New York Times and network TV news coverage of foreign disasters: The significance of the insignificant variables

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 50-70

  Van Belle, Douglas A ^a  

^a EAST STROUDSBURG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038213210     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900007700105     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Eleanor Singer, Phyllis Endreny, and Marc B. Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters: Effect of Geographic Location," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring/summer 1991): 48-58; Gary D. Gaddy and Enoh Tanjong, "Earth-quake Coverage by the Western Press," Journal of Communication 36 (spring 1986): 105-112; William C. Adams, "Whose Lives Count? TV Coverage of Natural Disasters," Journal of Communication 36 (spring 1986): 113-22.
2. Eleanor Singer, Phyllis Endreny, and Marc B. Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters: Effect of Geographic Location," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring/summer 1991): 48-58; Gary D. Gaddy and Enoh Tanjong, "Earth-quake Coverage by the Western Press," Journal of Communication 36 (spring 1986): 105-112; William C. Adams, "Whose Lives Count? TV Coverage of Natural Disasters," Journal of Communication 36 (spring 1986): 113-22.
3. Eleanor Singer, Phyllis Endreny, and Marc B. Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters: Effect of Geographic Location," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring/summer 1991): 48-58; Gary D. Gaddy and Enoh Tanjong, "Earth-quake Coverage by the Western Press," Journal of Communication 36 (spring 1986): 105-112; William C. Adams, "Whose Lives Count? TV Coverage of Natural Disasters," Journal of Communication 36 (spring 1986): 113-22.
4. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
5. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
6. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
7. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
8. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
9. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
10. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
11. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
12. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
13. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
14. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
15. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
16. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
17. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
18. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
19. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
20. For a useful summary of the literature, see Thomas J. Ahern, "Deter-minants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. News Papers," in Foreign News and New World Information Order, ed. Robert L. Stevenson and Donald Lewis Shaw (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-35. See also Tsan-kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414; Joseph R. Dominick, "Geographic Bias in National News," Journal of Communication 27 (autumn 1977): 94-99; Johan Galtung and Mari Homboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 64-91; Al Hester, "An Analysis of News Flow From Developed and Developing Nations," Gazette 17 (1,1971): 29-43; Al Hester, "Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction in International Information Flow," Gazette 19 (4,1973): 239-47; Ronald G. Hicks and Avishag Gordon, "Foreign News Content in Israeli and U.S. Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 639-44; Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Malcom S. MacLean Jr. and Luca Pinna, "Distance and News Interest: Scarperia, Italy," Journalism Quarterly 35 (winter 1958): 36-48; John T. McNelly, "Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News," Journalism Quarterly 36 (winter 1959): 23-26; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News Into Korea," Gazette 16 (1, 1970): 14-26; Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1, 1965): 39-63; Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," Journal of Peace Research 11 (2,1974): 145-56; Karl Erik Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data," Acta Sociologica 3 (2,1972): 96-109; Wilbur Schram, "The Nature of News," Journalism Quarterly 26 (September 1949): 259-69; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-kuo Chang,and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media," Communication Yearbook 10 (1987): 348-65.
21. Famines can be one obvious exception when war or other types of political conflict interrupt food supplies or food production.
22. See Committee on Disasters and the Mass Media, Disasters and the Mass Media (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1979).
23. Dennis Wenger, James Dykes,Thomas Sebok, and Joan Neff, "It's a Matter of Myths: An Empirical Examination of Individual Insights into Disaster Response," Mass Emergencies 1 (winter 1975): 33-46.
24. Douglas A. Van Belle, "Race, News Media Coverage and U.S. Foreign Disaster Aid," International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17 (November 1999): 339-65.
25. Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage," describe this categorization as obvious in the literature. Its roots can probably be traced at least back to the categorizing of influences according to their relationship to the news process, external factors, like censorship, and internal factors, such as sensationalism that was offered by Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News."
26. Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage," describe this categorization as obvious in the literature. Its roots can probably be traced at least back to the categorizing of influences according to their relationship to the news process, external factors, like censorship, and internal factors, such as sensationalism that was offered by Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News."
