Zude, B. Zwieglinski, S. Aiello, G. Immé, V. Pappalardo, G. Raciti, R.J. Charity, L.G. Sobotka, I. Iori, A. Moroni, R. Scardaoni, A. Ferrero, W. Seidel, Th. Blaich, L. Stuttge, A. Cosmo, W.A. Friedman and G. Peilert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 (1993) 1502.
28. [26] W. Reisdorf et al., Proc. Intern. Workshop XXII, Hirschegg (1994), eds. H. Feldmeier and W. Nörenberg (GSI, Darmstadt, 1994) p. 93.
29. [27] K. Sümmerer, W. Brüchle, D.J. Morrissey, M. Schädel, B. Szweryn and Yang Weifan, Phys. Rev. C 42 (1990) 2546.
30. [28] V. Lindenstruth, Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Frankfurt (1993), report GSI-93-18.
31. [29] G.J. Kunde, J. Pochodzalla, J. Aichelin, E. Berdermann, B. Berthier, C. Cerruti, C.K. Gelbke, J. Hubele, P. Kreutz, S. Leray, R. Lucas, U. Lynen, U, Milkau, W.F.J. Müller, C. Ngô, C.H. Pinkenburg, G. Raciti, H. Sann and W. Trautmann, Phys. Lett. B 272 (1991) 202.
32. [30] H.W. Barz, H. Schulz and G.F. Bertsch, Phys. Lett. B 217 (1989) 397.
33. [31] D.H. Boal, J.N. Glosli and C. Wicentowich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62 (1989) 737.
34. [32] H.W. Barz, J.P. Bondorf, R. Donangelo, H. Schulz and K. Sneppen, Phys. Lett. B 228 (1989) 453.
35. [33] W. Bauer, Phys. Rev. C 51 (1995) 803.
36. [34] A.S. Goldhaber, Phys. Lett. B 53 (1974) 306.
37. [35] U. Milkau, M.L. Begemann-Blaich, E.-M. Eckert, G. Imme, P. Kreutz, A. Kühmichel, M. Lattuada, U. Lynen, C. Mazur, W.F.J. Müller, J.B. Natowitz, C. Ngô, J. Pochodzalla, G. Raciti, M. Ribrag, H. Sann, W. Trautmann and R. Trockel, Z. Phys. A 346 (1993) 227.
38. [36] A.S. Botvina and D.H.E. Gross, Phys. Lett. B 344 (1995) 6; Nucl. Phys. A 592 (1995) 257.
39. [36] A.S. Botvina and D.H.E. Gross, Phys. Lett. B 344 (1995) 6; Nucl. Phys. A 592 (1995) 257.
40. [37] G.J. Kunde, W.C. Hsi, W.D. Kunze, A. Schüttauf, A. Wörner, M. Begemann-Blaich, Th. Blaich, D.R. Bowman, R.J. Charity, A. Cosmo, A. Ferrero, C.K. Gelbke, J. Hubele, G. Immé, I. Iori, P. Kreutz, V. Lindenstruth, M.A. Lisa, W.G. Lynch, U. Lynen, M. Mang, T. Möhlenkamp, A. Moroni, W.F.J. Müller, M. Neumann, B. Ocker, C.A. Ogilvie, G.F. Peaslee, J. Pochodzalla, G. Raciti, T. Rubehn, H. Sann, W. Seidel, V. Serfling, L.G. Sobotka, J. Stroth, L. Stuttge, S. Tomasevic, W. Trautmann, M.B. Tsang, A. Tucholski, G. Verde, C.W. Williams, E. Zude and B. Zwieglinski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 38.
41. [38] C.J. Waddington and P.S. Freier, Phys. Rev. C 31 (1985) 888.
42. [39] V. Lips, R. Barth, H. Oeschler, S.P. Avdeyev, V.A. Karnaukhov, W.D. Kuznetsov, L.A. Petrov, O.V. Bochkarev, L.V. Chulkov, E.A. Kuzmin, W. Karcz, W. Neubert and E. Norbeck, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 1604.
