Pioneering minority representation: Edward Roybal and the Los Angeles City Council, 1949-1962

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 66, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 399-425

  Underwood, Katherine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN OSHKOSH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0038129870     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3640203     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Francis Carney, "The Decentralized Politics of Los Angeles," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CCCLIII (1964), 107-121; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Community under Siege: A Chronicle of Chicanos East of the Los Angeles River (Los Angeles, 1984), 29-30, 43; Carey McWilliams, Southern California Country: An Island on the Land (1946; Salt Lake City, 1983); David Clark, "Improbable Los Angeles," in Richard M. Bernard and Bradley R. Rice, eds., Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II (Austin, 1983), 268-308; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940-1990 (Albuquerque, 1990), 53-56; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (3d ed., New York, 1988), 285-286.
2. Francis Carney, "The Decentralized Politics of Los Angeles," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CCCLIII (1964), 107-121; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Community under Siege: A Chronicle of Chicanos East of the Los Angeles River (Los Angeles, 1984), 29-30, 43; Carey McWilliams, Southern California Country: An Island on the Land (1946; Salt Lake City, 1983); David Clark, "Improbable Los Angeles," in Richard M. Bernard and Bradley R. Rice, eds., Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II (Austin, 1983), 268-308; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940-1990 (Albuquerque, 1990), 53-56; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (3d ed., New York, 1988), 285-286.
3. Francis Carney, "The Decentralized Politics of Los Angeles," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CCCLIII (1964), 107-121; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Community under Siege: A Chronicle of Chicanos East of the Los Angeles River (Los Angeles, 1984), 29-30, 43; Carey McWilliams, Southern California Country: An Island on the Land (1946; Salt Lake City, 1983); David Clark, "Improbable Los Angeles," in Richard M. Bernard and Bradley R. Rice, eds., Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II (Austin, 1983), 268-308; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940-1990 (Albuquerque, 1990), 53-56; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (3d ed., New York, 1988), 285-286.
4. Francis Carney, "The Decentralized Politics of Los Angeles," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CCCLIII (1964), 107-121; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Community under Siege: A Chronicle of Chicanos East of the Los Angeles River (Los Angeles, 1984), 29-30, 43; Carey McWilliams, Southern California Country: An Island on the Land (1946; Salt Lake City, 1983); David Clark, "Improbable Los Angeles," in Richard M. Bernard and Bradley R. Rice, eds., Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II (Austin, 1983), 268-308; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940-1990 (Albuquerque, 1990), 53-56; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (3d ed., New York, 1988), 285-286.
5. Francis Carney, "The Decentralized Politics of Los Angeles," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CCCLIII (1964), 107-121; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Community under Siege: A Chronicle of Chicanos East of the Los Angeles River (Los Angeles, 1984), 29-30, 43; Carey McWilliams, Southern California Country: An Island on the Land (1946; Salt Lake City, 1983); David Clark, "Improbable Los Angeles," in Richard M. Bernard and Bradley R. Rice, eds., Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II (Austin, 1983), 268-308; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940-1990 (Albuquerque, 1990), 53-56; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (3d ed., New York, 1988), 285-286.
6. Francis Carney, "The Decentralized Politics of Los Angeles," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CCCLIII (1964), 107-121; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Community under Siege: A Chronicle of Chicanos East of the Los Angeles River (Los Angeles, 1984), 29-30, 43; Carey McWilliams, Southern California Country: An Island on the Land (1946; Salt Lake City, 1983); David Clark, "Improbable Los Angeles," in Richard M. Bernard and Bradley R. Rice, eds., Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II (Austin, 1983), 268-308; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940-1990 (Albuquerque, 1990), 53-56; Rodolfo F. Acuña, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (3d ed., New York, 1988), 285-286.
7. Acuña, Occupied America, 269; Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Distant Shore: A History of Asian Americans (New York, 1989), 413, 415-416.
8. Acuña, Occupied America, 269; Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Distant Shore: A History of Asian Americans (New York, 1989), 413, 415-416.
9. Raphael J. Sonenshein, Politics in Black and White: Race and Power in Los Angeles (Princeton, N.J., 1993), 26, 30; Robert Gottlieb and Irene Wolt, Thinking Big: The Story of the Los Angeles Times, Its Publishers, and Their Influence on Southern California (Los Angeles, 1977), 7.
