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Volumn 27, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 409-424

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: A relatively successful case of conflict prevention in Europe

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EID: 0038146421     PISSN: 09670106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0967010696027004005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (29)
  • 1
    • 0003776181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press
    • Relatively little conceptual and empirical research has been done on conflict prevention, often also referred to as 'preventive diplomacy'. See Michael Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 1996); Gabriel Munuera, Preventing Armed Conflict in Europe: Lessons from Recent Experience (Paris: Institute for Security Studies of Western European Union, June 1994); Werner Bauwens and Luc Reychler, eds., The Art of Conflict Prevention (London: Brassey's, 1994).
    • (1996) Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy
    • Lund, M.1
  • 2
    • 0038517315 scopus 로고
    • Paris: Institute for Security Studies of Western European Union, June
    • Relatively little conceptual and empirical research has been done on conflict prevention, often also referred to as 'preventive diplomacy'. See Michael Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 1996); Gabriel Munuera, Preventing Armed Conflict in Europe: Lessons from Recent Experience (Paris: Institute for Security Studies of Western European Union, June 1994); Werner Bauwens and Luc Reychler, eds., The Art of Conflict Prevention (London: Brassey's, 1994).
    • (1994) Preventing Armed Conflict in Europe: Lessons from Recent Experience
    • Munuera, G.1
  • 3
    • 0006472854 scopus 로고
    • London: Brassey's
    • Relatively little conceptual and empirical research has been done on conflict prevention, often also referred to as 'preventive diplomacy'. See Michael Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 1996); Gabriel Munuera, Preventing Armed Conflict in Europe: Lessons from Recent Experience (Paris: Institute for Security Studies of Western European Union, June 1994); Werner Bauwens and Luc Reychler, eds., The Art of Conflict Prevention (London: Brassey's, 1994).
    • (1994) The Art of Conflict Prevention
    • Bauwens, W.1    Reychler, L.2
  • 4
    • 85033870184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 1960 UN Secretary-General Dag Hammerskjöld was the first to introduce the concept of preventive diplomacy
    • In 1960 UN Secretary-General Dag Hammerskjöld was the first to introduce the concept of preventive diplomacy.
  • 5
    • 85033867810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Republic of Macedonia' and 'Macedonia' will be used in this article interchangeably instead of 'the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia'
    • 'Republic of Macedonia' and 'Macedonia' will be used in this article interchangeably instead of 'the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia'.
  • 6
    • 85033841508 scopus 로고
    • Skopje, Also, interview on the 1994 census with Svetlana Antonovska, Director, Statistical Office, May 1995, Skopje
    • Republic of Macedonia, Statistical Office of Macedonia, Macedonia Basic Economic Data (Skopje, 1994), p. 40. Also, interview on the 1994 census with Svetlana Antonovska, Director, Statistical Office, May 1995, Skopje.
    • (1994) Macedonia Basic Economic Data , pp. 40
  • 7
    • 85033839757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Even ethnic Albanian cabinet members will quote this number, for example in my interviews with Ilajaz Sabriu, the former minister of labour and social policy, and Eshref Aliu, the former minister of culture, May 1995, Skopje. Many Albanians will give their number as 800,000 rather than the official 443,000.
  • 8
    • 85033838250 scopus 로고
    • footnote 104. Interview with Shaqir Aliti, Mayor of Tetovo, July, Tetovo. No exact numbers can be obtained
    • See G. Munuera, Preventing Armed Conflict ... , footnote 104. Interview with Shaqir Aliti, Mayor of Tetovo, July 1995, Tetovo. No exact numbers can be obtained.
    • (1995) Preventing Armed Conflict ...
    • Munuera, G.1
  • 9
    • 85033851061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Albanian-language abbreviation, which stands for Partia Per Prosperitet Demokratik Shqiptarëve, is used here. The party is referred to in Macedonian as the PDP-A
    • The Albanian-language abbreviation, which stands for Partia Per Prosperitet Demokratik Shqiptarëve, is used here. The party is referred to in Macedonian as the PDP-A.
  • 10
    • 85033836513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interviews by author with Arbën Xhaferi, March 1996 and 30 May 1996, Tetovo
