Uncertain steps toward community forestry: A case study in northern New Mexico

Natural Resources Journal

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 53-83

  Krahl, Lane ^a   Henderson, Doug ^b,c  

^a International Development Research Centre ^*

^b INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Canada)

^c Regional Community Forestry Training Center

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0038151795     PISSN: 00280739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. See generally J. E. M. Arnold, Community Forestry: Ten Years In Review, FAO Community Forestry Note 7 (rev. ed. 1992);
2. Roger A. Sedjo, Commercial Forestry and Rural Development (Feb. 1992) (unpublished paper presented at the Yale University Workshop on Forest & Wood-Based Biomass Energy & Rural Dev.);
3. Jack C. Westoby, Forest Industries for Socioeconomic Development, 58(2) COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY REV. 107 (1978).
4. See generally MATTHEW A. PERL ET AL., VIEWS FROM THE FOREST: NATURAL FOREST MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA, TROPICAL FORESTRY PROGRAM, WORLD WILDLIFE FUND (1991);
5. Joshua C. Dickinson, III et al., Promising Approaches to Natural Forest Management in the American Tropics, U.S. Agency for Int'l Dev. (1991);
6. David Barton Bray, The Struggle for the Forest: Conservation and Development in the Sierra Juárez, 15(3) GRASSROOTS DEVELOPMENT 13 (1991).
7. See generally Arnold, supra note 1; Perl et al., supra note 2; Michael Wells & Katrina Brandon, People and Parks: Linking Protected Area Management with Local Communities, The World Bank (1992);
8. Hans M. Gregersen et al., People and Trees: The Role of Social Forestry in Sustainable Development, Econ. Dev. Inst. Seminar Series, World Bank (1989);
9. M. W. Hoskins, There to Here: What's Next in the Revolution?, RURAL SOCIOLOGIST, Fall 1991, at 46.
10. Hoskins, supra note 3.
11. Gifford Pinchot, The Use of the Nat'l Forests 25, U.S. Dep't of Agric. [hereinafter USDA], Forest Serv. (1907).
12. See S. T. Dana, Forestry and Community Development 21-32, USDA Bulletin 638 (1918).
13. See DAVID A. CLARY, TIMBER AND THE FOREST SERVICE (1986).
14. Old growth in this context is defined as trees beyond the rotation age. Rotation age is a forest management term for the planned maximum age at which trees will be harvested.
15. See B. Thomas Parry et al., Changing Conceptions of Sustained-Yield Policy On The Nat'l Forests, 81 J. FORESTRY 150, 151 (1983).
16. Sustained Yield Forest Management Act, ch. 146, Pub. L. 78-273, 58 Stat. 132 (1944).
17. Id. at § 1, 58 Stat. 132.
18. See David A. Clary, What Price Sustained Yield? The Forest Service, Community Stability, and Timber Monopoly Under the 1944 Sustained-Yield Act, 31 J. FOREST HIST. 4, 4-6 (1987).
19. David T. Mason, Sustained Yield and American Forest Problems, 25 J. FORESTRY 625 (1927).
20. Sustained Yield Forest Management Act, ch. 146, §2, Pub. L. No. 78-273, 58 Stat. 132 (1944).
21. Id. at § 3.
22. Clary, supra note 7, at 130.
23. See Clary, supra note 12, at 8-9.
24. Vallecitos, New Mexico, established in 1948; Flagstaff, Arizona, established in 1949 and terminated in 1986; Grays Harbor, Washington, established in 1949; Big Valley, California, established in 1949 but never operational; and Lakeview, Oregon, established in 1950.
25. Clary, supra note 12, at 9.
26. See H. R. Josephson, Economics and Nat'l Forest Timber Harvests, 74 J. FORESTRY 605, 606 (1976);
27. Con H. Schallau & Richard M. Alston, The Commitment to Community Stability: a Policy or Shibboleth?, 17 ENVTL L. 429, 442-43 (1987).
28. The policy provides for a constant level of timber harvests from national forests from year to year. See David N. Wear et al., Even-Flow Timber Harvests and Community Stability, 87 J. FORESTRY 24 (1989).
29. 36 C.F.R. § 221.3(a)(3) (1963).
