Does the human heart fatigue subsequent to prolonged exercise?

Sports Medicine

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 365-380

  Dawson, Ellen ^a   George, Keith ^b   Shave, Rob ^c   Whyte, Greg ^c   Ball, Derek ^d  

^a MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c NORTHWICK PARK HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CALCIUM; CREATINE KINASE MB; FATTY ACID; FREE RADICAL; MARKER;

ALTITUDE; ATHLETE; CELL DISRUPTION; CLIMATE; CORONARY ARTERY SPASM; DEHYDRATION; DIASTOLE; DOWN REGULATION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; FATIGUE; FITNESS; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART FATIGUE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART MUSCLE FIBER MEMBRANE; HEART MUSCLE INJURY; HEART MUSCLE RELAXATION; HEART PRELOAD; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; INOTROPISM; MEMBRANE DAMAGE; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM; STRESS; SYSTOLE; TECHNIQUE; TRAINING;

CARDIOMYOPATHIES; EXERCISE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; MUSCLE FATIGUE; MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION; MYOCARDIUM; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; STROKE VOLUME; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT; VENTRICULAR FUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 0038215459     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333050-00003     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Overgaard K, Lindstrom T, Ingemann-Hansen T, et al. Membrane leakage and increased content of Na+-K+ pumps and Ca2+ in human muscle after a 100-km run. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92: 1891-8
2. Starnes JW, Bowles DK. Role of exercise in the cause and prevention of cardiac dysfunction. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1995; 23: 349-74
3. Douglas PS, O'Toole ML, Hiller WDB, et al. Cardiac fatigue after prolonged exercise. Circulation 1987; 76: 1206-13
4. Coyle EF, Gonzalez-Alonso J. Cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise: new perspectives. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2001; 29: 92-9
5. Saltin B, Stenberg J. Circulatory response to prolonged severe exercise. J Appl Physiol 1964; 19: 833-8
6. Laursen PB, Rhodes EC. Factors affecting performance in an ultra endurance triathlon. Sports Med 2001; 31: 195-209
7. Goodman JM, McLaughlin PR, Liu PP. Left ventricular performance during prolonged exercise: absence of systolic dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2001; 100: 529-37
8. Rowe WJ. Endurance exercise and injury to the heart. Sports Med 1993; 16: 73-9
9. Upton MT, Rerych SK, Roeback JR, et al. Effect of brief and prolonged exercise on left ventricular performance. Am J Cardiol 1980; 45: 1154-60
10. Palatini P, Bongiovi S, Marcor F, et al. Left ventricular performance during prolonged exercise and early recovery in healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 1994; 69: 396-401
11. Warburton DER, Haykowsky MJF, Quinney HA, et al. Reliability and validity of measures of cardiac output during incremental to maximal aerobic exercise. Part I: conventional techniques. Sports Med 1999; 27: 23-41
12. Warburton DER, Haykowsky MJF, Quinney HA, et al. Reliability and validity of measures of cardiac output during incremental to maximal aerobic exercise. Part II: novel techniques and new advances. Sports Med 1999; 27: 241-60
13. Crawford MH, White DH, Amon KW. Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular size and performance during handgrip and supine and upright bicycle exercise. Circulation 1979; 59: 1188-96
14. Perrault H, Peronnet F, Lebeau R, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular performance before and after marathon running. Am Heart J 1986; 112: 1026-31
15. Carrió I, Serra-Grima R, Berna L, et al. Transient alterations in cardiac performance after a six-hour race. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 1471-4
16. Douglas PS, O'Toole ML, Hiller WDB, et al. Different effects of prolonged exercise on the right and left ventricles. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 64-9
17. Davila-Roman VG, Guest TM, Tuteur PG, et al. Transient right but not left ventricular dysfunction after strenuous exercise at high altitude. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 468-73
18. Niemelä KO, Palatsi IJ, Ikaheimo MJ, et al. Evidence of impaired left ventricular performance after an uninterrupted competitive 24 hour run. Circulation 1984; 70: 350-6
19. Niemelä K, Palasti I, Ikaheimo M, et al. Impaired left ventricular diastolic function in athletes after utterly strenuous prolonged exercise. Int J Sports Med 1987; 8: 61-5
20. Douglas PS, O'Toole M, Woolard J. Regional wall motion abnormalities after prolonged exercise in the normal left ventricle. Circulation 1990; 82: 2108-14
21. Manier G, Wickers F, Lomenech AM, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of myocardial performance after prolonged strenuous exercise. Eur Heart J 1991; 12: 1183-8
