The biology of Canadian weeds. 119. Cannabis sativa L.

Canadian Journal of Plant Science

Volumn 83, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 217-237

  Small, E ^a   Pocock, T ^b   Cavers, P B ^b  

^a AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cannabis sativa; Hemp; Marihuana; Marijuana; Oilseed; Weed

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGY; REPRODUCTION; WEED;

CANADA;

CANNABIS SATIVA;

EID: 0038060725     PISSN: 00084220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4141/P02-021     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Ash, A. L. 1948. Hemp - production and utilization. Econ. Bot. 2: 158-169.
2. Anonymous. 1999a. Rock shows some class (editorial). The Ottawa Citizen. 2 June. p. A17.
3. Anonymous. 1999b. A potted Rock (editorial). The Globe and Mail. 1 June 1. p. A13.
4. Anonymous. 1999c. A nation of drug users. The Ottawa Citizen, 16 June. p. A17.
5. Baloch, G. M., Mushtaque, M. and Ghani, M. A. 1974. Natural enemies of Papaver spp. and Cannabis sativa. Pages 56-57 in Annual report, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Pakistan Station, Pakistan.
6. Baraniecki, P. 1997. Industrial plants in clean-up of heavy metal polluted soils. Pages 277-283 in Nova Institute, Bioresource hemp - proceedings of the symposium (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 27 February - 2 March 1997). Nova Institute, Hürth, Germany.
7. Bazzaz, F. A., Dusek, D., Seigler, D. S. and Haney, A. W. 1975. Photosynthesis and cannabinoid content of temperate and tropical populations of Cannabis sativa. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 3: 15-18.
8. Blade, S. (Ed.). 1998. Alberta Hemp Symposia proceedings, Red Deer, AB 10 March 1998, and Edmonton AB 8 April 1998. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Edmonton, AB. 85 pp.
9. Bócsa, I. and Karus, M. 1998. The cultivation of hemp. Botany, varieties, cultivation and harvesting. Hemptech, Sebastopol, CA. 185 pp.
10. Bouquet, R. J. 1950. Cannabis. Bull. Narcotics 2(4): 14-30.
11. Berger, J. 1969. The world's major fibre crops, their cultivation and manuring. Centre d'Étude de l'Azote, Zurich, Switzerland. 294 pp.
12. Callaway, J. C. 1998. Formation of trans-fatty acids in heated hempseed oil: a rebuttal. J. Int. Hemp Assoc. 5: 106-108.
13. Ceapoiu, N. 1958. Hemp, monographic study. Bucharest. Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Rominae, Bucharest, Romania. 652 pp. [In Romanian.]
14. Clarke, R. C. 1977. The botany and ecology of Cannabis. Pods Press, Ben Lomond, CA. 66 pp.
15. Collins, L. 1999. Holland's half-baked drug experiment. Foreign Affairs 78(3): 82-98.
16. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. 1988. Public safety issues surrounding marijuana production in national forests. Joint heating before the Subcommittee on Nutrition and Investigations and the Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 87 pp.
17. Darbyshire, S. J., Favreau, M. and Murray, M. 2000. Common and scientific names of weeds in Canada. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, rev. ed., Ottawa, ON. Publ. 1397/B, 132 pp.
18. Davidyan, G. G. 1972. Botanical characteristics of hemp. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 48(3): 17-27. [In Russian.]
19. De Candolle, A. 1885. Origin of cultivated plants. D. Appleton & Co., New York, NY. 468 pp.
20. Deferne, J.-L. and Pate, D. W. 1996. Hemp seed oil: a source of valuable essential fatty acids. J. Int. Hemp Assoc. 3: 1, 4-7.
21. Dewey, L. H. 1914. Hemp. Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1913. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. pp. 283-346.
22. Driemeier, D. 1997. Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) toxicosis in cattle. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 39: 351-352.
23. Eaton, B. J. 1972. Identifying and controlling wild hemp. Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, Bull. 555. Manhattan, KS. 12 pp.
24. Eaton, B. J., Hartowicz, L. E., Latta, R. P., Knutson, H., Paulsen, A. and Esbaugh, E. 1972. Controlling wild hemp. Report of Progress 188. Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, Manhattan, KS. 10 pp.