10. Raphael J. Sonenshein, Politics in Black and White: Race and Power in Los Angeles (Princeton, N.J., 1993), 26, 30; Robert Gottlieb and Irene Wolt, Thinking Big: The Story of the Los Angeles Times, Its Publishers, and Their Influence on Southern California (Los Angeles, 1977), 7.
11. Los Angeles City Council files 39092, 40909, 39066, Records Management Division, Office of the City Clerk, Los Angeles City Archives.
12. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Population: 1950 (Washington, D.C., 1952), chap. 28, tables 1 and 6; Fortnight (Oct. 20, 1954), 20, 21.
13. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Population: 1950 (Washington, D.C., 1952), chap. 28, tables 1 and 6; Fortnight (Oct. 20, 1954), 20, 21.
14. Acuña, Community under Siege, 26; Los Angeles California Eagle, April 7, 1949.
15. Acuña, Community under Siege, 26; Los Angeles California Eagle, April 7, 1949.
16. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Population: 1950, "Census Tract Statistics: Los Angeles, California, and Adjacent Areas," 1950 Population Census Report III, chap. 28, tables 1, 2, and 3; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Censuses of Population and Housing: 1960 (Washington, D.C., 1961-1962), "Census Tracts: Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif., Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area," Final Report PHC (1)-82, tables H-1, P-1, and P-3.
17. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Population: 1950, "Census Tract Statistics: Los Angeles, California, and Adjacent Areas," 1950 Population Census Report III, chap. 28, tables 1, 2, and 3; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Censuses of Population and Housing: 1960 (Washington, D.C., 1961-1962), "Census Tracts: Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif., Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area," Final Report PHC (1)-82, tables H-1, P-1, and P-3.
18. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Population: 1950, "Census Tract Statistics: Los Angeles, California, and Adjacent Areas," 1950 Population Census Report III, chap. 28, tables 1, 2, and 3; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Censuses of Population and Housing: 1960 (Washington, D.C., 1961-1962), "Census Tracts: Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif., Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area," Final Report PHC (1)-82, tables H-1, P-1, and P-3.
19. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Population: 1950, "Census Tract Statistics: Los Angeles, California, and Adjacent Areas," 1950 Population Census Report III, chap. 28, tables 1, 2, and 3; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Censuses of Population and Housing: 1960 (Washington, D.C., 1961-1962), "Census Tracts: Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif., Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area," Final Report PHC (1)-82, tables H-1, P-1, and P-3.
20. Interview with Anthony Ríos, a founding member of the Community Service Organization, Oct. 31, 1991 (first quotation); Sanford D. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky, His Life and Legacy (New York, 1989), 227, 228 (second quotation); interview with Edward Roybal, Dec. 5, 1991; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 42-43; Richard A. Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," The Reporter (Jan. 17, 1950), 7-9. Except as indicated in note 48, notes for all interviews, here and throughout, are transcribed from tapes in the author's possession.
21. Interview with Anthony Ríos, a founding member of the Community Service Organization, Oct. 31, 1991 (first quotation); Sanford D. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky, His Life and Legacy (New York, 1989), 227, 228 (second quotation); interview with Edward Roybal, Dec. 5, 1991; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 42-43; Richard A. Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," The Reporter (Jan. 17, 1950), 7-9. Except as indicated in note 48, notes for all interviews, here and throughout, are transcribed from tapes in the author's possession.
22. Interview with Anthony Ríos, a founding member of the Community Service Organization, Oct. 31, 1991 (first quotation); Sanford D. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky, His Life and Legacy (New York, 1989), 227, 228 (second quotation); interview with Edward Roybal, Dec. 5, 1991; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 42-43; Richard A. Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," The Reporter (Jan. 17, 1950), 7-9. Except as indicated in note 48, notes for all interviews, here and throughout, are transcribed from tapes in the author's possession.
23. Interview with Anthony Ríos, a founding member of the Community Service Organization, Oct. 31, 1991 (first quotation); Sanford D. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky, His Life and Legacy (New York, 1989), 227, 228 (second quotation); interview with Edward Roybal, Dec. 5, 1991; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 42-43; Richard A. Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," The Reporter (Jan. 17, 1950), 7-9. Except as indicated in note 48, notes for all interviews, here and throughout, are transcribed from tapes in the author's possession.
24. Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 8; interview with Roybal, Jan. 23, 1997.
25. Interview with Roybal, July 20, 1995.
26. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, 229; interview with Ríos; Fortnight (Aug. 18, 1954), 9-11; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 8. Roybal had met Saul Alinksy at a social workers' convention in Texas several years earlier.
27. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, 229; interview with Ríos; Fortnight (Aug. 18, 1954), 9-11; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 8. Roybal had met Saul Alinksy at a social workers' convention in Texas several years earlier.
28. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, 229; interview with Ríos; Fortnight (Aug. 18, 1954), 9-11; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 8. Roybal had met Saul Alinksy at a social workers' convention in Texas several years earlier.
29. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, 229; interview with Ríos; Fortnight (Aug. 18, 1954), 9-11; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 8. Roybal had met Saul Alinksy at a social workers' convention in Texas several years earlier.
30. Ralph Cortéz Guzmán, "The Political Socialization of the Mexican American People" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1970), 251; Beatrice W. Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," Common Ground, X (Autumn 1949), 61-70; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 8.
31. Ralph Cortéz Guzmán, "The Political Socialization of the Mexican American People" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1970), 251; Beatrice W. Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," Common Ground, X (Autumn 1949), 61-70; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 8.
32. Ralph Cortéz Guzmán, "The Political Socialization of the Mexican American People" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1970), 251; Beatrice W. Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," Common Ground, X (Autumn 1949), 61-70; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 8.
33. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, 222-225.
34. Ibid., 229.
35. Ibid., 229-231; Guzmán, "Political Socialization of the Mexican American People," 246-250; Kaye Lynn Briegel, "The History of Political Organizations among Mexican Americans in Los Angeles since the Second World War" (M.A. thesis, University of Southern California, 1967), 9-13, 18; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 55; interview with Grace Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997. Montañez Davis taught the CSO citizenship courses, organized CSO voter-registration drives, worked on Roybal's campaign for county supervisor in 1958, worked on Thomas (Tom) Bradley's various campaigns for office, and served as deputy mayor under Bradley from 1975 to 1989. She was the first Latina to hold this latter position.
36. Ibid., 229-231; Guzmán, "Political Socialization of the Mexican American People," 246-250; Kaye Lynn Briegel, "The History of Political Organizations among Mexican Americans in Los Angeles since the Second World War" (M.A. thesis, University of Southern California, 1967), 9-13, 18; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 55; interview with Grace Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997. Montañez Davis taught the CSO citizenship courses, organized CSO voter-registration drives, worked on Roybal's campaign for county supervisor in 1958, worked on Thomas (Tom) Bradley's various campaigns for office, and served as deputy mayor under Bradley from 1975 to 1989. She was the first Latina to hold this latter position.
37. Ibid., 229-231; Guzmán, "Political Socialization of the Mexican American People," 246-250; Kaye Lynn Briegel, "The History of Political Organizations among Mexican Americans in Los Angeles since the Second World War" (M.A. thesis, University of Southern California, 1967), 9-13, 18; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 55; interview with Grace Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997. Montañez Davis taught the CSO citizenship courses, organized CSO voter-registration drives, worked on Roybal's campaign for county supervisor in 1958, worked on Thomas (Tom) Bradley's various campaigns for office, and served as deputy mayor under Bradley from 1975 to 1989. She was the first Latina to hold this latter position.
38. Ibid., 229-231; Guzmán, "Political Socialization of the Mexican American People," 246-250; Kaye Lynn Briegel, "The History of Political Organizations among Mexican Americans in Los Angeles since the Second World War" (M.A. thesis, University of Southern California, 1967), 9-13, 18; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 55; interview with Grace Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997. Montañez Davis taught the CSO citizenship courses, organized CSO voter-registration drives, worked on Roybal's campaign for county supervisor in 1958, worked on Thomas (Tom) Bradley's various campaigns for office, and served as deputy mayor under Bradley from 1975 to 1989. She was the first Latina to hold this latter position.
39. Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," 65.
40. Ibid.; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 54; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 9; Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, 234.
41. Ibid.; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 54; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 9; Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, 234.
42. Ibid.; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 54; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 9; Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, 234.
43. Ibid.; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 54; Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 9; Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, 234.
44. Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," 68.
45. Ibid.; interview with Ríos, Oct. 31, 1991; Gómez-Quiñones; Chicano Politics, 55; interview with Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997.
46. Ibid.; interview with Ríos, Oct. 31, 1991; Gómez-Quiñones; Chicano Politics, 55; interview with Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997.