22. Siegel AJ, Lewandrowski KB, Strauss HW, et al. Normal post-race antimyosin myocardial scintigraphy in asymptomatic marathon runners with elevated serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme and troponin T levels. Circulation 1995; 86: 451-6
23. Douglas PS, O'Toole ML, Katz SE. Prolonged exercise alters cardiac chronotropic responsiveness in endurance athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1998; 38: 158-63
24. Lucia A, Serratosa L, Saborido A, et al. Short-term effects of marathon running: no evidence of cardiac dysfunction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 1414-21
25. Rifai N, Douglas PS, O'Toole M, et al. Cardiac troponin T and I, electrocardiographic wall motion analyses, and ejection fractions in athletes participating in the Hawaii Ironman triathlon. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 1085-9
26. Whyte GP, George K, Sharma S, et al. Cardiac fatigue following prolonged endurance exercise of differing distances. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 1067-72
27. Warburton DER, Welch RC, Haykowsky MJ, et al. Effects of half triathlon on the development of late potentials. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 1208-13
28. Haykowsky M, Welsh R, Humen D, et al. Impaired left ventricular systolic function after a half-Ironman race. Can J Cardiol 2001; 17: 687-90
29. Shave R, Dawson E, Whyte G, et al. Evidence of exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction and elevated cTnT in separate cohorts competing in an ultra-endurance mountain marathon race. Int J Sport Med 2002; 23: 489-94
30. Seals DR, Rogers MA, Hagberg JM, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction after prolonged strenuous exercise in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol 1988; 61: 875-9
31. Vanoverschelde JLJ, Younis LT, Melin JA, et al. Prolonged exercise induces left ventricular dysfunction in healthy subjects. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 1356-63
32. Ketelhut R, Losem CJ, Messerli FH. Depressed systolic and diastolic cardiac function after prolonged aerobic exercise in healthy subjects. Int J Sports Med 1992; 13: 293-7
33. Ketelhut R, Losem CJ, Messerli FH. Is a decrease in arterial pressure during long-term aerobic exercise caused by a fall in cardiac pump function? Am Heart J 1994; 127: 567-71
34. Eysmann SB, Gervino E, Vatner DE, et al. Prolonged exercise alters β-adrenergic responsiveness in healthy sedentary humans. J Appl Physiol 1996; 80: 616-22
35. Longo MR, Guzman AW, Triebwasser JH. Normal values and commonly used echocardiographic formulae for adults. Aviat Space Environ Med 1975; 46: 1062-4
36. Robotham JL, Takata M, Berman M, et al. Ejection fraction revisited. Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 172-83
37. Penny DJ. The basics of ventricular function. Cardiol Young 1999; 9: 210-23
38. Apstein CS, Eberli FR. Diastolic function and dysfunction with exercise, hypertrophy, ischemia, and heart failure. Cardiologia 1998; 43: 1269-79
39. Shapiro LM, McKenna WJ. Left ventricular hypertrophy: relation of structure to diastolic function in hypertension. Br Heart J 1984; 51: 637-42
40. Maron BJ. Structural features of the athlete heart as defined by echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 190-203
41. Lim MJ, Buda AJ. Doppler echocardiography in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. Curr Opin Cardiol 1991; 6: 937-45
42. Libonati JR. Myocardial diastolic function and exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 1741-7
43. McKechnie JK, Leary WP, Noakes TD, et al. Acute pulmonary oedema in two athletes during a 90-km running race. S Afr Med J 1979; 56: 261-5
44. Yasue H, Omote S, Takizawa A, et al. Circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with prinzmetal's variant angina: role of exercise-induced coronary arterial spasm. Circulation 1979; 59: 938-48
45. Rowe WJ. Extraordinary unremitting endurance exercise and permanent injury to normal heart. Lancet 1992; 340: 712-4
46. Paulus WJ, Shah AM. NO and cardiac diastolic function. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 43: 595-606
47. Osbakken M, Locko R. Scintigraphy determination of ventricular function and coronary perfusion in long-distance runners. Am Heart J 1984; 108: 296-304
48. Roberts R. Diagnostic assessment of myocardial infarct based on lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzymes. Heart Lung 1981; 10: 486-506
49. Apple FS, Rogers MA, Sherman WM, et al. Profile of creatine kinase isoenzymes in skeletal muscle of marathon runners. Clin Chem 1984; 30: 413-6
50. Ohman EM, Teo KK, Johnson AH, et al. Abnormal cardiac enzyme responses after strenuous exercise: alternative diagnostic aids. BMJ 1982; 285: 1523-6
51. Cummins P, Young A, Auckland ML, et al. Comparison of serum cardiac specific troponin-I with creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme, tropomyosin, myoglobin and C-reactive protein release in marathon runners: cardiac or skeletal muscle trauma? Eur J Clin Invest 1987; 17: 317-24
52. Schneider CM, Dennehy CA, Rodearmel SJ, et al. Effects of physical activity on creatine phosphokinase and the isoenzyme creatine kinase-MB. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25: 520-1
