메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 317-325

Behavioral pain assessment and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability instrument

Author keywords

Children; Cognitively impaired; FLACC pain tool; Measurement pain assessment

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BEHAVIOR; CHILD; CHILD CARE; CLINICAL OBSERVATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CRYING; DISEASE SEVERITY; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMAN; LEG MOVEMENT; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF REPORT; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 0038003818     PISSN: 14737167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737167.3.3.317     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (18)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 0003724565 scopus 로고
    • Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma, Clinical Practice Guideline
    • Agency for Healthcare Policy and Human Services. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA
    • Agency for Healthcare Policy and Human Services. Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma, Clinical Practice Guideline. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA (1992).
    • (1992)
  • 2
    • 0025607993 scopus 로고
    • Discordance between self-report and behavioral pain measures in children aged 3-7 years after surgery
    • Beyer JE, McGrath PJ, Berde CB. Discordance between self-report and behavioral pain measures in children aged 3-7 years after surgery. J. Pain Symptom. Manage. 5(6), 350-356 (1990).
    • (1990) J. Pain Symptom. Manage. , vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp. 350-356
    • Beyer, J.E.1    McGrath, P.J.2    Berde, C.B.3
  • 4
    • 0032057418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment. An exploration of self-report skills
    • Fanurik D, Koh JL, Harrison RD, Conrad TM, Tomerlin C. Pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment. An exploration of self-report skills. Clin. Nurs. Res. 7(2), 103-119 (1998).
    • (1998) Clin. Nurs. Res. , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 103-119
    • Fanurik, D.1    Koh, J.L.2    Harrison, R.D.3    Conrad, T.M.4    Tomerlin, C.5
  • 6
    • 0027175154 scopus 로고
    • Pain complaints and cognitive status among elderly institution residents
    • Parmelee PA, Smith B, Katz IR. Pain complaints and cognitive status among elderly institution residents. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 41(5), 517-522 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. , vol.41 , Issue.5 , pp. 517-522
    • Parmelee, P.A.1    Smith, B.2    Katz, I.R.3
  • 8
    • 0029739097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New perspectives on the definition of pain
    • Anand KJ, Craig KD. New perspectives on the definition of pain. Pain 67(1), 3-6 (1996).
    • (1996) Pain , vol.67 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-6
    • Anand, K.J.1    Craig, K.D.2
  • 9
    • 0031717498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of pain in cognitively impaired compared with cognitively intact older patients with hip-fracture
    • Feldt KS, Ryden MB, Miles S. Treatment of pain in cognitively impaired compared with cognitively intact older patients with hip-fracture. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 46(9), 1079-1085 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. , vol.46 , Issue.9 , pp. 1079-1085
    • Feldt, K.S.1    Ryden, M.B.2    Miles, S.3
  • 10
    • 0034237442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesia requirements following hip fracture in the cognitively impaired
    • Forster MC, Pardiwala A, Calthorpe D. Analgesia requirements following hip fracture in the cognitively impaired. Injury 31(6), 435-436 (2000).
    • (2000) Injury , vol.31 , Issue.6 , pp. 435-436
    • Forster, M.C.1    Pardiwala, A.2    Calthorpe, D.3
  • 11
    • 0030624259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative pain management for the cognitively impaired older adult
    • Bell ML. Postoperative pain management for the cognitively impaired older adult. Semin. Perioper. Nurs. 6(1), 37-34 (1997).
    • (1997) Semin. Perioper. Nurs. , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 34-37
    • Bell, M.L.1
  • 12
    • 0032111885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesic drug prescription and use in cognitively impaired nursing home residents
    • Horgas AL, Tsai PF. Analgesic drug prescription and use in cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Nurs. Res. 47(4), 235-242 (1998).
    • (1998) Nurs. Res. , vol.47 , Issue.4 , pp. 235-242
    • Horgas, A.L.1    Tsai, P.F.2
  • 13
    • 0034943939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain management in children with and without cognitive impairment following spine fusion surgery
    • Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Tait AR et al. Pain management in children with and without cognitive impairment following spine fusion surgery. Paediatr. Anaesth. 11(4), 453 (2001).
    • (2001) Paediatr. Anaesth. , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 453
    • Malviya, S.1    Voepel-Lewis, T.2    Tait, A.R.3
  • 14
    • 0035203788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain in cognitively impaired, noncommunicating children
    • Stallard P, Williams L, Lenton S, Velleman R. Pain in cognitively impaired, noncommunicating children. Arch. Dis. Child 85(6), 460-462 (2001).