47. Interview with Roybal, Dec. 5, 1991.
48. "Profile" Health Officers News Digest (Aug. 1952), clipping files, Los Angeles Municipal Reference Library (first quotation); interview with Roybal, Dec. 5, 1991 (second quotation). The Los Angeles Municipal Reference Library was closed in 1992 because of budget cuts, and its clipping files were discarded on the grounds that they were not "unique or valuable." Interview with Lee Ridgeway, senior librarian, Los Angeles Central Library, May 1, 1997.
49. Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 9.
50. Interview with Roybal, Dec. 5, 1991 (first quotation); Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," 66 (second quotation).
51. Interview with Roybal, Dec. 5, 1991 (first quotation); Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," 66 (second quotation).
52. Interview with Roybal, Jan. 23, 1997; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1949; Los Angeles California Eagle, March 31, 1949; Los Angeles Daily News, April 5, 1949; Los Angeles La Opinión, April 5, 1949.
53. Interview with Roybal, Jan. 23, 1997; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1949; Los Angeles California Eagle, March 31, 1949; Los Angeles Daily News, April 5, 1949; Los Angeles La Opinión, April 5, 1949.
54. Interview with Roybal, Jan. 23, 1997; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1949; Los Angeles California Eagle, March 31, 1949; Los Angeles Daily News, April 5, 1949; Los Angeles La Opinión, April 5, 1949.
55. Interview with Roybal, Jan. 23, 1997; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1949; Los Angeles California Eagle, March 31, 1949; Los Angeles Daily News, April 5, 1949; Los Angeles La Opinión, April 5, 1949.
56. Interview with Roybal, Jan. 23, 1997; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1949; Los Angeles California Eagle, March 31, 1949; Los Angeles Daily News, April 5, 1949; Los Angeles La Opinión, April 5, 1949.
57. Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," 66.
58. Sonenshein, Politics in Black and White, 31.
59. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, May 19, 1949. Several years later Joseph Kovner, publisher of the Eastside Sun, argued bluntly:
60. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, May 19, 1949. Several years later Joseph Kovner, publisher of the Eastside Sun, argued bluntly:
61. "Eddie [Roybal] ... [is] the best man.... What's good for Boyle Heights is good for the Jews." Fortnight (Oct. 20, 1954), 21.
62. Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 7; Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," 68.
63. Donovan, "Roybal Rouses the Ninth," 7; Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," 68.
64. Griffith, "Viva Roybal-Viva America," 68.
65. John M. Allswang, "Tom Bradley of Los Angeles," Southern California Quarterly, LXXIV (1992), 64; Sonenshein, Politics in Black and White, 62-66.
66. John M. Allswang, "Tom Bradley of Los Angeles," Southern California Quarterly, LXXIV (1992), 64; Sonenshein, Politics in Black and White, 62-66.
67. In 1953 city voters approved Proposition 2, which extended council representatives' term of office from two to four years. Los Angeles Mirror, April 4, 1953.
68. Los Angeles City Council files 35476, 55441, 76388; Acuña, Community under Siege, 112.
69. Los Angeles Sentinel, March 28, 1957, March 23, 30, 1961; Los Angeles California Eagle, March 23, 1961.
70. Los Angeles Sentinel, March 28, 1957, March 23, 30, 1961; Los Angeles California Eagle, March 23, 1961.
71. Los Angeles City Council files 39092, 43923; Los Angeles Herald Dispatch, May 12, 1955, Roybal newspaper scrapbook, East Los Angeles Branch, Los Angeles County Library; B'nai B'rith Record, Aug. 1955, ibid.; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1954; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 16, 1955, Nov. 28, Dec. 26, 1957, Jan. 9, 1958.
72. Los Angeles City Council files 39092, 43923; Los Angeles Herald Dispatch, May 12, 1955, Roybal newspaper scrapbook, East Los Angeles Branch, Los Angeles County Library; B'nai B'rith Record, Aug. 1955, ibid.; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1954; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 16, 1955, Nov. 28, Dec. 26, 1957, Jan. 9, 1958.
73. Los Angeles City Council files 39092, 43923; Los Angeles Herald Dispatch, May 12, 1955, Roybal newspaper scrapbook, East Los Angeles Branch, Los Angeles County Library; B'nai B'rith Record, Aug. 1955, ibid.; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1954; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 16, 1955, Nov. 28, Dec. 26, 1957, Jan. 9, 1958.
74. Los Angeles City Council files 39092, 43923; Los Angeles Herald Dispatch, May 12, 1955, Roybal newspaper scrapbook, East Los Angeles Branch, Los Angeles County Library; B'nai B'rith Record, Aug. 1955, ibid.; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1954; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 16, 1955, Nov. 28, Dec. 26, 1957, Jan. 9, 1958.