    • Interviews by author with Arbën Xhaferi, March 1996 and 30 May 1996, Tetovo.
  • 14
    • 85033853325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview by author with Macedonian Foreign Minister Ljubomir Frčkoski, 10 June 1996, Skopje
    • Interview by author with Macedonian Foreign Minister Ljubomir Frčkoski, 10 June 1996, Skopje.
  • 16
    • 85033853282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview by author with President Gligorov, 6 June 1996, Skopje
    • Interview by author with President Gligorov, 6 June 1996, Skopje.
  • 17
    • 85033835396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICFY source
    • ICFY source.
  • 18
    • 84937276230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Peacekeeping to Preventive Deployment: A Study of the United Nations in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
    • Spring
    • Discussed in Alice Ackermann & Antonio Pala, 'From Peacekeeping to Preventive Deployment: A Study of the United Nations in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', European Security, vol. 5, no. 1 (Spring 1996), pp. 83-97. Based on interviews with General Juha Engström, Assistant Secretary-General Henryk Sokalski, and Dr. Abidoun Williams, Civil Affairs, May and August 1995, and with Sokalski and Dr. Vera Mehta, March and May 1996, in Skopje, as well as site visits to the UNPREDEP headquarters in Skopje and several Finnish, Danish, and American UN observation posts.
    • (1996) European Security , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 83-97
    • Ackermann, A.1    Pala, A.2
  • 19
    • 85033851994 scopus 로고
    • Experiences with CSCE Monitoring in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
    • Jürgen Altmann et al., eds., Amsterdam: VU University Press
    • The OSCE deliberately named its mission the 'OSCE Spillover Mission to Skopje' to avoid the controversial name Macedonia. Interview with General Giorgio Blais, Deputy Head of Mission, 4 May 1995, Skopje. See also Blais, 'Experiences with CSCE Monitoring in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', in Jürgen Altmann et al., eds., Verification After the Cold War: Broadening the Process (Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994), p. 302.
    • (1994) Verification after the Cold War: Broadening the Process , pp. 302
    • Blais1
  • 20
    • 85033849479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Hague
    • OSCE, High Commissioner on National Minorities, 'List of HCNM Mission Travels', The Hague, 1996.
    • (1996) List of HCNM Mission Travels
  • 22
    • 85033843473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US State Department source, interviewed by author, October 1995, Washington, DC
    • US State Department source, interviewed by author, October 1995, Washington, DC.
  • 24
    • 85033840677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with Eran Fraenkel, Executive Director, Search for Common Ground in Macedonia, 10 May 1995, March and May 1996, Skopje. Interview with David Shorr, Washington Director, Ethnic Conflict Resolution Project, Search for Common Ground, 6 March 1995, Washington, DC.
  • 26
    • 84937304627 scopus 로고
    • Reconciliation as a Peace-Building Process in Postwar Europe: The Franco-German Case
    • July
    • On the process of reconciliation, see Alice Ackermann, 'Reconciliation as a Peace-Building Process in Postwar Europe: The Franco-German Case', Peace and Change, vol. 19, no. 3 (July 1994), pp. 229-250.
    • (1994) Peace and Change , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 229-250
    • Ackermann, A.1
  • 27
    • 84977046205 scopus 로고
    • Towards a Policy Framework for Preventive Diplomacy
    • (From our readers), March
    • See also Kumar Rupesinghe, 'Towards a Policy Framework for Preventive Diplomacy' (From our readers), Security Dialogue, vol. 26, no. 1 (March 1995), pp. 112-113.
    • (1995) Security Dialogue , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 112-113
    • Rupesinghe, K.1
  • 28
    • 0442288018 scopus 로고
    • Transforming Ethno-political Conflicts: Exit, Autonomy or Access
    • Kumar Rupesinghe, ed., New York: St. Martin's
    • See also Ted R. Gurr, 'Transforming Ethno-political Conflicts: Exit, Autonomy or Access,' in Kumar Rupesinghe, ed., Conflict Transformation (New York: St. Martin's, 1995), pp. 1-30.
    • (1995) Conflict Transformation , pp. 1-30
    • Gurr, T.R.1
  • 29
    • 85033836789 scopus 로고
    • Macedonia, Next Door to a War, Uses an Ingenious Spirit to Somehow Survive
    • 27 November
    • Elizabeth Williamson, 'Macedonia, Next Door to a War, Uses an Ingenious Spirit to Somehow Survive', The Wall Street Journal, 27 November 1995.
    • (1995) The Wall Street Journal
    • Williamson, E.1


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