An engineering approach to plastic recycling based on rheological characterization

Journal of Industrial Ecology

Volumn 6, Issue 3-4, 2002, Pages 125-135

  Kuswanti, Christiana ^b   Xu, Guojun ^b   Qiao, Jianhong ^b   Stuart, Julie Ann ^a   Koelling, Kurt ^b   Lilly, Blaine ^b  

^a SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING   (United States)

^b Purdue University ^*

Author keywords

High impact polystyrene (HIPS); Injection molding; Postconsumer resin (PCR); Product design; Regrind; Rheology

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; PLASTICS; POLYMERS; RECYCLING; RHEOLOGY;

POSTCONSUMER RESINS (PCR);

ECOLOGY;

EID: 0038128414     PISSN: 10881980     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/108819802766269566     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Advanced CAE Technology. 1997. C-MOLD 97.7. Ithaca, NY: Advanced CAE Technology.
2. Arola, D. F. and M. B. Biddle. 2000. Making plastics recycling from electronics equipment a commercial reality. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. San Francisco, CA, 9-10 May 1993. 194-202. Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
3. Barnthouse, L., J. Fava, K. Humphreys, R. Hunt, L. Laibson, S. Noesen, G. Norris, J. Owens, J. Todd, B. Vigon, K. Weitz, and J. Young, eds. 1998. Life-cycle impact assessment: The state of the art. Second edition. Pensacola, FL: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
4. Bernardo, C. A., A. M. Cunha, and M. J. Oliveira. 1996. Recycling of thermoplastics: Prediction of the properties of mixtures of virgin and reprocessed polyolefins. Polymer Engineering and Science 36(4): 511-519.
5. Biddle, M. B. and M. R. Christy. 1993. Here today, here tomorrow: Challenges of recycling engineering thermoplastics. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, Arlington, VA, 10-12 May 1993. 194-202. Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
6. Bio-Rad Laboratories. 2000. D1786 Polystyrene High Impact. Sadtler Division, Philadelphia, PA. Faxed 20 April 2000.
7. Chandrupatla, T. R. and A. D. Belegundu. 1997. Introduction to finite elements in engineering. Second edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Collins, J. A., G. H. Staab, and H. R. Busby. 2002. Design of machine elements and machines. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
9. Dillon, P. S. and E. N. Aqua. 2000. Recycling market development for engineering thermoplastics from used electronic equipment. Technical Report no. 20. Chelsea, MA: Chelsea Center for Recycling and Economic Development, University of Massachusetts.
10. Ehrlich, R. and T. Kingsbury. 1998. Polystyrene recycling: Processes, trends, and opportunities. In Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Recycling Conference, Chicago, 11-13 Nov. 183-192. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers.
11. Fleischmann, M., J. M. Bloemhof-Ruwaard, R. Dekker, E. van der Laan, J. A. E. E. van Nunen, and L. N. van Wassenhove. 1997. Quantitative models for reverse logistics: A review. European Journal of Operational Research 103: 1-17.
12. Frosch, R. A. 1997. Closing the loop on waste materials. In The industrial green game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management, edited by D. J. Richards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
13. GE Plastics. 1992. Properties Guide: GE Engineering Thermoplastics. Pittsfield, MA: General Electric.
14. Graedel, T. E. and B. R. Allenby. 1995. Industrial ecology. New York: Prentice-Hall.
15. Graedel, T. E., B. R. Allenby, and P. R. Comrie. 1995. Matrix approaches to abridged life cycle assessment. Environmental Science and Technology 29(3): 134A-139A.
16. Grant, E. R. 1999. State of the art in plastics recycling and identification. Stakeholders dialogue for recycling market development for engineering thermoplastics from used electronics equipment. Medford, MA: Tufts University. For a summary, see 〈www.chelseacenter.org〉.
17. Grenchus, E. J. 1999. Personal communication with E. J. Grenchus, Senior Engineer, IBM Reutilization. 14 May 1999.
18. Hendrix, J., K. A. Massey, E. Whitham, and B. Bras. 1996. Technologies for the identification, separation, and recycling of automotive plastics. International Journal of Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing 5(1): 35-47.
19. IDES. 1999. Pocket Specs for Injection Molding 1999-2000. IDES and Injection Molding Magazine. Fourth edition. Laramie, WY: IDES, and Denver, CO: Abby Communications.
20. Isaacs, J. A., and S. Gupta. 1998. Economic consequences of increasing polymer content for the U.S. automobile recycling infrastructure. Journal of Industrial Ecology 1(4): 19-33.