75. Los Angeles City Council files 39092, 43923; Los Angeles Herald Dispatch, May 12, 1955, Roybal newspaper scrapbook, East Los Angeles Branch, Los Angeles County Library; B'nai B'rith Record, Aug. 1955, ibid.; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1954; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 16, 1955, Nov. 28, Dec. 26, 1957, Jan. 9, 1958.
76. Interview with Roybal, Jan. 23, 1997 (quotation); see correspondence in box 29, Roybal Collection, Department of Special Collections, University Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
77. Los Angeles Herald and Express, Jan. 29, Feb. 2, 1960. After the council's investigation of William Parker's "wild tribes" remark, the Los Angeles Times (Feb. 5, 1960) accused Roybal of "demagoguery" and defended the chief of police by ar" guing that he had "great courage and a prodigious amount of candor, qualities which have made him famous as a policeman and a perfect whipping boy for the minority manipulators."
78. Los Angeles Herald and Express, Jan. 29, Feb. 2, 1960. After the council's investigation of William Parker's "wild tribes" remark, the Los Angeles Times (Feb. 5, 1960) accused Roybal of "demagoguery" and defended the chief of police by ar" guing that he had "great courage and a prodigious amount of candor, qualities which have made him famous as a policeman and a perfect whipping boy for the minority manipulators."
79. Constituent correspondence, box 4, Roybal Collection; Los Angeles City Council file 74638; Ridgely Cummings, "O'Malley Takes Los Angeles," The Cali fornian (Sept. 1962), 11-14, copy in box 6, Roybal Collection; Columbus Dispatch, May 10, 1959, clipping in ibid.
80. Constituent correspondence, box 4, Roybal Collection; Los Angeles City Council file 74638; Ridgely Cummings, "O'Malley Takes Los Angeles," The Cali fornian (Sept. 1962), 11-14, copy in box 6, Roybal Collection; Columbus Dispatch, May 10, 1959, clipping in ibid.
81. Constituent correspondence, box 4, Roybal Collection; Los Angeles City Council file 74638; Ridgely Cummings, "O'Malley Takes Los Angeles," The Cali fornian (Sept. 1962), 11-14, copy in box 6, Roybal Collection; Columbus Dispatch, May 10, 1959, clipping in ibid.
82. Los Angeles City Council files 39092, 43923, 46540, 40909, 39066, 74638; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Dec. 3, 1953; Lloyd Aldrich to Los Angeles City Council, Dec. 11, 1953, box 13, Roybal Collection; "Golden State Freeway: Agenda," ibid.; California Department of Public Works, Press Release, June 24, 1954, ibid.
83. Los Angeles City Council files 39092, 43923, 46540, 40909, 39066, 74638; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Dec. 3, 1953; Lloyd Aldrich to Los Angeles City Council, Dec. 11, 1953, box 13, Roybal Collection; "Golden State Freeway: Agenda," ibid.; California Department of Public Works, Press Release, June 24, 1954, ibid.
84. Los Angeles City Council files 39092, 43923, 46540, 40909, 39066, 74638; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Dec. 3, 1953; Lloyd Aldrich to Los Angeles City Council, Dec. 11, 1953, box 13, Roybal Collection; "Golden State Freeway: Agenda," ibid.; California Department of Public Works, Press Release, June 24, 1954, ibid.
85. Controversy over urban renewal (and the inability of neighborhood organizations to thwart its onslaught) was not limited to Los Angeles. In many large American cities, such as New York, San Francisco, and Boston, poor minority neighborhoods were pitted against pro-redevelopment coalitions composed of business interests, autonomous agencies headed by ambitious individuals, and elected officials. See John Mollenkopf, "The Postwar Politics of Urban Development," in William K. Tabb and Larry Sawyers, eds., Marxism and the Metropolis: New Perspectives in Urban Political Economy (New York, 1978), 117-152; Chester Hartman, et al., Yerba Buena: Land Grab and Community Resistance in San Francisco (San Francisco, 1974).