30. Letter from Pedro Martinez, to Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. 1 (Nov. 21, 1947) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
31. USDA Forest Serv., Record of the Public Hearing on the Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit 4 (Dec. 9, 1947) (unpublished manuscript, on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
32. See USDA Forest Serv., Sustained Yield Case Study, Vallecitos Working Circle, Carson Nat'l Forest, Region 3, 4 (Mar. 27, 1947) (unpublished manuscript, on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410) [hereinafter USDA Forest Serv., Case Study];
33. USDA Forest Serv., Rough Draft of the Proposed Declaration for the Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit, 3 (1947) (unpublished manuscript on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410) [hereinafter USDA Forest Serv., Rough Draft].
34. See 36 C.F.R. § 221.33 (1948).
35. USDA Forest Serv., Policy Statement for Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit (Mar. 31, 1948) (unpublished manuscript, on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
36. See id.
37. See USDA Forest Serv., Rough Draft, supra note 25, at 1.
38. See C Otto Lindh, Opening Remarks at the Vallecitos Hearing (Dec. 9, 1947) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
39. See letter from A. W. Connery, to Carson Nat'l Forest (July 19, 1946) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410); memorandum from L. F. Cottam, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to file (May 23, 1946) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410) [hereinafter Cottam, May 23, 1946]; memorandum from L. F. Cottam, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to file (June 4, 1946) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410) [hereinafter Cottam, June 4, 1946]; memorandum from L. F. Cottam, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. (Oct. 30, 1946) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
40. See letter from Lyle F. Watts, Chief, Forest Serv., to O. D. (sic) Connery, President, Vallecitos Lumber Co. (Mar. 31, 1948) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
41. See letter from A. W. Connery, to Carson Nat'l Forest (Mar. 17, 1948) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); Watts, supra note 32.
42. See memorandum from L. F. Cottam, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to file (June 18, 1948) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410); letter from L. F. Cottam, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to A. W. Connery, President, Vallecitos Lumber Co. (Oct. 13, 1948) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410); memorandum from L. F. Cottam, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to The Record (Oct. 15, 1948) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
43. In June 1950, 99 local residents signed a petition to United States Senator Dennis Chavez asking that he intervene to help the Jarita Mesa Lumber Co. become the designated operator on the Unit. Letter from petitioners to the Honorable Dennis Chavez, United States Senator (June 12, 1950) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
44. See Fred H. Kennedy, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., Statement of the Reg'l Forester at Hearing to Consider the Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit to be Held at Vallecitos, New Mexico (Aug. 29, 1956) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); letter from C. Otto Lindh, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to Dennis Chavez, United States Senator (July 25, 1950) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
45. Letter from J. W. Jackson, Jackson Lumber Co., to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Sept. 12, 1952) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
46. USDA Forest Serv., Policy Statement for Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit (amended as of January 1, 1953) (unpublished manuscript on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
47. See Kennedy, supra note 36.
48. Interview with Fred Swetnam, Ranger from 1952 to 1954, El Rito Ranger Dist., Carson Nat'l Forest, in Española, N.M. (Feb. 24, 1993).
49. See memorandum from Fred H. Kennedy, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to Chief, Forest Serv. (Nov. 1, 1955) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
50. See memorandum from W. L. Graves, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. (Sept. 3, 1953) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
51. See Dahl J. Kirkpatrick, Assistant Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., Guide Lines to be Used in Determining Compliance with Local Labor Requirements Imposed in the Harvesting and Manufacture of National Forest Timber from the Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit (Apr. 22, 1955) (unpublished manuscript, on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
52. See letter from Celestino Martinez, Flavio Martinez and Hernando Trujillo, to Charles Davis, Office of United States Senator Dennis Chavez (Mar. 14, 1953) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); letter from Charles Davis, Office of United States Senator Dennis Chavez, to C. Otto Lindh, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. (May 8, 1953) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
53. See petition from local residents, to C. Otto Lindh, Reg'l Forester, et al. (1955) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410); memorandum from C. Otto Lindh, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to The Record (Sept. 23, 1955) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
54. See letter from C. Otto Lindh, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to Charles Davis, Office of United States Senator Dennis Chavez (Feb. 17, 1953) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