53. Ordonez-Llanos J, Serra-Grima JR, Merce-Muntanola J, et al. Ratio of creatine kinase 2 mass concentration to total creatine kinase activity not altered by heavy physical exercise. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 2224-7
54. Siegel AJ, Silverman LM, Holman BL. Elevated creatine kinase MB isoenzyme levels in marathon runners. JAMA 1981; 246: 2049-51
55. Mair J, Wohlfarter T, Koller A, et al. Serum cardiac troponin T after extraordinary endurance exercise [letter]. Lancet 1992; 340: 1048
56. Koller A, Mair J, Mayr M, et al. Diagnosis of myocardial injury in marathon runners. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 752: 234-5
57. Bonetti A, Tirelli F, Albertini R, et al. Serum cardiac troponin T after repeated endurance exerercise events. Int J Sports Med 1996; 17: 259-62
58. Laslett L, Eisenbud E, Lind R. Evidence of myocardial injury during prolonged strenuous exercise. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 488-90
59. Laslett L, Eisenbud E. Lack of detection of myocardial injury during competitive races of 100 miles lasting 18 to 30 hours. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80: 379-80
60. Mair J, Schobersberger W, Koller A, et al. Risk for exercise-induced myocardial injury for athletes performing prolonged strenous endurance exercise. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80: 543-4
61. Siegel AJ, Scholar M, Yang J, et al. Elevated serum cardiac markers in asymptomatic marathon runners after competition: is the myocardium stunned? Cardiology 1997; 88: 487-91
62. Koller A, Mair J, Schobersberger W, et al. Effects of prolonged strenuous endurance exercise on plasma myosin heavy chain fragments and other muscle proteins. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1998; 38: 10-7
63. Denvir MA, Galloway PJ, Meighan AS, et al. Changes in skeletal and cardiac muscle enzymes during the Scottish coast to coast triathlon. Scott Med J 1999; 44: 49-51
64. Obha H, Takada H, Musha H. et al. Effects of prolonged strenuous exercise on plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in healthy men. Am Heart J 2001; 141: 751-8
65. Siegel AJ, Lewandrowski EL, Chun KY, et al. Changes in cardiac markers including B-natriuetic peptide in runners after the Boston marathon. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 920-3
66. Neumayr G, Pfister R, Mitterbauer G, et al. Effect of the 'Race Across The Alps' in elite cyclists on plasma cardiac troponins I and T. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 484-6
67. Neumayr G, Gaenzer H, Pfister R, et al. Plasma levels of cardiac troponin I after prolonged strenuous exercise. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 369-71
68. Collinson PO, Boa FG, Gaze DC. Measurement of cardiac troponins. Ann Clin Biochem 2001; 38: 423-49
69. Wu AHB, Valdes R, Apple FS, et al. Cardiac Troponin-T immunoassay for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 900-7
70. Shave R, Dawson E, Whyte G, et al. The cardiospecificity of the third-generation cTnT assay after exercise-induced muscle damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 651-4
71. Zimmermann R, Baki S, Dengler TJ, et al. Troponin T release after heart transplantation. Br Heart J 1993; 69: 395-8
72. Friedman DB, Ordway GA, Williams RS. Exercise-induced functional desensitization of canine cardiac b-adrenergic receptors. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 1721-3
73. Fraser J, Nadeau J, Robertson D, et al. Regulation of human leucocyte beta receptors by endogenous catecholamines. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 1777-84
74. Dearman J, Francis KT. Plasma levels of catecholamines, cortisol and beta-endorphins in male athletes after running 26.2, 6 and 2 miles. J Sports Med 1983; 23: 30-8
75. Meyer R, Mayer U, Weib M, et al. Sympathoadrenergic regulation of metabolism and cardiocirculation during and following running exercises of different intensity and duration. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9: 132-40
76. Liedtke AJ, Nellis S, Neely JR. Effects of excess free fatty acids on mechanical and metabolic function in normal and ischemic myocardium in swine. Circ Res 1978; 43: 652-61
77. Ferrari R. Healthy versus sick myocytes: metabolism, structure and function. Eur Heart J Suppl 2002; 4: G1-G12
78. Damm S, Andersson LG, Henriksen E, et al. Wall motion abnormalities in male elite orienteers are aggravated by exercise. Clin Physiol 1999; 19: 121-6
79. Vinereanu D, Florescu N, Sculthorpe N, et al. Left ventricular long axis diastolic function is augmented in the hearts of endurance-trained compared with strength-trained athletes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002; 103: 249-57
80. Talwar S, Squire IB, O'Brien RJ, et al. Plasma cardiotrophin-I following acute myocardial infarction: relationship with left ventricular dysfunction. Clin Sci 2002; 102: 9-14
81. Alessio HM. Exercise-induced oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 218-24
82. Lindinger MI. Potasssium regulation during exercise and recovery in humans: implications for skeletal and cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995; 27: 1011-22