25. Faegri, K., Iverson, J., Kaland, P.E. and Krzywinski, K. 1989. Textbook of pollen analysis. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 340 pp.
26. Fischer, B., Single, E., Room, R., Poulin, C., Sawka, E., Thompson, H. and Topp, J. 1998. Cannabis use in Canada: policy option for control. Policy Options 1998 (Oct.): 34-38. [Online] Available: http://www.irpp.org/po/index.htm.
27. Gehl, D. 1995. A summary of hemp research in Canada conducted by the fibre division of Agriculture Canada, 1923-1942. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Indian Head, SK. 10 pp.
28. Goss, W. L. 1924. The viability of buried seeds. Agr. Res. (US) 29: 349-362.
29. Grudzinskaya, I. A. 1988. The taxonomy of the family Cannabaceae. Bot. Zh. (Leningrad) 73: 589-593. [In Russian.]
30. Haney, A. and Bazzaz, F. A. 1970. Some ecological implications of the distribution of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in the United States of America. Pages 39-48 in C. R. B. Joyce and S. H. Curry, eds. The botany and chemistry of Cannabis. J. & A. Churchill, London, UK.
31. Haney, A. and Kutscheid, B. B. 1973. Quantitative variation in the chemical constituents of marijuana from stands of naturalised Cannabis sativa L. in east-central Illinois. Econ. Bot. 27: 193-203.
32. Haney, A. and Kutscheid, B. B. 1975. An ecological study of naturalized hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in east-central Illinois. Am. Midl. Nat. 93: 1-24.
33. Harlan, J. R. 1995. The living fields, our agricultural heritage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 271 pp.
34. Hayward, H. E. 1938. The structure of economic plants. MacMillan, New York, NY. 674 pp.
35. Heading, R. 1998. Canada report 1998. J. Int. Hemp Assoc. 5: 110-112.
36. Heslop-Harrison, J. and Heslop-Harrison, Y. 1969. Cannabis sativa L. Pages 205-226 in L. T. Evans, ed. The induction of flowering. Some case histories, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
37. Hoffmann, W. 1970. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Pages 415-430 in W. Hoffmann, A. Mudra, and W. Plarre, eds. Textbook of breeding agricultural cultivated plants. vol. 2. P. Parey, Berlin. [In German.]
38. Holmgren, P. K., Holmgren, N. H. and Barnett, L. C. 1990. Index herbariorum. Part 1: the herbaria of the world. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 693 pp.
39. Hood, L. V. S., Dames, M. E. and Barry, G. T. 1973. Headspace volatiles of marijuana. Nature 242: 402-403.
40. Illinois Bureau of Investigation. Undated. Eradicating marihuana plants. Illinois Bureau of Investigation, Department of Law Enforcement; Division of Plant Industry, Illinois Department of Agriculture; and College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 12 pp.
41. Inam, B., Hussain, F. and Bano, F. 1989. Cannabis sativa L. is allelopathic. Pak. J. Sci. Indust. Res. 32: 617-620.
42. Janischevsky, D. E. 1924. A form of hemp in wild areas of southeastern Russia. Učen. Zap. Saratovsk. Gosud. Cernyševskogo Univ. 2(2): 3-17. [In Russian.]
43. Karus, J. and Leson, G. 1996. Opportunities for German hemp. Results of the 'hemp product line project.' J. Int. Hemp Assoc. 4: 26-31. [A summary in English of Nova Institute 1997.]
44. Köhler, A. D. 1883-1898. Köhler's Medizinal Pflanzen. Verlag von Fr. Eugen Köhler, Germany. 3 vols.
45. Kondo, M., Kasahara, Y. and Akita, S. 1950. Germination of hemp seeds stored for 19 years and their growth. Nogaku Kenkyu 39: 37-39.
46. Kozłowski, R., Baraniecki, P., Grabowska, L., and Mańkowski, J. 1995. Recultivation of degraded areas through cultivation of hemp. Pages 259-267 in Nova Institute, Bioresource hemp - proceedings of the symposium (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2-5 March 1995). 2nd ed. Hemptech, Ojai, CA.
