Differentiating active and passive littering: A two-stage process model of littering behavior in public spaces

Environment and Behavior

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 415-433

  Sibley, Chris G ^a   Liu, James H ^b  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cigarettes; Litter; Prompts; Public places; Time

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTALISM; LITTER; PUBLIC ATTITUDE; PUBLIC SPACE;

EID: 0038066562     PISSN: 00139165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0013916503035003006     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behavior. Pacific Grove. CA: Brooks/Cole.
2. Bacon-Prue, A., Blount, R., Pickering, D., & Drabman, R. S. (1980). An evaluation of three litter control procedures-Trash receptacles, paid workers, and the marked item technique. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 165-170.
3. Burgess, R. L., Clark, R. N., & Hendee, J. C. (1971). An experimental analysis of anti-litter procedures. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 71-75.
4. Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015-1026.
5. Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37-46.
6. Cope, J. G., Huffman, K. T., Allred, L. J., & Grossnickle, W. F. (1993). Behavioral strategies to reduce cigarette litter. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 8, 607-619.
7. Dixon, R. S., Knott, T., Rowsell, H., Sheldon, L., & Moore, D. (1992). Prompts and posted feedback: In search of an effective method of litter control. Behavior Change, 9, 2-7.
8. Dixon, R. S., & Moore, D. W. (1992). The effects of posted feedback on littering: Another look. Behavior Change, 9, 83-86.
9. Durdan, C. A., Reeder, G. D., & Hecht, P. R. (1985). Litter in a university cafeteria: Demographic data and the use of prompts as an intervention strategy. Environment and Behavior, 17, 387-404.
10. Dwyer, W. O., Leeming, F. C., Cobern, M. K., Porter, B. E., & Jackson, J. M. (1993). Critical review of behavioral interventions to preserve the environment: Research since 1980. Environment and Behavior, 25, 275-321.
11. Finnie, W. C. (1973). Field experiments in litter control. Environment and Behavior, 5, 123-144.
12. Geller, E. S. (1975). Increasing desired waste disposals with instructions. Man-Environment Systems, 5, 125-128.
13. Geller, E. S. (1992). Solving environmental problems: A behavior change perspective. In S. Staub & P. Green (Eds.), Psychology and social responsibility: Facing global challenges (pp. 248-268). New York: New York University Press.
14. Geller, E. S., Brasted, W., & Mann, M. (1980). Waste receptacle designs as interventions for litter control. Journal of Environmental Systems, 9, 145-160.
15. Geller, E. S., Winett, R., & Everett, P. B. (1982). Preserving the environment: New strategies for behavior change. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
16. Geller, E. S., Witmer, J. F., & Orebaugh, A. L. (1976). Instructions as a determinant of paper-disposal behaviors. Environment and Behavior, 8, 417-439.
17. Geller, E. S., Witmer, J. F., & Tuso, M. E. (1977). Environmental interventions for litter control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 344-351.
18. Guagnano, G. A., Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1995). Influences of attitude-behavior relationships: A natural experiment with curbside recycling. Environment and Behavior, 27, 699-718.
19. Houghton, S. (1993). Using verbal and visual prompts to control littering in high schools. Educational Studies, 19, 247-254.
20. Huffman, K. T., Grossnickle, W. F., Cope, J. G., & Huffman, K. P. (1995). Litter reduction: A review and integration of the literature. Environment and Behavior, 27, 153-183.
21. Hutton, K. A., Sibley, C. G., Harper, D. N., & Hunt, M. (2002). Modifying driver behavior with passenger feedback. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior, 4, 257-269.
22. Kallgren, C. A., Reno, R. R., & Cialdini, R. B. (2000). A focus theory of normative conduct: When norms do and do not affect behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1002-1012.
23. Katzev, R., & Mishima, H. R. (1992). The use of posted feedback to promote recycling. Psychological Reports, 71, 259-264.
24. Meeker, F. L. (1997). A comparison of table-littering behavior in two settings: A case for a contextual research strategy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17, 59-68.
25. Reams, M. A., Geaghan, J. P., & Gendron, R. C. (1996). The link between recycling and litter: A field study. Environment & Behavior, 28, 92-110.
26. Reno, R. R., Cialdini, R. B., & Kallgren, C. A. (1993). The transsituational influence of social norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 104-112.
27. Oliver, S. S., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Watson, A. E. (1985). Education to reduce impacts on forest camp grounds. Journal of Forestry, 83, 234-236.
28. O'Neill, G. W., Blanck, L. S., & Joyner, M. A. (1980). The use of stimulus control over littering in a natural setting. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 379-381.
29. Woodward, J., Bonnett, D., & Brecht, M. (1990). Introduction to linear models and experimental design. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.