    • (2001) Arch. Dis. Child , vol.85 , Issue.6 , pp. 460-462
    • Stallard, P.1    Williams, L.2    Lenton, S.3    Velleman, R.4
  • 16
    • 0029956069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain in cognitively impaired older persons
    • Parmelee PA. Pain in cognitively impaired older persons. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 12 (3), 473-487 (1996).
    • (1996) Clin. Geriatr. Med. , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 473-487
    • Parmelee, P.A.1
  • 17
    • 0035068175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain in US nursing homes: Validating a pain scale for the minimum data ser
    • Fries BE, Simon SE, Morris JN, Flodstrom C, Bookstein FL. Pain in US nursing homes: validating a pain scale for the minimum data ser. Gerontologist 41(2), 173-179 (2001).
    • (2001) Gerontologist , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 173-179
    • Fries, B.E.1    Simon, S.E.2    Morris, J.N.3    Flodstrom, C.4    Bookstein, F.L.5
  • 18
    • 0032199984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining pain in aggressive cognitively impaired older adults
    • Feldt KS, Warne MA, Ryden MB. Examining pain in aggressive cognitively impaired older adults. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 24(11), 14-22 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Gerontol. Nurs. , vol.24 , Issue.11 , pp. 14-22
    • Feldt, K.S.1    Warne, M.A.2    Ryden, M.B.3
  • 19
    • 0036187091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the Noncommunicating Children's Pain Checklist-Postoperative Version
    • Breau LM, Finley GA, McGrath PJ, Camfield CS. Validation of the Noncommunicating Children's Pain Checklist-Postoperative Version. Anesthesiology 96(3), 528-535 (2002).
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , vol.96 , Issue.3 , pp. 528-535
    • Breau, L.M.1    Finley, G.A.2    McGrath, P.J.3    Camfield, C.S.4
  • 20
    • 0030561067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of three preverbal scales for postoperative pain assessment in a diverse Pediatric sample
    • Schade JG, Joyce BA, Gerkensmeyer J, Keck JF. Comparison of three preverbal scales for postoperative pain assessment in a diverse Pediatric sample. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 12(6), 348-359 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Pain Symptom Manage. , vol.12 , Issue.6 , pp. 348-359
    • Schade, J.G.1    Joyce, B.A.2    Gerkensmeyer, J.3    Keck, J.F.4
  • 21
    • 0033232185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the validity and reliability of the University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital Pain Scale for Preverbal and Nonverbal Children
    • Soetenga D. Assessment of the validity and reliability of the University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital Pain Scale for Preverbal and Nonverbal Children. Pediatric Nursing 25(6), 670-676 (1999).
    • (1999) Pediatric Nursing , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 670-676
    • Soetenga, D.1
  • 22
    • 0031134960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The FLACC: A behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children
    • Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 23(3), 293-297 (1997).
    • (1997) Pediatr Nurs. , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 293-297
    • Merkel, S.I.1    Voepel-Lewis, T.2    Shayevitz, J.R.3    Malviya, S.4
  • 23
    • 0033039854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain measurement in persons with intellectual disabilities
    • LaChapelle DL, Hadjistavropoulos T, Craig KD. Pain measurement in persons with intellectual disabilities. Clin. J. Pain 15(1), 13-23 (1999).
    • (1999) Clin. J. Pain , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-23
    • LaChapelle, D.L.1    Hadjistavropoulos, T.2    Craig, K.D.3
  • 25
    • 0026779955 scopus 로고
    • The Toddler-Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale: An observational scale for measuring postoperative pain in children aged 1-5. Preliminary report
    • Tarbell SE, Cohen IT, Marsh JL. The Toddler-Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale: an observational scale for measuring postoperative pain in children aged 1-5. Preliminary report. Pain 50(3), 273-280 (1992).
    • (1992) Pain , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 273-280
    • Tarbell, S.E.1    Cohen, I.T.2    Marsh, J.L.3
  • 26
    • 0027468759 scopus 로고
    • Toward validation of pain measurement tools for children: A pilot study
    • Tyler DC, Tu A, Douthit J, Chapman CR. Toward validation of pain measurement tools for children: a pilot study. Pain 52(3), 301-309 (1993).