55. Swetnam, supra note 40.
56. Kennedy, supra note 41.
57. See id.
58. See id.
59. Letter from J. W. Jackson, Jackson Lumber Company, to Ezra T. Benson, U.S. Secretary of Agric. 2 (Oct. 9, 1955) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
60. Dahl J. Kirkpatrick, Assistant Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., Summary of Facts Bearing on the Appeal by the Jackson Lumber Company Against the Proposed Suspension of Timber Sale Operations in the Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit 7 (Oct. 19, 1955) (unpublished manuscript, on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
61. Memorandum from Buford H. Starkey, Dist. Forest Ranger, El Rito Dist., Carson Nat'l Forest, to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest 1 (Nov. 27, 1956) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
62. See Kennedy, supra note 36.
63. See Richard E. McArdle, Chief, Forest Serv., Decision on Continuation of Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit, Carson Nat'l Forest, New Mexico (Jan. 3, 1957) (unpublished manuscript, on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
64. See memorandum from R. E. Courtney, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. (Feb. 18, 1958) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410); letter from Fred H. Kennedy, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to Dennis Chavez, United States Senator (Mar. 5, 1958) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); letter from Joe P. Rivera, Secretary, Loggers Union, to Carson Nat'l Forest (Feb. 6, 1958) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
65. See memorandum from Dahl J. Kirkpatrick, Assistant Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Aug. 3, 1960) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
66. See Kennedy, supra note 36.
67. Kirkpatrick, supra note 57.
68. See memorandum from Jack H. Hawley, Timber Staffman, Carson Nat'l Forest, to files (Aug. 31, 1964) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); Kennedy, supra note 56; memorandum from Jack R. Miller, Dist. Ranger, El Rito Dist., Carson Nat'l Forest, to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Oct. 6, 1966) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); Starkey, supra note 53.
69. See USDA Forest Serv. Region 3, Timber Management Plan for the Arriba Working Circle, Carson Nat'l Forest 17 (Feb. 4, 1965) (unpublished manuscript, on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410);
70. USDA Forest Serv., I & E Plan for Abandonment of the Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit (approved on Feb. 9, 1967) (unpublished manuscript on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410) [hereinafter Forest Serv., I & E Plan].
71. See Miller, supra note 60.
72. See TONY HILLERMAN, Quijote in Rio Arriba County, in THE GREAT TAOS BANK ROBBERY AND OTHER INDIAN COUNTRY AFFAIRS 111, 123-24 (1973).
73. USDA Forest Serv., I & E Plan, supra note 61, at 2.
74. See memorandum from Jack R. Miller, Dist. Forest Ranger, El Rito Dist., Carson Nat'l Forest, to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Jan. 26, 1968) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
75. See id.
76. See id.; memorandum from M. J. Hassell, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. (Nov. 7, 1968) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
77. See Duke City Lumber Company, Inc., Tentative Proposal-Duke City-Vallecitos (Mar. 1969) (unpublished manuscript, on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); letter from Yale Weinstein, Duke City Lumber Company, Inc., to M. J. Hassell, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Apr. 18, 1969) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
78. See Letter from Eliud Sanchez, Valley Lumber Mill, Inc., to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Apr. 14, 1969) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410); letter from Jack H. Royle, Timber Staffman, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Eliud Sanchez, Valley Lumber Mill, Inc. (April 24, 1969) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410). The letter from Royle to Sanchez states that the U.S. Forest Service will consider his application and inform him of a decision, but there is no record of any follow-up action in the files.
79. See memorandum from T. W. Koskella, Deputy Reg'l Forester, to William D. Hurst, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. (May 27, 1969) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
80. See Melvin M. Melnicoe, Jr., Toward a Social Forestry Framework: Lessons from Northern New Mexico 59 (1988) (unpublished manuscript, on file with Winrock Int'l, Morrilton, Ark.).
81. Memorandum from Jerry A. Deiter, Dist. Forest Ranger, El Rito Dist., Carson Nat'l Forest, to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (May. 22, 1969) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
82. See memorandum from M. J. Hassell, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Reg'l Forester, Southwest Region of the Forest Serv. (May 15, 1969) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410) [hereinafter Hassell].
83. See USDA, Forest Serv., History of the Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit (unpublished manuscript on file with El Rito Ranger Dist.).