47. Lago, P. K. and Stanford, D. F. 1989. Phytophagous insects associated with cultivated marijuana, Cannabis sativa, in northern Mississippi. J. Entomol. Sci. 24: 437-445.
48. Latta, R. P. and Eaton, B. J. 1975. Seasonal fluctuation in cannabinoid content of Kansas marijuana. Econ. Bot. 29: 153-163.
49. Le Dain, G. 1972. Cannabis - a report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drags. Information Canada, Ottawa, ON. 426 pp.
50. Lehmann, T., Sager, F. and Brenneisen, R. 1997. Excretion of cannabinoids in urine after ingestion of cannabis seed oil. J. Anal. Toxicol. 21: 373-375.
51. Leson, G., Pless, P. and Roulac, J. W. 1999. Hemp foods & oils for health. Hemptech, Sebastopol, CA. 62 pp.
52. MacLeod, I. 1999. 'Mindboggling' marijuana crop tops 800 tonnes. The Ottawa Citizen 28 May, p. C1.
53. Marcus, D. 1998. Commercial hemp cultivation in Canada: an economic justification. (Based originally on a 1996 thesis at the University of Western Ontario). [Online] Available: http://www.hemphasis.com/.
54. Matsunaga, T., Watanabe, K., Yoshimura, H. and Yamamoto, I. 1998. Quantitative analysis and pharmacotoxicity of cannabinoids in commercially available cannabis seed. Yakugaku Zasshi 118: 408-414. [In Japanese.]
55. McCain, A. H. and Noviello, C. 1985. Biological control of Cannabis sativa. Pages 635-642 in E.S. Delfosse, ed. Proc. VI Int. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, 19-25 August 1984, Vancouver, Canada. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON.
56. McClure, H. E. 1943. Ecology and management of the mourning dove in Iowa. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Research Bull. 310: 353-415.
57. McEno, J. 1998. Cannabis ecology: a compendium of diseases and pests. Amrita Press, Middlebury, VT. 254 p.
58. McIlroy, A. 1999. Clinical pot leaves you sober, yet feeling no pain. The Globe & Mail, 3 June, p. A1.
59. McPartland, J. M. 1997a. Diseases and pests of Cannabis. Pages 284-290 in Nova Institute, Bioresource hemp - proceedings of the symposium (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 27 February - 2 March 1997). Hürth, Germany.
60. McPartland, J. M. 1997b. Cannabis as a repellent crop and botanical pesticide. J. Int. Hemp Assoc. 4: 89-94.
61. McPartland, J. M. 1998. Diseases and pests of hemp in Canada. Commercial Hemp Mag. 2(5): 33-34.
62. McPartland, J. M. 1999. A survey of hemp diseases and pests. Pages 109-131 in P. Ranalli, ed. Advances in hemp research. Food Products Press, New York, NY.
63. McPartland, J. M. and Cubeta, M. A. 1997. New species, combinations, host associations and location records of fungi associated with hemp (Cannabis sativa). Mycol. Res. 101: 853-857.
64. McPartland, J. M. and West, D. 1999. Killing Cannabis with mycoherbicides. Internat. Hemp Assoc. 6: 1, 4-8.
65. McPartland, J. M., Clarke, R. C. and Watson, D. P. 2000. Hemp diseases and pests: management and biological control. CABI, New York, NY. 272 pp.
66. Mechoulan, R. and Hanus, L. 1997. Progress in basic research and medicinal uses of Cannabis and cannabinoids. Pages 670-683 in Nova Institute, Bioresource hemp - proceedings of the symposium (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 27 February - 2 March 1997). Hürth, Germany.
67. Mediavilla, V., Jonquera, M., Schmid-Slembrouck, I. and Soldati, A. 1998. Decimal code for growth stages of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). J. Int. Hemp Assoc. 5: 65, 68-72.
68. Migalj, N. D. 1969. Morphology of hemp (Cannabis L.) pollen. Bot. Zh 54: 274-276. [In Russian.]
69. Mikuriya, T. H. 1969. Marijuana in medicine, past, present and future. California Medicine, Jan., pp. 34-40.
70. Miller, N. G. 1970. The genera of the Cannabaceae in the Southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. Harv. Univ. 51: 185-203.
