Exposure to diagnostic ionizing radiation in sports medicine: Assessing and monitoring the risk

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 164-170

  Cross, Thomas M ^a,d   Smart, Richard C ^b   Thomson, Julian E M ^c  

^a Sports Physicians ACT   (Australia)

^b ST GEORGE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c Medical Physics Section   (Australia)

^d Dip Child Health   (Australia)

Author keywords

Athlete radiation record; Athlete X; Effective dose; Justification; Optimization; Risk estimate

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATHLETE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION HAZARD; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SPORTS MEDICINE;

ADULT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, STATISTICAL; NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIATION, IONIZING; RADIOGRAPHY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SPORTS MEDICINE;

EID: 0038222422     PISSN: 1050642X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00042752-200305000-00007     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission of Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press: 1991.
2. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Annex I: Epidemiological evaluation of radiation-induced cancer. In: Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Vol 2. New York, NY: UNSCEAR; 2000:298-433.
3. Bushberg J, Siebert J, Leidholdt E. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1994.
4. Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals. Ann ICRP. 1998;28:1-126.
5. Colmanet S, Samuels D. Diagnostic radiopharmaceutical dose estimate to the Australian population. Health Phys. 1993;64:375380.
6. Parry R, Glaze S, Archer B. Typical patient radiation doses in diagnostic radiology. Radiographics. 1999;19:1289-1302.
7. Webb DV, Soloman SB, Thomson JEM. Background radiation levels and medical exposures in Australia. Radiat Protection Aust. 1999;16:7-14.
8. Pierce DA, Shimizu Y, Preston DL, et al. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950-1990. Radiat Res. 1996;146:1-27.
9. Nowotny R, Hofer A. Program for calculating diagnostic x-ray spectra [in German]. ROFO Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 1985;142:685-689.
10. Hart D, Jones DG, Wall BF. Normalised Organ Doses for Medical X-ray Examinations Calculated Using Monte Carlo Techniques. National Radiological Protection Board, NRPB-SR262. London, England: HMSO: 1995.
11. Jones DG, Wall BF. Organ Doses from Medical X-ray Examinations Calculated Using Monte Carlo Techniques. National Radiological Protection Board, NRPB-R186. London, England: HMSO; 1985.
12. Jones DG, Shrimpton PC. Normalised Organ Doses for X-ray Computed Tomography Calculated Using Monte Carlo Techniques. National Radiological Protection Board, NRPB-R250. London, England: HMSO; 1991.
13. Smart RC, Towson JE. Diagnostic reference activities for nuclear medicine procedures in Australia and New Zealand. Radiat Protection Aust, 2000;17:2-14.
14. Mettler FA, Upton AC. Medical Effects of Ionizing Radiation. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1995.
15. Pierce DA, Preston DL. Radiation-related cancer risks at low doses among atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res. 2000;154:178-186.
16. Fry R. Effects of low dose radiation. Health Phys. 1996;70:823-827.
17. National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB). Estimates of late radiation risks to the UK population. Documents of the NRPB. 1993;4:15-157.
18. Ware D, Huda W, Mergo P, et al. Radiation effective doses to patients undergoing abdominal CT examinations. Radiology. 1999;210:645-650.
19. Brenner D, Elliston C, Hall E, et al. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176:289-296.
20. Pregnancy and medical radiation. Ann ICRP. 2000;30:iii-viii. 1-43.
21. Health Physics Society. Radiation Risk in Perspective: Position Statement of the Health Physics Society. January 1996. Available at: http://www.hps.org/documents/radiationrisk.pdf.
22. Pushin J, Nelson C. Estimates of radiogenic cancer risks. Health Phys. 1996;69:93-101.
23. National Council for Radiation Protection. Uncertainties in Fatal Cancer Risk Estimates in Radiation Protection. NCRP Report No. 126. Bethesda, MD: National Council for Radiation Protection; 1997.
24. Goldman M. Cancer risk of low-level exposure. Science. 1996;271:1821-1822.
25. Boice JD Jr, Morin MM, Glass AG, et al. Diagnostic x-ray procedures and risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. JAMA. 1991;265:1290-1294.
26. Inskip PD, Ekbom A, Galanti MR, et al. Medical diagnostic x rays and thyroid cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:1613-1621.
27. Hall P, Mattsson A, Boice JD Jr. Thyroid cancer after diagnostic administration of iodine-131. Radiat Res. 1996;145:86-92.
28. Cuzick J, De Stavola B. Multiple myeloma-a case-control study. Br J Cancer. 1988;57:516-520.
29. Friedman GD. Multiple myeloma: relation to propoxyphene and other drugs, radiation and occupation. Int J Epidemiol. 1986;15:424-426.
30. Neel JV, Schull WJ, Awa AA, et al. The children of parents exposed to atomic bombs: estimates of the genetic doubling dose of radiation for humans. Am J Hum Genet. 1990;46:1053-1072.
31. European Guidelines for Quality Criteria for Diagnostic Radiographic Images. Report EUR 16260. Brussels, Belgium: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: 1996.
32. European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Diagnostic Radiographic Images in Pediatrics. Report EUR 16261. Brussels. Belgium: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 1996.
33. European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Computed Tomography. Report EUR 16262. Brussels, Belgium: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 1996.
34. Royal College of Radiologists. Making the Best Use of a Department of Diagnostic Clinical Radiology. Guidelines for Doctors. 3rd ed. London, England: Royal College of Radiologists: 1995.
35. Roebuck DJ. Ionising radiation in diagnosis: do the risks outweigh the benefits? Med J Aust. 1996;164:743-747.
36. The ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) concept in pediatric CT intelligent dose reduction. Multidisciplinary conference organized by the Society of Pediatric Radiology. August 18-19. 2001. Pediatr Radiol. 2002;32:217-313.
37. Berdon WE, Slovis TL. Where we are since ALARA and the series of articles on CT dose in children and risk of long-term cancers: what has changed? Pediatr Radiol. 2002;32:699.
38. Mettler FA Jr, Wiest PW, Locken JA, et al. CT scanning: patterns of use and dose. J Radiol Prot. 2000;20:353-359.
39. Durand-Zaleski I, Reizine D, Puzin D, et al. Economic assessment of magnetic resonance imaging for inpatients: is it still too early? Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1993;9:263-273.