    • (1993) Pain , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 301-309
    • Tyler, D.C.1    Tu, A.2    Douthit, J.3    Chapman, C.R.4
  • 27
    • 0033172713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinimetric evaluation of the pain observation scale for young children in children aged between 1 and 4 years after ear, nose and throat surgery
    • Boelen-van der Loo WJ, Scheffer E, de Haan RJ, de Groot CJ. Clinimetric evaluation of the pain observation scale for young children in children aged between 1 and 4 years after ear, nose and throat surgery. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 20(4), 222-227 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 222-227
    • Boelen-van der Loo, W.J.1    Scheffer, E.2    de Haan, R.J.3    de Groot, C.J.4
  • 31
    • 0036828487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reliability and validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment
    • Voepel-Lewis T, Merkel S, Tait AR, Trzcinka A, Malviya S. The reliability and validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment. Anesth. Analg. 95(5), 1224-1229 (2002).
    • (2002) Anesth. Analg. , vol.95 , Issue.5 , pp. 1224-1229
    • Voepel-Lewis, T.1    Merkel, S.2    Tait, A.R.3    Trzcinka, A.4    Malviya, S.5
  • 32
    • 0031989384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain behaviors: Postsurgical responses of children and adolescents
    • Tesler MD, Holzemer WL, Savedra MC. Pain behaviors: postsurgical responses of children and adolescents. J. Pediatr. Nurs. 13(1), 41-47 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Pediatr. Nurs. , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-47
    • Tesler, M.D.1    Holzemer, W.L.2    Savedra, M.C.3
  • 33
    • 0027601625 scopus 로고
    • Pediatric pain assessment: Validation of a multidimensional tool
    • Robertson J. Pediatric pain assessment: validation of a multidimensional tool. Pediatr. Nurs. 19(3), 209-213 (1993).
    • (1993) Pediatr. Nurs. , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 209-213
    • Robertson, J.1
  • 34
    • 0029438637 scopus 로고
    • CRIES: A new neonatal postoperative pain measurement score. Initial testing of validity and reliability
    • Krechel SW, Bildner J. CRIES: a new neonatal postoperative pain measurement score. Initial testing of validity and reliability. Paediatr. Anaesth. 50(1), 53-61 (1995).
    • (1995) Paediatr. Anaesth. , vol.50 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-61
    • Krechel, S.W.1    Bildner, J.2
  • 35
    • 0029871899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premature infant pain profile: Development and initial validation
    • Stevens B, Johnston C, Petryshen P, Taddio A. Premature infant pain profile: development and initial validation. Clin. J. Pain 12(1), 13-22 (1996).
    • (1996) Clin. J. Pain , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-22
    • Stevens, B.1    Johnston, C.2    Petryshen, P.3    Taddio, A.4
  • 36
    • 0028476787 scopus 로고
    • Reliability and validity of preverbal pain assessment tools
    • Joyce BA, Schade JG, Keck JF et al. Reliability and validity of preverbal pain assessment tools. Issues Compr. Pediatr. Nurs. 17(3), 121-135 (1994).
    • (1994) Issues Compr. Pediatr. Nurs. , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 121-135
    • Joyce, B.A.1    Schade, J.G.2    Keck, J.F.3
  • 37
    • 0034038138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: A comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies
    • Büttner W, Finke W. Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies. Paediatr. Anaesth. 10(3), 303-318 (2000).
    • (2000) Paediatr. Anaesth. , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 303-318
    • Büttner, W.1    Finke, W.2
  • 38
    • 0036156237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The analgesic efficacy of preoperative high dose (40 mg x kg[-1]) oral acetaminophen after bilateral myringotomy and tube insertion in children
    • Bolton P, Bridge HS, Montgomery CJ, Merrick PM. The analgesic efficacy of preoperative high dose (40 mg x kg[-1]) oral acetaminophen after bilateral myringotomy and tube insertion in children. Paediatr. Anaesth. 12(1), 29-35 (2002).
    • (2002) Paediatr. Anaesth. , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-35
    • Bolton, P.1    Bridge, H.S.2    Montgomery, C.J.3    Merrick, P.M.4
  • 39
    • 0032857037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of continuous epidural infusion and intermittent iv. bolus doses of morphine in children undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy
    • Malviya S, Pandit UA, Merkel S et al. A comparison of continuous epidural infusion and intermittent iv. bolus doses of morphine in children undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 24(5), 438-443 (1999).