27. Shoemaker, Chang, and Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness"; Gaining and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News."
28. Shoemaker, Chang, and Brendlinger, "Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness"; Gaining and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News."
29. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"; Dominick, "Geographic Bias"; Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content"; MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest"; Nam, "The Flow of international News"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
30. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"; Dominick, "Geographic Bias"; Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content"; MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest"; Nam, "The Flow of international News"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
31. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"; Dominick, "Geographic Bias"; Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content"; MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest"; Nam, "The Flow of international News"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
32. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"; Dominick, "Geographic Bias"; Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content"; MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest"; Nam, "The Flow of international News"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
33. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"; Dominick, "Geographic Bias"; Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content"; MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest"; Nam, "The Flow of international News"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
34. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"; Dominick, "Geographic Bias"; Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content"; MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest"; Nam, "The Flow of international News"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
35. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"; Dominick, "Geographic Bias"; Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content"; MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest"; Nam, "The Flow of international News"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
36. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"; Dominick, "Geographic Bias"; Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content"; MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest"; Nam, "The Flow of international News"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
37. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"; Dominick, "Geographic Bias"; Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content"; MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest"; Nam, "The Flow of international News"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
38. Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
39. Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
40. Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
41. Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
42. Nam, "The Flow of International News."
43. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Kyungmo Kirn and George A. Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow: A Network Analysis," Communication Research 23 (June 1996): 323-52; J. D. Dupree, "International Communication: View From 'a Window on the World,'" Gazette 17 (4,1971): 224-35.
44. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Kyungmo Kirn and George A. Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow: A Network Analysis," Communication Research 23 (June 1996): 323-52; J. D. Dupree, "International Communication: View From 'a Window on the World,'" Gazette 17 (4,1971): 224-35.
45. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Kyungmo Kirn and George A. Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow: A Network Analysis," Communication Research 23 (June 1996): 323-52; J. D. Dupree, "International Communication: View From 'a Window on the World,'" Gazette 17 (4,1971): 224-35.
46. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Kyungmo Kirn and George A. Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow: A Network Analysis," Communication Research 23 (June 1996): 323-52; J. D. Dupree, "International Communication: View From 'a Window on the World,'" Gazette 17 (4,1971): 224-35.
47. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Schram, "The Nature of News"; Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News"; J.C. Merril, The Elite Press (New York: Pitman Publishing Co., 1968).
48. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Schram, "The Nature of News"; Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News"; J.C. Merril, The Elite Press (New York: Pitman Publishing Co., 1968).
49. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Schram, "The Nature of News"; Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News"; J.C. Merril, The Elite Press (New York: Pitman Publishing Co., 1968).
50. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Schram, "The Nature of News"; Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News"; J.C. Merril, The Elite Press (New York: Pitman Publishing Co., 1968).
51. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Dupree, "Inrnational Communication."
52. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Dupree, "Inrnational Communication."
53. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Dupree, "Inrnational Communication."
54. Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Ostgaard, "Factors influencing the Flow of News"; Tony Nnaemeka and Jim Richstad, "Internal Controls and Foreign News Cover-age: Pacific Press System," Communication Research 8 (January 1981): 97-135; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow"; H. J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweekand Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).
55. Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Ostgaard, "Factors influencing the Flow of News"; Tony Nnaemeka and Jim Richstad, "Internal Controls and Foreign News Cover-age: Pacific Press System," Communication Research 8 (January 1981): 97-135; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow"; H. J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweekand Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).
56. Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Ostgaard, "Factors influencing the Flow of News"; Tony Nnaemeka and Jim Richstad, "Internal Controls and Foreign News Cover-age: Pacific Press System," Communication Research 8 (January 1981): 97-135; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow"; H. J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweekand Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).
57. Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Ostgaard, "Factors influencing the Flow of News"; Tony Nnaemeka and Jim Richstad, "Internal Controls and Foreign News Cover-age: Pacific Press System," Communication Research 8 (January 1981): 97-135; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow"; H. J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweekand Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).
58. Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Ostgaard, "Factors influencing the Flow of News"; Tony Nnaemeka and Jim Richstad, "Internal Controls and Foreign News Cover-age: Pacific Press System," Communication Research 8 (January 1981): 97-135; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow"; H. J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweekand Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).
59. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow"; Dupree, "International Communicaon"; George Zipf, "Some Determinants of Circulation of Information," American Journal of Psychology (July 1946): 401-21.
60. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow"; Dupree, "International Communicaon"; George Zipf, "Some Determinants of Circulation of Information," American Journal of Psychology (July 1946): 401-21.
61. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow"; Dupree, "International Communicaon"; George Zipf, "Some Determinants of Circulation of Information," American Journal of Psychology (July 1946): 401-21.
62. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow"; Dupree, "International Communicaon"; George Zipf, "Some Determinants of Circulation of Information," American Journal of Psychology (July 1946): 401-21.
63. Nnaemeka and Richstad, "Internal Controls"; Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow."
64. Nnaemeka and Richstad, "Internal Controls"; Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow."
65. Nnaemeka and Richstad, "Internal Controls"; Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow."
66. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations."
67. David M. White, "The 'Gate Keeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News," Journalism Quarterly 27 (fall 1950): 383-90; Scott M. Cutlip, "Content and Flow of AP News," Journalism Quarterly 31 (fall 1954): 434-46; McNelly, intermediary Communicators"; Ahern, "Determinants of Foreign Coverage"; John Dimmick, The Gate-Keeper: An Uncertainty Theory, Journalism Monographs, no. 37 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1974).
68. David M. White, "The 'Gate Keeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News," Journalism Quarterly 27 (fall 1950): 383-90; Scott M. Cutlip, "Content and Flow of AP News," Journalism Quarterly 31 (fall 1954): 434-46; McNelly, intermediary Communicators"; Ahern, "Determinants of Foreign Coverage"; John Dimmick, The Gate-Keeper: An Uncertainty Theory, Journalism Monographs, no. 37 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1974).
69. David M. White, "The 'Gate Keeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News," Journalism Quarterly 27 (fall 1950): 383-90; Scott M. Cutlip, "Content and Flow of AP News," Journalism Quarterly 31 (fall 1954): 434-46; McNelly, intermediary Communicators"; Ahern, "Determinants of Foreign Coverage"; John Dimmick, The Gate-Keeper: An Uncertainty Theory, Journalism Monographs, no. 37 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1974).
70. David M. White, "The 'Gate Keeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News," Journalism Quarterly 27 (fall 1950): 383-90; Scott M. Cutlip, "Content and Flow of AP News," Journalism Quarterly 31 (fall 1954): 434-46; McNelly, intermediary Communicators"; Ahern, "Determinants of Foreign Coverage"; John Dimmick, The Gate-Keeper: An Uncertainty Theory, Journalism Monographs, no. 37 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1974).
71. David M. White, "The 'Gate Keeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News," Journalism Quarterly 27 (fall 1950): 383-90; Scott M. Cutlip, "Content and Flow of AP News," Journalism Quarterly 31 (fall 1954): 434-46; McNelly, intermediary Communicators"; Ahern, "Determinants of Foreign Coverage"; John Dimmick, The Gate-Keeper: An Uncertainty Theory, Journalism Monographs, no. 37 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1974).
72. Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News"; Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Rosengren, "International News:
73. Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News"; Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory."
74. Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News"; Hester, "Theoretical Considerations"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory."
75. See the summary in Ahern, "Determinants of Foreign Coverage," though Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," pears to argue that the logistic perspective should supplant the gatekeeper perspective.
76. See the summary in Ahern, "Determinants of Foreign Coverage," though Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory," pears to argue that the logistic perspective should supplant the gatekeeper perspective.
77. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"
78. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"
79. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"
80. Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Karl Erik Rosengren, "Four Types of Tables," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 67-75.
81. Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Karl Erik Rosengren, "Four Types of Tables," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 67-75.
82. Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data"; Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Karl Erik Rosengren, "Four Types of Tables," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 67-75.
83. Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"
84. Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage"; Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"
85. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters."
86. Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"
87. In fact, the results reported here suggest this may be an important concern.
88. Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage."
89. Richard S. Olson and A. Cooper Drury, "Un-Therapeutic Communities: A Cross-National Analysis of Post-Disaster Political Unrest," International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15 (August 1997): 221-38.
90. This does not mean that coverage was necessarily likely and it says nothing about the newsworthiness of the event or the timeliness of the arrival of this information in the United States. It simply means that the information that a disaster had occurred did make it to the United States and was publicly available. This rules out the possibility that an event was not covered because the knowledge of its occurrence was kept secret or otherwise made unavailable to the press.
91. Though many of these events are clearly disasters, the politicized nature of many of the events creates two difficulties for this analysis. First, the inclusion of many events in these categories is clearly politically motivated. Civil strife and explosion disasters in particular include invasions or bombings by foreign countries, including some by the United States, such as the United States invasion of Panama. The definition of many of these events as disasters is questionable and may be more motivated by political efforts to find a way of quietly funneling aid to these countries for political purposes. Second, it often becomes quite difficult to determine what is the disaster coverage and what is the political coverage of these events.
92. Preliminary analyses were also run on a sample of these cases using column inches as a more precise measure of the amount of coverage. In these preliminary analyses, the signs and levels of statistical significance for the coefficients in the analyses were roughly the same. The story count variable is used because it is much less difficult to gather and replicate.
93. It is actually quite easy to code this from the index. The index entries under disaster type almost always note all the countries mentioned in the story and the index entries under the country name almost always add a "see also" note for other countries covered. The only difficulty arose in regional disasters, like the African droughts, which had to be coded by examining the actual stories to identify the covered countries.
94. This coding check was almost unnecessary. One of the values of using a simple variable is that its reliability and replicability is very high. More than 98% of the weather-related cases were initially coded identically by both coders and the codes never diverged by more than four stories. Both coders jointly explored the nine cases where their story counts differed and reached an agreement on the appropriate coding for each case. A sample of nonweather related disasters was coded by both coders, but these events were all clearly indexed and were so simple to code that the intercoder agreement was 100%. A thank-you must be extended to Jerrilyn Batiste for the research assistance she provided.
95. A whole host of arguments could be offered for either using just one network or aggregating all of them. The choice here was based upon the logic that each viewer can watch only one network newscast and all three networks are roughly equal in importance. Thus, a story on all three networks on one night is received by about three times as many viewers as a story that runs on just one network. Thus, the aggregate is a reasonable measure of overall TV news media salience in the United States.
96. Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"
97. Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Geography, Democracy, and Peace," International Interactions 20 (fall 1995): 297-323.
98. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage."
99. Singer, Endreny, and Glassman, "Media Coverage of Disasters"; Gaddy and Tanjong, "Earthquake Coverage."
100. A negative relationship is found by MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest," and by the more recent Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow." No relationship was found by Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content," or Nam, "The Flow of International News." Interestingly Chang, Shoemaker and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News," found that there was a relationship for television, but not for print media
101. A negative relationship is found by MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest," and by the more recent Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow." No relationship was found by Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content," or Nam, "The Flow of International News." Interestingly Chang, Shoemaker and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News," found that there was a relationship for television, but not for print media
102. A negative relationship is found by MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest," and by the more recent Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow." No relationship was found by Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content," or Nam, "The Flow of International News." Interestingly Chang, Shoemaker and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News," found that there was a relationship for television, but not for print media
103. A negative relationship is found by MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest," and by the more recent Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow." No relationship was found by Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content," or Nam, "The Flow of International News." Interestingly Chang, Shoemaker and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News," found that there was a relationship for television, but not for print media
104. A negative relationship is found by MacLean and Pinna, "Distance and News Interest," and by the more recent Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow." No relationship was found by Hicks and Gordon, "Foreign News Content," or Nam, "The Flow of International News." Interestingly Chang, Shoemaker and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News," found that there was a relationship for television, but not for print media
105. Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
106. Rosengren, "International News: Methods, Data and Theory"; Rosengren, "International News: Intra and Extra-media Data."