21. Jones, G. 1996. Meeting the challenges of plastics recycling: Heavy trucks. In Proceedings of the Third SPE Annual Recycling Conference. 181-193. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers.
22. Karvelas, J., B. Jody, J. Pomykala Jr., and E. J. Daniels. 1999. Froth floatation for separation and recovery of mixed plastics. In Proceedings of the Sixth SPE Annual Recycling Conference. 231-238. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers.
23. Kim, S., T. Hwang, and K. M. Lee. 1997. Allocation for cascade recycling system. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2(4): 217-222.
24. Lifset, R. and T. Lindhqvist. 1999. Does leasing improve end of product life management? Journal of Industrial Ecology 3(4): 10-13.
25. Liu, X. and H. Bertilsson. 1999. Recycling of ABS and ABS/PC blends. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74: 510-515.
26. Macosko, C. 1994. Rheology: Principles, measurements, and applications. New York: Wiley.
27. Meacham, A., R. Uzsoy, and U. Venkatadri. 1999. Optimal disassembly configurations for single and multiple products. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 18(5): 311-322.
28. Moldflow Corporation. 2001. Moldflow Plastics Insight: Moldflow 3.0. Wayland, MA.
29. Narh, K. A., J. Guo, M. Xanthos, U. Yilmazer, and V. Tan. 1999. Product design with high value recyclable plastic waste streams. Proceedings of the 57th Society of Plastics Engineers Annual Technical Conference (SPE ANTEC) 45: 3294-3298. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers.
30. Newton, M. 1997. The use of reground plastic in Motorola portable electronics application. In Proceedings of the Third Conference of Plastics for Portable and Wireless Electronics, Philadelphia. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers.
31. Nguyen, T. Q. and H. H. Kausch. 1986. Degradation of a polymer solution in transient elongational flow: Effect of temperature. Colloid and Polymer Science 264(9): 764-772.
32. Odell, J. A. and A. Keller. 1986. Flow-induced chain fracture of isolated linear macromolecules in solution. Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics 24(9): 1889-1916.
33. Owens, J. W. 1997. Life-cycle assessment: Constraints on moving from inventory, to impact assessment. Journal of Industrial Ecology 1(1): 37-49.
34. Schroer, B. 1998. Personal communication with B. Schroer, manager, Hi-Stat Manufacturing Company. 14 December 1998.
35. Shriver, M. E., K. A. Beiter, and K. Ishii. 1994. Performance characterization of recycled thermoplastics for material life-cycle analysis. In Proceedings of the 52nd SPE ANTEC Proceedings, 2910-2915. Vol. 3. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers.
36. Skoog, D. A. and J. J. Leary. 1992. Principles of instrumental analysis. Fort Worth, TX: Saunders College Publishing.
37. SPI (Society of the Plastics Industry). 2001. 〈www.plasticsdatasource.org/〉. Accessed 2 August 2002.
38. Sodhi, M. and W. A. Knight. 1998. Product design for disassembly and bulk recycling. CIRP (College International pour l'Etude Scientific des Techniques de Production Mecanique) Annals 47 (1): 115-118.
39. Stuart, J. A. and Q. Lu. 2000. A refine-or-sell decision model for a station with continuous reprocessing options in an electronics recycling center. IEEE Transactions on Electronics Packaging Manufacturing 23(4): 321-327.
40. Stuart, J. A., J. C. Ammons, and L. J. Turbini. 1999. A product and process selection model with multidisciplinary environmental considerations. Operations Research 47(2): 221-234.
41. Tadmor, Z. and C. Gogos. 1979. Principles of polymer processing. New York: Wiley.
42. Timmons, D. 1998. Personal communication with D. Timmons, Environmental Life Cycle Assessment Specialist, Eastman Kodak Company, 17 November 1998.
43. Underwriter Laboratories. 2002. Information technology equipment: Percentage by weight of use of reprocessed thermoplastics material (regrind). 〈www.ul.com/ite/regrind.htm〉. Accessed 14 November 2002. Availabie at 〈www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/〉.
44. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2002. Municipal solid waste in the United States: Facts and figures for 2000. EPA530-R-02-001. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
45. Xiao, C., M. B. Biddle, and M. M. Fisher. 1999. Electrostatic separation and recovery of mixed plastics. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Recycling Conference, Detroit, MI, 9-11 November. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers. 219-230.
46. Xu, G., J. Qiao, C. Kuswanti, K. Koelling, J. A. Stuart, and B. Lilly. 2002. Characterization of virgin/post-consumer blended high impact polystyrene resins for injection molding. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 84: 1-8.