84. See letter from M. J. Hassell, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Yale Weinstein, Duke City Lumber Co., Inc. (Mar. 8, 1971) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
85. See petition from local residents, To Whom It May Concern (Feb. 19, 1971) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
86. See memorandum from John F. Hutt, Timber Staff Officer, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Mar. 4, 1971) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
87. See Hassell, supra note 75.
88. See letter from Yale Weinstein, Duke City Lumber Company, Inc., to M. J. Hassell, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Mar. 24, 1971) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
89. See Complaint filed with N.M. State Human Rights Comm'n, by Pat Valdez, et al., against M. J. Hassell, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (May 21, 1971) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
90. See memorandum from William D. Hurst, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to Chief, Forest Serv. (Feb. 14, 1972) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
91. Letter from Edward Cliff, Chief, Forest Serv., to Yale Weinstein, Vice President, Duke City Lumber Company, Inc. (Apr. 4, 1972) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
92. See letter from Yale Weinstein, Duke City Lumber Company, Inc., to W. R. Snyder, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Sept. 18, 1974) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
93. Id.
94. See letter from Tony Jaramillo, to Forest Serv. Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Mar. 14, 1975) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); letter from Tony Jaramillo, to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Mar. 18, 1975) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); letter from Rudy Jaramillo, President, Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit Comm., to Bill Snyder, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Apr. 7, 1975) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); memorandum from W. R. Snyder, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. (Apr. 9, 1975) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
95. See memorandum from John F. Hutt, Timber Staff Officer, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (May 5, 1975) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); memorandum from Gordon F. Struthers, Forester, El Rito Ranger Dist., Carson Nat'l Forest to file (Apr. 24, 1975) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
96. See memorandum from John F. Hutt, Timber Staff Officer, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Feb. 6, 1980) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
97. See id.; memorandum from Jack Crellin, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. (Aug. 12, 1980) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); memorandum from John F. Hutt, Timber Staff Officer, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (June 26, 1980) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410); USDA Forest Serv., Items Discussed with VFSYU Group on July 3, 1980 (1980) (unpublished manuscript, on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
98. Review of Forest Serv. Practices in New Mexico: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy of the House Comm. on Agric., 98th Cong. (1984).
99. See open letter from Rudy Jaramillo, President, Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit Ass'n, to friend (May 28, 1985) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
100. Rudy Jaramillo, President, Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit Ass'n, Statement of Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit Association at the Hearing on the Forest Plan at Cañon Plaza, N.M. (June 4, 1985) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
101. See USDA Forest Serv., Transcript of Proceedings on Public Hearing on Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit 48-50 (June 4, 1985) (unpublished transcript on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
102. U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., SOUTHWESTERN REGION, CARSON NAT'L FOREST PLAN (1986).
103. Id., U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., CARSON NAT'L FOREST, CARSON FOREST PLAN AMENDMENT NO. 8, Timber-13 (1990).
104. See id., at Timber-15.
105. Id.
106. See letter from John C. Bedell, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Mike Pena, Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit Working Group (May 6, 1987) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
107. Ben Neary, Resident, Groups Feud over Felipito Logging, ALBUQ. J. NORTH, January 31, 1991, at A1.
108. Letter from Antonio DeVargas, Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit Association; Pat Valdez, La Compania; Sam Hitt, Forest Guardians; David Henderson, Nat'l Audubon Society; Joanie Berdie, Carson Watch; Jim Norton, Wilderness Society; and George Grossman, Rio Grande Chapter of the Sierra Club, to David Jolly, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. 1 (Nov. 13, 1991) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
109. Tensions began to rise, within months of signing the letter, between the local and environmental organizations. In the summer of 1993, La Compania picketed an environmentalist retreat on a ranch near the Unit. In the Fall of 1995, representatives from the association and La Compania Ocho hung effigies of the leaders of two New Mexican environmental organizations in protest of their successful efforts to shutdown logging and fuelwood gathering in Carson Nat'l Forest.
110. See letter from Graciela A. Terrazas, Dist. Ranger, El Rito Ranger Dist., Carson Nat'l Forest, to Antonio DeVargas, President, Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit Ass'n (Feb. 20, 1992) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
111. Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit Ass'n, VFSYU Policy Statement Revisions (Feb. 17, 1992) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
112. Letter from Antonio DeVargas, President, La Compania Ocho, to Leonard L. Lucero, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Feb. 5, 1993) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
113. Letter from Richard Rosenstock, Attorney at Law, to Leonard L. Lucero, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Mar. 8, 1993) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410); letter from Richard Rosenstock, Attorney at Law, to Pete Domenici, United States Senator (Apr. 28, 1993) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
114. Letter from Leonard L. Lucero, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Richard Rosenstock, Attorney at Law (May 11, 1993) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
115. 58 Fed. Reg. 14,271 (1991) (proposed Mar. 16, 1993, to become effective Apr. 15, 1993).