43. [40] K. Kwiatkowski, K.B. Morley, E. Renshaw Foxford, D.S. Bracken, V.E. Viola, N.R. Yoder, R. Legrain, E.C. Pollacco, C. Volant, W.A. Friedman, R.G. Korteling, J. Brzychczyk and H. Breuer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 3756.
44. [41] G. Rusch, W. Heinrich, B. Wiegel, E. Winkel and J. Dreute, Phys. Rev. C 49 (1994) 901.
45. [42] P.L. Jain and G. Singh, Phys. Rev. C 46 (1992) R10.
46. [43] P.L. Jain, G. Singh and A. Mukhopadhyay, Phys. Rev. C 50 (1994) 1085.
47. [44] M.L. Cherry, A. Dabrowska, P. Deines-Jones, A.J. Dubinina, R. Holynski, W.V. Jones, E.D. Kolganova, A. Olszewski, E.A. Pozharova, K. Sengupta, T.Yu. Skorodko, V.A. Smirnitski, M. Szarska, C.J. Waddington, J.P. Wefel, B. Wilczynska and W. Wolter, Z. Phys. C 63 (1994) 549.
48. [45] M.L. Cherry, A. Dabrowska, P. Deines-Jones, R. Holynski, W.V. Jones, E.D. Kolganova, A. Olszewski, K. Sengupta, T.Yu. Skorodko, M. Szarska, C.J. Waddington, J.P. Wefel, B. Wilczynska, B. Wosiek and W. Wolter, Phys. Rev. C 52 (1995) 2652.
49. [46] G.F. Peaslee, M.B. Tsang, C. Schwarz, M.J. Huang, W.S. Huang, W.C. Hsi, C. Williams, W. Bauer, D.R. Bowman, M. Chattier, J. Dinius, C.K. Gelbke, T. Glasmacher, D.O. Handzy, M.A. Lisa, W.G. Lynch, C.M. Mader, L. Phair, M-C. Lemaire, S.R. Souza, G. Van Buren, R.J. Charity, L.G. Sobotka, G.J. Kunde, U. Lynen, J. Pochodzalla, H. Sann, W. Trautmann, D. Fox, R.T. de Souza, G. Peilert, W.A. Friedman and N. Carlin, Phys. Rev. C 49 (1994) R2271.
50. [47] L. Pienkowski, H.G. Bohlen, J. Cugnon, H. Fuchs, J. Galin, B. Gatty, B. Gebauer, D. Guerreau, D. Hilscher, D. Jacquet, U. Jahnke, M. Josset, X. Ledoux, S. Leray, B. Lott, M. Morjean, A. Péghaire, G. Röschert, H. Rossner, R.H. Siemssen and C. Stéphan, Phys. Lett. B 336 (1994) 147.
51. [48] J. Dreute, W. Heinrich, G. Rusch and B. Wiegel, Phys. Rev. C 44 (1991) 1057.
52. [49] S.B. Kaufman and E.P. Steinberg, Phys. Rev. C 22 (1980) 167.
53. [50] R.E.L. Green and R.G. Korteling, Phys. Rev. C 22 (1980) 1594.
54. [51] N.T. Porile, A.J. Bujak, D.D. Carmony, Y.H. Chung, L.J. Gutay, A.S. Hirsch, M. Mahi, G.L. Paderewski, T.C. Sangster, R.P. Scharenberg and B.C. Stringfellow, Phys. Rev. C 39 (1989) 1914.
55. [52] B. Berthier, R. Boisgard, J. Julien, J.M. Hisleur, R. Lucas, C. Mazur, C. Ngô, M. Ribrag and C. Cerruti, Phys. Lett. B 193 (1987) 417.
56. [53] W. Trautmann, U. Milkau, U. Lynen and J. Pochodzalla, Z. Phys. A 344 (1993) 447.
57. [54] J.-J. Gaimard and K.-H. Schmidt, Nucl. Phys. A 531 (1991) 709.