    • (1999) Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 438-443
    • Malviya, S.1    Pandit, U.A.2    Merkel, S.3
  • 40
    • 0032032727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of simethicone for the treatment of postoperative abdominal discomfort in infants
    • Voepel-Lewis TD, Malviya S, Burke C et al. Evaluation of simethicone for the treatment of postoperative abdominal discomfort in infants. J. Clin. Anesth. 10(2), 91-94 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Clin. Anesth. , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 91-94
    • Voepel-Lewis, T.D.1    Malviya, S.2    Burke, C.3
  • 41
    • 0024417114 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of postoperative pain and narcotic administration in infants using a new clinical scoring system
    • Barrier G, Attia J, Mayer MN, Amiel-Tison C, Shnider SM. Measurement of postoperative pain and narcotic administration in infants using a new clinical scoring system. Intensive Care Med. 15(Suppl. 1), S37-S39 (1989).
    • (1989) Intensive Care Med. , vol.15 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Barrier, G.1    Attia, J.2    Mayer, M.N.3    Amiel-Tison, C.4    Shnider, S.M.5
  • 42
    • 0033835912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary validation of an observational pain checklist for persons with cognitive impairments and inability to communicate verbally
    • Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Camfield C, Rosmus C, Finley GA. Preliminary validation of an observational pain checklist for persons with cognitive impairments and inability to communicate verbally. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 42(9), 609-616 (2000).
    • (2000) Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. , vol.42 , Issue.9 , pp. 609-616
    • Breau, L.M.1    McGrath, P.J.2    Camfield, C.3    Rosmus, C.4    Finley, G.A.5
  • 44
    • 0029584572 scopus 로고
    • Utilization of neural network in the elaboration of an evaluation scale for pain in cerebral palsy
    • Giusiano B, Jimeno MT, Collignon P, Chau Y. Utilization of neural network in the elaboration of an evaluation scale for pain in cerebral palsy. Methods Inf. Med. 34(5), 498-502 (1995).
    • (1995) Methods Inf. Med. , vol.34 , Issue.5 , pp. 498-502
    • Giusiano, B.1    Jimeno, M.T.2    Collignon, P.3    Chau, Y.4
  • 45
    • 0031955201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaviours caregivers use to determine pain in nonverbal, cognitively impaired individuals
    • McGrath PJ, Rosmus C, Canfield C, Campbell MA, Hennigar A. Behaviours caregivers use to determine pain in nonverbal, cognitively impaired individuals. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 40(5), 340-343 (1998).
    • (1998) Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. , vol.40 , Issue.5 , pp. 340-343
    • McGrath, P.J.1    Rosmus, C.2    Canfield, C.3    Campbell, M.A.4    Hennigar, A.5
  • 46
    • 0029383025 scopus 로고
    • Assessing pain in elderly patients who cannot respond verbally
    • Simons W, Malabar R. Assessing pain in elderly patients who cannot respond verbally. J. Adv. Nurs. 22 (4), 663-669 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Adv. Nurs. , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 663-669
    • Simons, W.1    Malabar, R.2
  • 47
    • 0033155778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain assessment in older adults who are cognitively impaired
    • Galloway S, Turner L. Pain assessment in older adults who are cognitively impaired. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 25(7), 34-39 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Gerontol. Nurs. , vol.25 , Issue.7 , pp. 34-39
    • Galloway, S.1    Turner, L.2
  • 48
    • 0034279203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nurses' perceptions of pain assessment and treatment in the cognitively impaired elderly. It's not a guessing game
    • Kovach CR, Griffie J, Muchka S, Noonan PE, Weissman DE. Nurses' perceptions of pain assessment and treatment in the cognitively impaired elderly. It's not a guessing game. Clin. Nurse Spec. 14(5), 215-220 (2000).
    • (2000) Clin. Nurse Spec. , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 215-220
    • Kovach, C.R.1    Griffie, J.2    Muchka, S.3    Noonan, P.E.4    Weissman, D.E.5
  • 49
    • 0036163635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nursing staff members' perceptions of pain indicators in persons with severe dementia
    • Cohen-Mansfield J, Creedon M. Nursing staff members' perceptions of pain indicators in persons with severe dementia. Clin. J. Pain 18(1), 64-73 (2002).
    • (2002) Clin. J. Pain , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 64-73
    • Cohen-Mansfield, J.1    Creedon, M.2
  • 50
    • 0032082397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gerontological nurses' ways of knowing. Realizing the presence of pain in cognitively impaired older adults
    • Parke B. Gerontological nurses' ways of knowing. Realizing the presence of pain in cognitively impaired older adults. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 24(6), 21-28 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Gerontol. Nurs. , vol.24 , Issue.6 , pp. 21-28
    • Parke, B.1
  • 51
    • 0020467277 scopus 로고
    • Assessing pain behavior: The UAB Pain Behavior Scale
    • Richards JS, Nepomuceno C, Riles M, Suer Z. Assessing pain behavior. the UAB Pain Behavior Scale. Pain 14(4), 393-398 (1982).