71. Montford, S. and Small, E. 1999. Measuring harm and benefit: the biodiversity friendliness of Cannabis sativa. Global Biodiversity. 8(4): 2-13. [Reprinted in June 2000 issue of J. Int. Hemp Assoc.]
72. Mölleken, H., Oswald, A. and Theimer, R.R. 1997. In vitro studies of the cultivation of various hemp varieties on heavy metal polluted soils and the evidence for phytochelatins in hemp. Pages 265-276 in Nova Institute. Bioresource hemp - proceedings of the symposium (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 27 February - 2 March 1997). Nova Institute, Hürth, Germany. [In German.]
73. Nova Institute. 1995. Bioresource hemp - proceedings of the symposium (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2-5 March 1995). 2nd ed. Hemptech, Ojai, CA. 626 pp.
74. Nova Institute. 1997. Bioresource hemp - proceedings of the symposium (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 27 February - 2 March 1997). Hürth, Germany. 699 pp. [In German and English].
75. Pate, D. W. 1995. Guide to the scientific literature on potential medical uses of Cannabis and the cannabinoids. J. Int. Hemp Assoc. 2: 74-76.
76. Pate, D. W. 1999. The phytochemistry of Cannabis: its ecological and evolutionary implications. Pages 109-131 in P. Ranalli, ed. Advances in hemp research. Food Products Press, New York, NY.
77. Phillips, R., Turk, R., Manno, J., Jain, N. and Forney, R. 1970. Seasonal variation in caannabinolic content of Indiana marihuana. J. Forensic Sci. 15: 191-200.
78. Pinfold Consulting 1998 (G. Pinfold Consulting Economists Ltd. and J. White, InfoResults Ltd.). A maritime industrial hemp product marketing study. Prepared for Nova Scotia Agriculture and Marketing (Marketing and Food Industry Development), and New Brunswick Agriculture & Rural Development (Marketing and Business Development). 31 pp. + appendices.
79. Przybylski, R., Moes, J. and Sturko, A. 1997. Effect of growing conditions on composition of hemp oils. Pages 505-514 in Nova Institute, Bioresource hemp - proceedings of the symposium (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 27 February - 2 March 1997). Hürth, Germany.
80. Purseglove, J. W. 1968. Tropical crops. Dicotyledons, vol. 1. Longman, London, UK. 719 pp.
81. Ranalli, P. (Ed.) 1999. Advances in hemp research. Food Products Press, New York, NY. 272 pp.
82. Reichert, G. 1994. Hemp (Cannabis sativa). Bi-weekly Bulletin (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) 7(23): 1-4.
83. Robel, R. J. 1969. Food habits, weight dynamics, and fat content of bobwhites in relation to food planting in Kansas. J. Wildl. Manage. 33: 237-294.
84. Rothschild, M. and Fairbairn, J. W. 1980. Ovipositing butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) distinguishes between aqueous extracts of two strains of Cannabis sativa L. and THC and CBD. Nature 286: 56-59.
85. Roulac, J. W. 1997. Hemp horizons: the comeback of the world's most promising plant. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, VT. 211 pp.
86. Scholz, H. 1957. Wild hemp as a mderal plant of Central Europe. Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 83(97): 61-64. [In German.]
87. Schultes, R. E. 1970. Random thoughts and queries on the botany of Cannabis. Pages 11-38 in C. R. B. Joyce and S. H. Curry, eds. The botany and chemistry of Cannabis. J. & A. Churchill, London, UK.
88. Schultes, R. E. and Hofmann, A. 1980. The botany and chemistry of hallucinogens. 2nd ed. Thomas, Springfield, IL. 437 pp.
89. Schultes, R. E., Klein, W. M., Plowman, T. and Lockwood, T. E. 1974. Cannabis: an example of taxonomic neglect. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 23: 337-367.