58. [55] K.-H. Schmidt, T. Brohm, H.-G. Clerc, M. Dornik, M. Fauerbach, H. Geissel, A. Grewe, E. Hanelt, A. Junghans, A. Magel, W. Morawek, G. Münzenberg, F. Nickel, M. Pfützner, C. Scheidenberger, K. Sümmerer, D. Vieira, B. Voss and C. Ziegler, Phys. Lett. B 300 (1993) 313; T. Brohm and K.-H. Schmidt, Nucl. Phys. A 569 (1994) 821.
59. [55] K.-H. Schmidt, T. Brohm, H.-G. Clerc, M. Dornik, M. Fauerbach, H. Geissel, A. Grewe, E. Hanelt, A. Junghans, A. Magel, W. Morawek, G. Münzenberg, F. Nickel, M. Pfützner, C. Scheidenberger, K. Sümmerer, D. Vieira, B. Voss and C. Ziegler, Phys. Lett. B 300 (1993) 313; T. Brohm and K.-H. Schmidt, Nucl. Phys. A 569 (1994) 821.
60. [56] Z. Koba, H.B. Nielsen and P. Olesen, Nucl. Phys. B 40 (1972) 317.
61. [57] For a recent review see Ziping Chen, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 2 (1993) 285.
62. [58] Y. Yariv and Z. Fraenkel, Phys. Rev. C 20 (1979) 2227; C 24 (1981) 488.
63. [58] Y. Yariv and Z. Fraenkel, Phys. Rev. C 20 (1979) 2227; C 24 (1981) 488.
64. [59] J. Cugnon, Nucl. Phys. A 462 (1987) 751.
65. [60] G.E. Brown, Nucl. Phys. A 488 (1988) 689c.
66. [61] K. Kwiatkowski, W.A. Friedman, L.W. Woo, V.E. Viola, E.C. Pollacco, C. Volant and S.J. Yennello, Phys. Rev. C 49 (1994) 1516.
67. [62] J.W. Harris, G. Odyniec, H.G. Pugh, L.S. Schroeder, M.L. Tincknell, W. Rauch, R. Stock, R. Bock, R. Brockmann, A. Sandoval, H. Ströbele, R.E. Renfordt, D. Schall, D. Bangert, J.P. Sullivan, K.L. Wolf, A. Dacal, C. Guerra and M.E. Ortiz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (1987) 463.
68. [63] C. Müntz, P. Baltes, H. Oeschler, A. Sartorius, A. Wagner, W. Ahner, R. Barth, M. Cieślak, M. Debowski, E. Grosse, W. Henning, P. Koczoń, D. Miśkowiec, R. Schicker, P. Senger, C. Bormann, D. Brill, Y. Shin, J. Stein, R. Stock, H. Ströbele, B. Kohlmeyer, H. Pöppl, F. Pühlhofer, J. Speer, K. Völkel and W. Waluś, Z. Phys. A 352 (1995) 175, and references therein.
69. [64] V.S. Barashenkov and V.D. Toneev, Interactions of high-energy particles and atomic nuclei with nuclei, Moscow, Atomizdat, 1972 (in Russian); V.D. Toneev, private communication (1994).
70. [65] D.H.E. Gross, Rep. Prog. Phys. 53 (1990) 605; A.R. DeAngelis and D.H.E. Gross, Comput. Phys. Commun. 76 (1993) 113.
71. [65] D.H.E. Gross, Rep. Prog. Phys. 53 (1990) 605; A.R. DeAngelis and D.H.E. Gross, Comput. Phys. Commun. 76 (1993) 113.
72. [66] W.A. Friedman, Phys. Rev. C 42 (1990) 667.
73. [67] G. Papp and W. Nörenberg, preprint GSI-95-30 (1995).
74. [68] W. Bauer, private communication (1991).
75. [69] P. Désesquelles, J.P. Bondorf, I.N. Mishustin and A.S. Botvina, Nucl. Phys. A 604 (1996) 183.
76. [70] P. Désesquelles, private communication (1996).
77. [71] A.S. Botvina and Hongfei Xi, private communication (1996).
78. [72] X. Campi, H. Krivine and E. Plagnol, Phys. Rev. C 50 (1994) R2680.