Chemical substances and intensive properties

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 988, Issue , 2003, Pages 99-113

  Needham, Paul ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Intensive property; Macroscopic ontology; Mereology; Properties; Substance

Indexed keywords

CHEMISTRY; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENTROPY; NOMENCLATURE; PHILOSOPHY; PROTON TRANSPORT; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; SURFACE PROPERTY; THEORY; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 0038047584     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06089.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (24)

1. 2O. Int. Stud. Philos. Sci. 16: 201-222.
2. CALLEN, H. 1985. Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, John Wiley. New York.
3. VAN BRAKEL, JAAP. 1997. Chemistry as the science of the transformation of substances. Synthese 111: 253-282.
4. JOHNSON, W. E. 1921. Logic, Vol.I. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. pp. 199-202.
5. A start is made in NEEDHAM, PAUL. 1999. Macroscopic processes. Philos. Sci. 66: 310-331, and NEEDHAM, PAUL. 2000. Hot stuff. In Facts, Things, Events. Jan Faye, Uwe S cheffler & Max Urchs, Eds.: 421-446. Rodopi. Amsterdam.
6. A start is made in NEEDHAM, PAUL. 1999. Macroscopic processes. Philos. Sci. 66: 310-331, and NEEDHAM, PAUL. 2000. Hot stuff. In Facts, Things, Events. Jan Faye, Uwe S cheffler & Max Urchs, Eds.: 421-446. Rodopi. Amsterdam.
7. CARTWRIGHT, HELEN MORIS. 1970. Quantities. Philos. Rev. 79: 25-42; Idem. 1975. Amounts and measures of amounts. Noûs 9: 143-164; ROEPER, PETER. 1983. Semantics for mass terms with quantifiers. Noûs 17: 251-265.
8. CARTWRIGHT, HELEN MORIS. 1970. Quantities. Philos. Rev. 79: 25-42; Idem. 1975. Amounts and measures of amounts. Noûs 9: 143-164; ROEPER, PETER. 1983. Semantics for mass terms with quantifiers. Noûs 17: 251-265.
9. CARTWRIGHT, HELEN MORIS. 1970. Quantities. Philos. Rev. 79: 25-42; Idem. 1975. Amounts and measures of amounts. Noûs 9: 143-164; ROEPER, PETER. 1983. Semantics for mass terms with quantifiers. Noûs 17: 251-265.
10. KONDEPUDI, D. & ILYA PRIGOGINE. 1998. Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures. John Wiley. London. p. 335.
11. This is the case in the complete first-order theory of intervals of NEEDHAM, PAUL. 1981. Temporal intervals and temporal order. Logiq. Anal. 93: 49-64.
12. This, at any rate, is a restriction imposed in the theory referred to in the preceding note.
13. Note that the proof of the equivalence relies on the distributive condition, so that any restriction on that condition would obstruct the proof. The policy of restricting the range of quantification over quantities to quantities that can sustain warmth relations allows the distributive condition to be retained.
14. Disjunctions of intensive properties are also intensive. What is water or salt, for example, is either water or salt or a sum of a quantity of water and a quantity of salt. See ROEPER, "Semantics for mass terms," Note 6 for a more systematic discussion of logical compounds of mass predicates.
15. Shortly after Hilbert published his rigorous axiomatization of Euclidean geometry based on the traditional geometrical primitives of point and line, a system with the notions of part and sphere as primitive was published by HUNTINGTON, EDVARD V. 1913. A set of postulates for abstract geometry, expressed in terms of the simple relation of inclusion. Math. Annal. 73: 522-559.
16. Or whatever it is apart from water that is present in brine.
17. This corresponds in many ways to Duhem's view of substances - see NEEDHAM, PAUL. 2002. Duhem's theory of mixture in the light of the Stoic challenge to the Aristotelian conception. Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. 16: 685-708. For an exposition of Aristotle's account of chemical substance, see NEEDHAM, PAUL. 2003. Aristotle's theory of chemical reaction and chemical substances. In Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline. Davis Baird, Eric Scerri & Lee McIntyre, Eds. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Kluwer. Dordrecht. In press.
18. This corresponds in many ways to Duhem's view of substances - see NEEDHAM, PAUL. 2002. Duhem's theory of mixture in the light of the Stoic challenge to the Aristotelian conception. Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. 16: 685-708. For an exposition of Aristotle's account of chemical substance, see NEEDHAM, PAUL. 2003. Aristotle's theory of chemical reaction and chemical substances. In Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline. Davis Baird, Eric Scerri & Lee McIntyre, Eds. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Kluwer. Dordrecht. In press.
19. LAVOISIER, ANTOINE-LAURENT. 1789. Elements of chemistry in a new systematic order, containing all the modern discoveries. Trans. by Robert Kerr of Traité élémentaire de Chimie. 1965. Reprinted by Dover. New York. p. 130.
20. DUHEM, PIERRE. 1892. Notation atomique et hypothèses atomistiques. Rev. Quest. Sci. 31: 391-457. Trans. by Paul Needham. 2000. Atomic notation and atomistic hypotheses. Found. Chem. 2: 127-180. DUHEM, PIERRE. 1902. Le mixte et la combinaison chimique: essai sur l'évolution d'une idée. C. Naud. Paris. Pt. II, Chapt. 4-6. Translated in Mixture and Chemical Combination, and Related Essays. Trans. and ed. by Paul Needham. 2002. Kluwer. Dordrecht.
21. DUHEM, PIERRE. 1892. Notation atomique et hypothèses atomistiques. Rev. Quest. Sci. 31: 391-457. Trans. by Paul Needham. 2000. Atomic notation and atomistic hypotheses. Found. Chem. 2: 127-180. DUHEM, PIERRE. 1902. Le mixte et la combinaison chimique: essai sur l'évolution d'une idée. C. Naud. Paris. Pt. II, Chapt. 4-6. Translated in Mixture and Chemical Combination, and Related Essays. Trans. and ed. by Paul Needham. 2002. Kluwer. Dordrecht.
22. Axioms delimiting this notion of "constituted of" are given in NEEDHAM, PAUL. 1996. Macroscopic objects: an exercise in Duhemian ontology. Philos. Sci. 63: 204-223.
23. See NEEDHAM, 2002, Duhem's theory of mixture (note 11), section 5.
24. LEONARD, H. & NELSON GOODMAN. 1940. The calculus of individuals and its uses. J. Symbol. Logic 5: 45-55.