116. Other national forests in the region, including the neighboring Santa Fe Nat'l Forest, used their discretion to conduct preliminary in-house reviews of projects and subsequently submitted less extensive lists of affected projects.
117. Keith Easthouse, Hispanic Loggers Sue Forest Service, Cite Discrimination, SANTA FE NEW MEXICAN, Mar. 29, 1994, at B1.
118. See memorandum from P. V. Woodhead, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to Chief, Forest Serv. (Dec. 11, 1947) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
119. M. J. Hassell, The People of Northern New Mexico and The National Forests, Southwestern Region, Forest Serv. (1968).
120. Act of March 29, 1944, ch. 146, § 5, 58 Stat. 133-34 (1944) (current version at 16 U.S.C. 583d (1994)).
121. See Connery, supra note 31; Cottam, May 23, 1946, supra note 31; Cottam, June 4, 1946, supra note 31; Lindh, supra note 30.
122. See Martinez, supra note 23; USDA Forest Serv., supra note 24.
123. An informal public meeting occurred in 1953 when several local residents "cornered" Forest Serv. personnel to air complaints. See memorandum from Dahl J. Kirkpatrick, Assistant Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to file (Apr. 17, 1953) (on file with Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
124. See Memorandum from T. W. Koskella, Deputy Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to The Record (Jan. 17, 1972) (on file with El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
125. See Hutt, supra note 87.
126. See Crellin, supra note 88.
127. See letter from Antonio DeVargas, President, La Compania Ocho, to Bill Richardson, Congressman (published as an open letter in the Rio Grande Sun, June 3, 1993).
128. USDA Forest Serv., supra note 92, at 48.
129. Since 1948, the Unit has been managed by thirteen different District Rangers with an average stay on the Unit of less than four years.
130. Interview with Leonard Lucero, Dist. Ranger (from 1981 to 1984), El Rito Ranger Dist., Carson Nat'l Forest, Taos, N.M. (Mar. 4, 1993).
131. Lucero, supra note 105, at 1.
132. Swetnam, supra note 40.
133. Hassell, supra note 110.
134. Letter from Antonio DeVargas, President, Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit Association, to Carveth Kramer, Acting Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest 1 (Aug. 1990) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
135. Vigil left the District in 1988 for a job with the Southwestern Region. The USFS transferred Bedell to be Forest Supervisor of the Apache-Sitgreaves Nat'l Forest in 1990.
136. See Memorandum from Fred H. Kennedy, Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to Chief, Forest Serv. (Dec. 3, 1956) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).
137. See Len R. Scuffham, Zone Silviculturist, Carson Nat'l Forest, A Brief History of the VFSYU Timber Inventory (Feb. 11, 1992) (unpublished manuscript on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
138. USDA Forest Serv., supra note 27, at 1.
139. See Martinez, supra note 23, at 1; See generally USDA Forest Serv., supra note 24.
140. See Petition from residents of the Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit to Carson Nat'l Forest. (June 12, 1950) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); Kennedy, supra note 36; see Kirkpatrick, supra note 57; see also Lindh, supra note 36.
141. See Lindh, supra note 36.
142. See Memorandum from George R. Proctor, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv. (Apr. 8, 1964) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410); see also memorandum from Marlin C. Galbraith, Assistant Reg'l Forester, Southwestern Region of the Forest Serv., to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Apr. 29, 1964) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
143. See Memorandum from John F. Hutt, Timber Staff Officer, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest (Dec. 2, 1976) (on file with the El Rito Ranger Dist., File 2410).
144. See Lucero, supra note 105.
145. See Rene Kimball, Replacing Jobs Easier Said than Done, ALBUQUERQUE JOURNAL, July 25, 1993, at A1.
146. See Easthouse, supra note 108.
147. See Letter from John C. Bedell, Forest Supervisor, Carson Nat'l Forest, to Norman R. Collins, Program Officer, Ford Foundation (June 14, 1989) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410); Jim Danneskiold, Woodcutters, Forest Serv. Join Forces to Create Jobs, ALBUQUERQUE JOURNAL NORTH, September 2, 1988, at A1.
148. See memorandum from Ruth Jones, Carson Nat'l Forest, to file (Dec. 9, 1947) (on file with the Carson Nat'l Forest, File 2410).