86. Controversy over urban renewal (and the inability of neighborhood organizations to thwart its onslaught) was not limited to Los Angeles. In many large American cities, such as New York, San Francisco, and Boston, poor minority neighborhoods were pitted against pro-redevelopment coalitions composed of business interests, autonomous agencies headed by ambitious individuals, and elected officials. See John Mollenkopf, "The Postwar Politics of Urban Development," in William K. Tabb and Larry Sawyers, eds., Marxism and the Metropolis: New Perspectives in Urban Political Economy (New York, 1978), 117-152; Chester Hartman, et al., Yerba Buena: Land Grab and Community Resistance in San Francisco (San Francisco, 1974).
87. For Jewish migration from Boyle Heights to the westside, see Max Vorspan and Lloyd P. Gartner, History of the Jews of Los Angeles (San Marino, Calif., 1970); Deborah Dash Moore, To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and Los Angeles (New York, 1994).
88. For Jewish migration from Boyle Heights to the westside, see Max Vorspan and Lloyd P. Gartner, History of the Jews of Los Angeles (San Marino, Calif., 1970); Deborah Dash Moore, To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and Los Angeles (New York, 1994).
89. Sonenshein, Politics in Black and White, 31-35.
90. Interview with Roybal, May 23, 1995; Fortnight (Nov. 13, 1950), clipping in Roybal newspaper scrapbook.
91. Interview with Roybal, May 23, 1995; Fortnight (Nov. 13, 1950), clipping in Roybal newspaper scrapbook.
92. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Sept. 14, Nov. 9, 1950, March 15, 1951, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Ninth District Newsletter, Nov. 6, 1959, April 7, July 26, 1960, Aug. 17, Dec. 27, 1961, box 26, Roybal Collection; Edward R. Roybal, "Our Councilman's Corner," Weekly Reporter, June 1951, copy in ibid.; interview with Roybal, Dec. 5 1991; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 20, 1957; see also boxes 28 and 29, Roybal Collection.
93. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Sept. 14, Nov. 9, 1950, March 15, 1951, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Ninth District Newsletter, Nov. 6, 1959, April 7, July 26, 1960, Aug. 17, Dec. 27, 1961, box 26, Roybal Collection; Edward R. Roybal, "Our Councilman's Corner," Weekly Reporter, June 1951, copy in ibid.; interview with Roybal, Dec. 5 1991; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 20, 1957; see also boxes 28 and 29, Roybal Collection.
94. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Sept. 14, Nov. 9, 1950, March 15, 1951, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Ninth District Newsletter, Nov. 6, 1959, April 7, July 26, 1960, Aug. 17, Dec. 27, 1961, box 26, Roybal Collection; Edward R. Roybal, "Our Councilman's Corner," Weekly Reporter, June 1951, copy in ibid.; interview with Roybal, Dec. 5 1991; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 20, 1957; see also boxes 28 and 29, Roybal Collection.
95. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Sept. 14, Nov. 9, 1950, March 15, 1951, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Ninth District Newsletter, Nov. 6, 1959, April 7, July 26, 1960, Aug. 17, Dec. 27, 1961, box 26, Roybal Collection; Edward R. Roybal, "Our Councilman's Corner," Weekly Reporter, June 1951, copy in ibid.; interview with Roybal, Dec. 5 1991; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 20, 1957; see also boxes 28 and 29, Roybal Collection.
96. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Sept. 14, Nov. 9, 1950, March 15, 1951, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Ninth District Newsletter, Nov. 6, 1959, April 7, July 26, 1960, Aug. 17, Dec. 27, 1961, box 26, Roybal Collection; Edward R. Roybal, "Our Councilman's Corner," Weekly Reporter, June 1951, copy in ibid.; interview with Roybal, Dec. 5 1991; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 20, 1957; see also boxes 28 and 29, Roybal Collection.
97. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Sept. 14, Nov. 9, 1950, March 15, 1951, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Ninth District Newsletter, Nov. 6, 1959, April 7, July 26, 1960, Aug. 17, Dec. 27, 1961, box 26, Roybal Collection; Edward R. Roybal, "Our Councilman's Corner," Weekly Reporter, June 1951, copy in ibid.; interview with Roybal, Dec. 5 1991; Los Angeles California Eagle, June 20, 1957; see also boxes 28 and 29, Roybal Collection.
98. James Q. Wilson, The Amateur Democrat: Club Politics in Three Cities (Chicago, 1962), 295-301; Joseph L. Wyatt and Marvin Schachter to Roybal, March 22, 1961, box 10, Roybal Collection; Don Rose to Roybal, Aug. 6, 1956, ibid.