90. Senate of Canada. 2002. Final report of The Special Committee on Illegal Drugs: cannabis: our position for a Canadian public policy. [Online] Available: http://www.parl.gc.ca/common/ Committee_SenRep.asp?Language=E&Parl=37&Ses=1&comm_id=85
91. Sharma, G. K. 1979. Significance of eco-chemical studies of Cannabis. Sci. Cult. 45: 303-307.
92. Small, E. 1972a. Interfertility and chromosomal uniformity in Cannabis. Can. J. Bot. 50: 1947-1949.
93. Small, E. 1972b. The hemp problem in Canada. Greenhouse-Garden-Grass 11: 46-52.
94. Small, E. 1975. Morphological variation of achenes of Cannabis. Can. J. Bot. 53: 978-987.
95. Small, E. 1979a. The species problem in Cannabis, science and semantics, vol. 1: science. Corpus, Toronto, ON. 218 pp.
96. Small, E. 1979b. The species problem in Cannabis, science and semantics, vol. 2: semantics. Corpus, Toronto, ON. 156 pp.
97. Small, E. 1995. Hemp (Cannabis sativa). Pages 28-32 in J. Smartt and N. W. Simmonds, eds. Evolution of crop plants. 2nd ed. Longman, London.
98. Small, E. 1997a. Cannabaceae. Pages 381-387 in Flora North America Editorial Committee, ed., Flora of North America, north of Mexico. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
99. Small, E. 1997b. Culinary herbs. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, ON. 710 pp.
100. Small, E. and Beckstead, H. D. 1973a. Common cannabinoid phenotypes in 350 stocks of Cannabis. Lloydia 35: 144-165.
101. Small, E. and Beckstead, H. D. 1973b. Cannabinoid phenotypes in Cannabis. Nature 245: 147-148.
102. 1 hybrids between "drag" and "non-drag" strains of Cannabis. Pages 121-127 in E. Small, The species problem in Cannabis: science and semantics. Vol. 1. Science. Corpus, Toronto, ON.
103. Small, E. and Cronquist, A. 1976. A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon 25: 405-435.
104. Small, E., Beckstead, H. D. and Chan, A. 1975. The evolution of cannabinoid phenotypes in Cannabis. Econ. Bot. 29: 219-232.
105. Small, E., Jui, P. and Lefkovitch, L. P. 1976. A numerical taxonomic analysis of Cannabis with special reference to species delimitation. Syst. Bot. 1: 67-84.
106. Toole, E. H. 1960. Preservation of hemp and kenaf seed. US Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Service Tech. Bull. 1215. Washington, DC. 16 pp.
107. U.S. Department of Justice 1993. 1993 Domestic Cannabis eradication/suppression program. US Dept. Justice, Drag Enforcement Administration, Cannabis investigations Section. 29 pp.
108. US Drug Enforcement Administration 2000. Online criminal justice statistics. [Online] Available: http://cscmosaic.albany.edu/sourcebook/1995/pdf/t440.pdf.
109. Van der Werf, H. M. G. 1994. Crop physiology of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Published Doctoral thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 152 pp. [Purchasable from the International Hemp Association, Postbus 75007, 1070AA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.]
110. Van der Werf, H. M. G., Mathijssenm E. W. J. M. and Haverkort, A. J. 1996. The potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for sustainable fibre production: A crop physiological appraisal. Ann. Appl. Biol. 129: 109-123.
111. Vavilov, N. I. 1926. The origin of the cultivation of "primary" crops, in particular of cultivated hemp. Trudy Prikl. Bot. Selekc. 16(2): 221-233.
112. Watson, D. P. and Clarke, R. C. 1997. The genetic future of hemp. Pages 122-127 in Nova Institute, Bioresource hemp - proceedings of the symposium (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 27 February - 2 March 1997). Hürth, Germany.
113. Walter, H. 1938. Cannabis. Pages 875-909 in O.V. Kirchner, E. Loew, C. Schröter, and W. Wangerin, eds. Lebengeschichte der Blütenpflanzen Mitteleuropas, vol. 2. Eugen Ulment, Stuttgart, Germany. [In German.]
114. Weber, J. B. 1978. Today's weed - marihuana. Weeds Today 9(2): 21-22.
115. Zhatov, A. I. 1983. Variability of pollen grains of polyploid hemp. Tsitologiya i Genetika 17: 47-51. (Allerton Press, Inc. translation).