Pathophysiology and management of pediatric ascites

Current Gastroenterology Reports

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 240-246

  Sabri, Mahmoud ^a   Saps, Miguel ^a   Peters, John M ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; ARGIPRESSIN; DIURETIC AGENT; FUROSEMIDE; PLASMA SUBSTITUTE; SPIRONOLACTONE;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ASCITES; BACTERIAL PERITONITIS; BED REST; CHILD; DIET RESTRICTION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG POTENTIATION; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; HUMAN; HYPERCHLOREMIC ACIDOSIS; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOALBUMINEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LIVER FUNCTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; PARACENTESIS; PERITONEUM VEIN SHUNT; PORTAL VEIN BLOOD PRESSURE; PORTOSYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SODIUM RETENTION; SURVIVAL RATE; VASODILATATION; WATER RETENTION; AGE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

AGE FACTORS; ASCITES; CHILD; HUMANS;

EID: 0038166710     PISSN: 15228037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11894-003-0026-6     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Fitzgerald JF: Ascites. In Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, edn 1. Edited by Wyllie R, Hyams JS. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1993:1510-160.
2. D'Amico G, Morabito A, Pagliaro L, Marubini E: Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1986, 31:468-475.
3. Garcia-Tsao G: Current management of the complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension: variceal hemorrhage, ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 2001, 120:726-748.
4. Hassall E, Israel D: Portal hypertension. In Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, edn 1. Edited by Wyllie R, Hyams JS. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1993:370-390.
5. Peters JM: Management of gastrointestinal bleeding in children. Curr Treat Opt Gastroenterol 2002, 5:399-413.
6. DeFranchis R: Updating consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno III consensus workshop on definitions, methodology, and therapeutic strategies in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2000, 33:846-852.
7. Morali GA, Sniderman KW, Deitel KM, et al.: Is sinusoidal portal hypertension a necessary factor for the development of hepatic ascites? J Hepatol 1992, 16:249-250.
8. Wongcharatrawee S, Garcia-Tsao G: Clinical management of ascites and its complications. Clin Liver Dis 2001, 5:833-850.
9. Yeung E, Wong FS: The management of cirrhotic ascites. Medscape General Medicine 2002, 4(4). http://medscape.com/viewarticle/442364. Accessed October 29, 2002.
10. Witte MH, Witte CL, Dumont AE: Progress in liver disease: physiological factors involved in the causation of cirrhotic ascites. Gastroenterology 1971, 61:742-750.
11. Lieberman F: Overflow theory of ascites formation. Gastroenterology 1989, 96:274.
12. Schrier RW, Arroyo V, Bernardi E, et al.: Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988, 8:1151-1157.
13. Schrier RW: Pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in high-output and low-output cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and pregnancy, parts I-II. N Engl J Med 1988, 319: 1065-1072, 1127-1134.
14. Kostreva DR, Castaner A, Kampine JP: Reflex effects of hepatic baroreceptors on renal and cardiac sympathetic nervous activity. Am J Physiol 1980, 238:R390-394.
15. Levy M, Wexler MJ: Hepatic denervation alters first-phase urinary sodium excretion in dogs with cirrhosis. Am J Physiol 1987, 253:F664-F671.
16. Hardy S, Kleinman RE: Cirrhosis and chronic liver failure. In Liver Disease in Children, edn 2. Edited by Suchy FJ, Sokol RJ, Balistreri WF. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001:101-127.
17. Korthuis RJ, Kinden DA, Brimer GE, et al.: Intestinal capillary filtration in acute and chronic portal hypertension. Am J Physiol 1988, 254:G339-G345.
18. Dudley F: Pathophysiology of ascites formation. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 1992, 21:215-235.
19. Witte CL, Witte MH, Dumont AE: Estimated net transcapillary water and protein flux in the liver and intestine of patients with portal hypertension from hepatic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1981, 80:265-272.
20. Benoit JN, Barrowman JA, Harper SL, et al.: Role of humoral factors in the intestinal hyperemia associated with chronic portal hypertension. Am J Physiol 1984, 247:G486-G493.
21. Bernardi M, Fornale L, DiMarco C, et al.: Hyperdynamic circulation of advanced cirrhosis: a re-appraisal based on posture-induced changes in hemodynamics. J Hepatol 1995, 22:309-318.
22. Gines P, Schrier RW: The arterial vasodilation hypothesis of ascites formation in cirrhosis. In Ascites and Renal Dysfunction in Liver Disease. Edited by Arroyo V, Gines P, Rodes J. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1999:411-430.
23. Maroto A, Gines F, Arroyo V, et al.: Brachial and femoral artery blood flow in cirrhosis: relationship to kidney dysfunction. Hepatology 1993, 17:788-793.
24. Levy M: Pathogenesis of sodium retention in early cirrhosis of the liver: evidence for vascular overfilling. Semin Liver Dis 1994, 14:4-13.
25. Dudley FJ, Esler MD: The sympathetic nervous system in cirrhosis. In Ascites and Renal Dysfunction in Liver Disease. Edited by Arroyo V, Gines P, Rodes J. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1999:198-219.
26. Gines P, Berl T, Bernardi M, et al.: Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: from pathogenesis to treatment. Hepatology 1998, 28:851-864.
27. Moore K. Arachidonic acid metabolites and the kidney in cirrhosis. In Ascites and Renal Dysfunction in Liver Disease. Edited by Arroyo V, Gines P, Rodes J. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1999:249-272.
28. Arnal JF, Dinh-Xuan AT, Pueyo M, et al.: Endothelium-derived nitric oxide and vascular physiology and pathology. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999, 55:1078-1087.