99. James Q. Wilson, The Amateur Democrat: Club Politics in Three Cities (Chicago, 1962), 295-301; Joseph L. Wyatt and Marvin Schachter to Roybal, March 22, 1961, box 10, Roybal Collection; Don Rose to Roybal, Aug. 6, 1956, ibid.
100. Roybal campaign letter endorsing Adlai Stevenson, May 25, 1956; Edmund G. Brown to Roybal, April 12, 1960, both in box 10, Roybal Collection; interview with Roybal, Jan. 23, 1997; "Los Angeles City Councilman Edward R. Roybal: Chairman Viva Kennedy Clubs of California, Co-Chairman National Viva Kennedy Clubs," box 35, Roybal Collection.
101. Los Angeles California Eagle, Nov. 7, 1954, Nov. 14, 1957, April 16, 1959; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 67.
102. Los Angeles California Eagle, Nov. 7, 1954, Nov. 14, 1957, April 16, 1959; Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 67.
103. Guzmán, "Political Socialization of the Mexican American People," 257-258 (first quote); Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 67 (second quote).
104. Guzmán, "Political Socialization of the Mexican American People," 257-258 (first quote); Gómez-Quiñones, Chicano Politics, 67 (second quote).
105. James (Jaime) A. Regalado interview with Edward Roybal (transcribed by Regalado from tape in his possession; copy in author's possession), 1988, Edmund G. (Pat) Brown Institute, California State University, Los Angeles.
106. Jesse Unruh was an Assembly candidate in 1954. Interview with Roybal, May 23, 1995 (quotation); Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1954; Los Angeles Daily News, Feb. 5, 1954.
107. Jesse Unruh was an Assembly candidate in 1954. Interview with Roybal, May 23, 1995 (quotation); Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1954; Los Angeles Daily News, Feb. 5, 1954.
108. Jesse Unruh was an Assembly candidate in 1954. Interview with Roybal, May 23, 1995 (quotation); Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 18, 1954; Los Angeles Daily News, Feb. 5, 1954.
109. Los Angeles Daily News, Feb. 8, 1954; Los Angeles Examiner, June 10, 1954.
110. Los Angeles Daily News, Feb. 8, 1954; Los Angeles Examiner, June 10, 1954.
111. Interview with Roybal, May 23, 1995.
112. Ibid.; Fred Ross to Roybal, Feb. 16, 1954, box 9, Roybal Collection (quotation); Frontier (Dec. 1954), 8-9; Daily Palo Alto Times, Aug. 21, 1954, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 4, 1954.
113. Ibid.; Fred Ross to Roybal, Feb. 16, 1954, box 9, Roybal Collection (quotation); Frontier (Dec. 1954), 8-9; Daily Palo Alto Times, Aug. 21, 1954, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 4, 1954.
114. Ibid.; Fred Ross to Roybal, Feb. 16, 1954, box 9, Roybal Collection (quotation); Frontier (Dec. 1954), 8-9; Daily Palo Alto Times, Aug. 21, 1954, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 4, 1954.
115. Ibid.; Fred Ross to Roybal, Feb. 16, 1954, box 9, Roybal Collection (quotation); Frontier (Dec. 1954), 8-9; Daily Palo Alto Times, Aug. 21, 1954, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 4, 1954.
116. Ibid.; Fred Ross to Roybal, Feb. 16, 1954, box 9, Roybal Collection (quotation); Frontier (Dec. 1954), 8-9; Daily Palo Alto Times, Aug. 21, 1954, Roybal newspaper scrapbook; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 4, 1954.
117. Regalado interview with Roybal, 1988; John Anson Ford to Roybal, March 11, 1957, box 13, Roybal Collection; Los Angeles Examiner, May 18, 1958; Los Angeles La Opinión, March 30, 1957; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 28, 1957; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1958; interview with Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997.
118. Regalado interview with Roybal, 1988; John Anson Ford to Roybal, March 11, 1957, box 13, Roybal Collection; Los Angeles Examiner, May 18, 1958; Los Angeles La Opinión, March 30, 1957; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 28, 1957; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1958; interview with Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997.
119. Regalado interview with Roybal, 1988; John Anson Ford to Roybal, March 11, 1957, box 13, Roybal Collection; Los Angeles Examiner, May 18, 1958; Los Angeles La Opinión, March 30, 1957; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 28, 1957; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1958; interview with Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997.
120. Regalado interview with Roybal, 1988; John Anson Ford to Roybal, March 11, 1957, box 13, Roybal Collection; Los Angeles Examiner, May 18, 1958; Los Angeles La Opinión, March 30, 1957; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 28, 1957; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1958; interview with Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997.