107. Hester, "Theoretical Considerations."
108. Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"
109. Raw data for this variable is taken from the World Tourism Organisation, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics (Madrid: World Tourism Organization, 1965-1996). This is the same data that is reported in the United Nations Statistical Yearbook that was used by Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"
110. Raw data for this variable is taken from the World Tourism Organisation, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics (Madrid: World Tourism Organization, 1965-1996). This is the same data that is reported in the United Nations Statistical Yearbook that was used by Adams, "Whose Lives Count?"
111. Four statistical techniques were used for creating estimates of the missing data for this variable. Linear interpolation between data points and linear extrapolation were used when there was only one missing data point in a country's time series. Thus, a country which had data listed for three years leading to 1977 and a few years after 1979 would have a line computed to represent the trend in that data and that line would be used to estimate the data for 1978. Ratio interpolation was used for countries with six or less consecutive missing data points. For this method countries with missing data for some years were matched with other countries with similar economic and political conditions during years when data was available for both. An average ratio of these countries' tourism levels was calculated for years where their data overlapped. This ratio was then applied to periods where only one of the countries was missing data. The estimate for the missing data point was then a ratio of the tourism of the country that had data for that year. Finally, some countries, such as the Scandinavian countries, had their data grouped. This grouped data was split according to the comparative ratio between these countries for years where they were reported separately. A thank-you must be extended to Jennifer Monty for her assistance in calculating these estimates.
112. Olson and Drury, "Un-Therapeutic Communities."
113. The data is taken from John L. Allen, Student Atlas of World Politics, 4th ed. (New York: Dushkin, 2000).
114. See Kim and Barnett, "The Determinants of International News Flow," for a description of this perspective
115. Schram, "The Nature of News"; Merril, The Elite Press; Ostgaard, Factors Influencing the Flow of News."
116. Schram, "The Nature of News"; Merril, The Elite Press; Ostgaard, Factors Influencing the Flow of News."
117. Schram, "The Nature of News"; Merril, The Elite Press; Ostgaard, Factors Influencing the Flow of News."
118. This data was taken from Robert Summers, Alan Heston, Daniel A. Nuxoll, and Bettina Aten, "The Perm World Table (Mark 5.6a)," (Cambridge, IA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995).
119. See Kariel and Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing the International News Flow," for an example.
120. See John Oneal and Bruce Russett, "The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950-1985," International Studies Quarterly 41 (June 1997): 267-94, for an example and review of this utilization of these measures.
121. Douglas A. Van Belle, Press Freedom and Global Politics (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2000).
122. Douglas A. Van Belle, "Press Freedom and the Democratic Peace," Journal of Peace Research 34 (November 1997): 405-414. For a more extensive discussion of the press freedom variable, its measurement, and overall patterns around the world over time, see Douglas A. Van Belle, "Nixon and the Free Press: Global Implications of the Domestic Assault," Southeastern Political Review 26 (December 1998): 933-44.
123. Douglas A. Van Belle, "Press Freedom and the Democratic Peace," Journal of Peace Research 34 (November 1997): 405-414. For a more extensive discussion of the press freedom variable, its measurement, and overall patterns around the world over time, see Douglas A. Van Belle, "Nixon and the Free Press: Global Implications of the Domestic Assault," Southeastern Political Review 26 (December 1998): 933-44.
124. Gans, Deciding What's News.
125. Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and World Politics," American Political Science Review 80 (December 1986): 1151-1170.
126. Margaret Hermann and Charles Kegley, "Rethinking Democracy and International Peace: Perspectives from Political Psychology," International Studies Quarterly 39 (December 1995): 511-33.
127. Keith Jaggers and Ted R. Gurr, "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave with the Polity III Data," Journal of Peace Research 32 (November 1995): 469-82.
128. This is a common method for applying this variable. See Oneal and Russett, "The Classical Liberals." The analysis was also run with just the 0 to 10 democracy scale producing results with similar levels of significance and explained variance.
129. See Frances D'Souza, "Democracy as a Cure For Famine," Journal of Peace Research 31 (November 1995): 369-73.