29. Chowdhary S, Townend N: Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of cardiovascular autonomic control. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999, 97:5-17.
30. Garcia-Tsao G, Lee FY, Barden GE, et al.: Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes is increased in cirrhotic rats with ascites. Gastroenterology 1995, 108:1835-1841.
31. Spahr L, Martin PY, Giostra E, et al.: Acute effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on systemic, hepatic, and renal hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. J Invest Med 2002, 50:116-124.
32. Loureiro-Silva MR, Cadelina GW, Groszmann RJ: The deficit in nitric oxide production in cirrhotic rat livers is located in the sinusoidal and post-sinusoidal areas. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002, December 18 [epub ahead of print]. http://ajpgi.physiology.org. Accessed January 5, 2003.
33. Runyon BA: AASLD practice guidelines: management of adult patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis. Hepatology 1998, 27:264-272.
34. Runyon B:. Paracentesis of ascitic fluid: a safe procedure. Arch Intern Med 1986, 146:2259-2261.
35. Wilson JAP, Suguitan EA, Cassidy WA, et al.: Characteristics of ascitic fluid in the alcoholic cirrhotic. Dig Dis Sci 1979, 24:645-648.
36. Sampliner RF, Iber FL: High protein ascites in patients with uncomplicated hepatic cirrhosis. Am J Med Sci 1974, 267:275-279.
37. Bar-Meir S, Lerner E, Cohn HO: Analysis of ascitic fluid in cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1979, 24:136-144.
38. Hoefs JC, Runyon BA: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Disease-A-Month 1985, 31:1-48.
39. Runyon BA, Canawati HN, Akriviadis EA. Optimization of ascitic fluid culture technique. Gastroenterology 1988, 95:1351-1355.
40. Clark JH, Fitzgerald JF, Kleinman MB: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 1978, 74:134-140.
41. Rector WG, Reynolds TB: Superiority of the serum-ascites albumin difference over the ascites total protein concentration in separation of 'transudative' and 'exudative' ascites. Am J Med 1984, 77:83-85.
42. Akriviadis EA, Kapnias D, Hadjigavriel M, et al.: Serum/ascites albumin gradient: its value as a rational approach to the differential diagnosis of ascites. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996, 31:814-817.
43. Saravanan R, Cramp ME: Investigation and treatment of ascites. Clinical Medicine 2002, 2:310-313.
44. Bernardi M, DiMarco C, Trevisani F, et al.: The hemodynamic status of preascitic cirrhosis: an evaluation under steady-state conditions and after postural change. Hepatology 1992, 16:341-346.
45. Gregory PB, Broekelschen PH, Hill MD, et al.: Complications of diuresis in the alcoholic patient with ascites: a controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1977, 73:534-538.
46. Shepherd R. Complications and management of chronic liver disease. In Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System in Children. Edited by Kelly DA. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1999:197-198.
47. Gines F, Arroyo V, Quintero E, et al.: Comparison of paracentesis and diuretics in the treatment of cirrhotics with tense ascites: results of a randomized study. Gastroenterology 1987, 93:234-241.
48. Fogel MR, Sawhney VK, Neal EA, et al.: Diuresis in the ascitic patient: a randomized controlled trial of three regimens. J Clin Gastroenterol 1981, 3(Suppl 1):73-80.
49. Arroyo V, Gines P, Gerbes AL, et al.: Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club. Hepatology 1996, 23:164-176.
50. Kramer RE, Sokol RJ, Yerushalmi B, et al.: Large-volume paracentesis in the management of ascites in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001, 33:245-249.
51. Tito L, Gines P, Arroyo, et al.: Total paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin management of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Gastroenterology 1990, 98:146-151.
52. Runyon BA: Treatment of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Semin Liv Dis 1997, 17:249-260.
53. Gines P, Arroyo V, Vargas V, et al.: Paracentesis with intravenous infusion of albumin as compared with peritoneovenous shunting in cirrhosis with refractory ascites. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:829-835.
54. Webster ST, Brown KL, Lucey MR, Nostrant TT. Hemorrhagic complications of large volume paracentesis. Am J Gastroenterol 1996, 91:366-368.
55. Ruiz del Arbol L, Monescillo A, Jimenez W, et al.: Paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction: mechanism and effect on hepatic hemodynamics in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1997, 113:579-586.
56. Cabrera J, Falcon L, Gorriz E, et al.: Abdominal decompression plays a major role in early postparacentesis haemodynamic changes in cirrhotic patients with tense ascites. Gut 2001, 48:384-389.
57. Gines P, Tito L, Arroyo V, et al.: Randomized comparative study of therapeutic paracentesis with and without intravenous albumin in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1988, 94:1493-1502.
58. Cabrera J, Maynar M, Granados R, et al.: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus sclerotherapy in the elective treatment of varical haemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1996, 110:832-839.
59. Riggio O, Merli M, Pedretti G, et al.: Hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: incidence and risk factors. Dig Dis Sci 1996, 41:578-584.
60. Lebrec D, Giuily N, Hadengue A, et al.: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: comparison with paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: a randomized trial. J Hepatol 1996, 25:135-144.
61. LeVeen HH, Christoudias G, Ip M, et al.: Peritoneovenous shunting for ascites. Ann Surg 1974, 180:580-591.
62. Starzl TE, Demetris AJ, VanThiel D: Liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 1989, 321:1014-1022, 1092-1099.
63. Kelly DA: Managing liver failure. Postgrad Med J 2002, 78:660-667.
64. Forns X, Gines A, Gines P, Arroyo V. Management of ascites and renal failure in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 1994, 14:82-96.