121. Regalado interview with Roybal, 1988; John Anson Ford to Roybal, March 11, 1957, box 13, Roybal Collection; Los Angeles Examiner, May 18, 1958; Los Angeles La Opinión, March 30, 1957; Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 28, 1957; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1958; interview with Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997.
122. Roybal for Supervisor campaign flyer, box 13, Roybal Collection; interview with Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997.
123. Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 7, 1958; Los Angeles Mirror News, Nov. 8, 9, 19, 1958; interview with Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997. The ninety-eight affidavits that Montañez Davis collected are in the Grace Montañez Davis Collection, Chicano Studies Research Center Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
124. Los Angeles Examiner, Nov. 7, 1958; Los Angeles Mirror News, Nov. 8, 9, 19, 1958; interview with Montañez Davis, Jan. 2, 1997. The ninety-eight affidavits that Montañez Davis collected are in the Grace Montañez Davis Collection, Chicano Studies Research Center Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
125. Regalado interview with Roybal, 1988.
126. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Feb. 8, 1962; "Election Analysis," California Democratic Council Bulletin, I (Dec. 1962), 8-15, copy in box 9, California Democratic State Committee Collection, Urban Archives, California State University, Northridge; interview with Roybal, Dec. 5, 1991.
127. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, Feb. 8, 1962; "Election Analysis," California Democratic Council Bulletin, I (Dec. 1962), 8-15, copy in box 9, California Democratic State Committee Collection, Urban Archives, California State University, Northridge; interview with Roybal, Dec. 5, 1991.
128. Interview with Maurice Weiner, May 30, 1995. Weiner subsequently worked on Tom Bradley's campaigns for office and also served as deputy mayor during Bradley's first term. Sonenshein, Politics in Black and White, 61-62, 113, 183.
129. Interview with Maurice Weiner, May 30, 1995. Weiner subsequently worked on Tom Bradley's campaigns for office and also served as deputy mayor during Bradley's first term. Sonenshein, Politics in Black and White, 61-62, 113, 183.
130. Interview with William Fitzgerald, March 22, 1993.
131. Interview with Weiner, May 30, 1995; interview with Fitzgerald, March 22, 1993.
132. Interview with Weiner, May 30, 1995.
133. Ibid.; Los Angeles Times, June 8, 1962; "Election Analysis," 10. Roybal served for three decades before retiring in 1992. In that same year his eldest daughter, Lucille Roybal-Allard, won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in a neighboring district and became the first Mexican-American woman to hold a seat in Congress. Rodolfo F. Acuña, Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles (London and New York, 1996), 99.
134. Ibid.; Los Angeles Times, June 8, 1962; "Election Analysis," 10. Roybal served for three decades before retiring in 1992. In that same year his eldest daughter, Lucille Roybal-Allard, won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in a neighboring district and became the first Mexican-American woman to hold a seat in Congress. Rodolfo F. Acuña, Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles (London and New York, 1996), 99.
135. Ibid.; Los Angeles Times, June 8, 1962; "Election Analysis," 10. Roybal served for three decades before retiring in 1992. In that same year his eldest daughter, Lucille Roybal-Allard, won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in a neighboring district and became the first Mexican-American woman to hold a seat in Congress. Rodolfo F. Acuña, Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles (London and New York, 1996), 99.
136. Ibid.; Los Angeles Times, June 8, 1962; "Election Analysis," 10. Roybal served for three decades before retiring in 1992. In that same year his eldest daughter, Lucille Roybal-Allard, won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in a neighboring district and became the first Mexican-American woman to hold a seat in Congress. Rodolfo F. Acuña, Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles (London and New York, 1996), 99.
137. Sonenshein, Politics in Black and White, 43-46.
138. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 24, 1963; Los Angeles Sentinel, Jan. 31, 1963; Los Angeles Times, April 3, May 29, 1963.
139. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 24, 1963; Los Angeles Sentinel, Jan. 31, 1963; Los Angeles Times, April 3, May 29, 1963.
140. Los Angeles Eastside Sun, March 24, 1963; Los Angeles Sentinel, Jan. 31, 1963; Los Angeles Times, April 3, May 29, 1963.
141. Acuña, Anything But Mexican, 57-59.
142. Carlos Muños, Jr., Youth, Identity, Power: The Chicano Movement (London and New York, 1989), 49.
143. Interview with Roybal, Jan. 23, 1997.