    • (1982) Pain , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 393-398
    • Richards, J.S.1    Nepomuceno, C.2    Riles, M.3    Suer, Z.4
  • 52
    • 0032882139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biobehavioral responses to acute pain in adolescents with a significant neurologic impairment
    • Oberlander TF, Gilbert CA, Chambers CT, O'Donnell ME, Craig KD. Biobehavioral responses to acute pain in adolescents with a significant neurologic impairment. Clin. J. Pain 15(3), 201-209 (1999).
    • (1999) Clin. J. Pain , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 201-209
    • Oberlander, T.F.1    Gilbert, C.A.2    Chambers, C.T.3    O'Donnell, M.E.4    Craig, K.D.5
  • 55
    • 0035286003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of the relationship between discomfort and agitation in patients with dementia
    • Buffum MD, Miaskowski CS, Land Brod M. A pilot study of the relationship between discomfort and agitation in patients with dementia. Gariatr. Nurs. 22(2), 80-45 (2001).
    • (2001) Gariatr. Nurs. , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 45-80
    • Buffum, M.D.1    Miaskowski, C.S.2    Land Brod, M.3
  • 58
    • 0035209481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The visual analog scale for pain: Clinical significance in postoperative patients
    • Bodian CA, Freedman G, Hossain S, Eisenkraft JB, Beilin Y. The visual analog scale for pain: clinical significance in postoperative patients. Anesthesiology 95(6), 1356-1361 (2001).
    • (2001) Anesthesiology , vol.95 , Issue.6 , pp. 1356-1361
    • Bodian, C.A.1    Freedman, G.2    Hossain, S.3    Eisenkraft, J.B.4    Beilin, Y.5
  • 59
    • 0031811590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's self-report of postoperative pain intensity and treatment threshold: Determining the adequacy of medication
    • Gauthier JC, Finley GA, McGrath PJ. Children's self-report of postoperative pain intensity and treatment threshold: determining the adequacy of medication. Clin. J. Pain 14(2), 116-120 (1998).
    • (1998) Clin. J. Pain , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 116-120
    • Gauthier, J.C.1    Finley, G.A.2    McGrath, P.J.3
  • 61
    • 0029283631 scopus 로고
    • Changing nurses' pain assessment practice: A collaborative research utilization approach
    • Dufault MA, Bielecki C, Collins E, Willey C. Changing nurses' pain assessment practice: a collaborative research utilization approach. J. Adv. Nurs. 21(4), 634-645 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Adv. Nurs. , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 634-645
    • Dufault, M.A.1    Bielecki, C.2    Collins, E.3    Willey, C.4
  • 62
    • 0034150533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power and respondent preferences
    • Preston CC, Colman AM. Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: reliability, validity, discriminating power and respondent preferences. Acta Psychol. (Amst). 104(1), 1-15 (2000).
    • (2000) Acta Psychol. (Amst). , vol.104 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-15
    • Preston, C.C.1    Colman, A.M.2
  • 63
    • 0003656949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical Practice Guidelines: The Recognition and Assessment of Acute Pain in Children
    • The Royal College of Nursing. Royal College of Nursing, London, UK
    • The Royal College of Nursing. Clinical Practice Guidelines: The Recognition and Assessment of Acute Pain in Children. Royal College of Nursing, London, UK (1999).
    • (1999)
  • 64
    • 0038568009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family-Centered Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization
    • Whaley LF & Wong DL (Eds). Mosby, Inc., MO, USA
    • Wong D. Family-Centered Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization. In: Nursing Care of Infants and Children. Whaley LF & Wong DL (Eds). Mosby, Inc., MO, USA, 1159 (1999).
    • (1999) Nursing Care of Infants and Children , pp. 1159
    • Wong, D.1
  • 65
    • 0031871075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pediatric pain management in an adult critical care unit
    • Gregg TL. Pediatric pain management in an adult critical care unit. Crit. Care Nurs. Q. 21(2), 42-54 (1998).
    • (1998) Crit. Care Nurs. Q. , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 42-54
    • Gregg, T.L.1
  • 66
    • 0035383129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment and management of pain in the critically ill pediatric patient
    • Oakes LL. Assessment and management of pain in the critically ill pediatric patient. Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. North Am. 13(2), 281-295 (2001).
    • (2001) Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. North Am. , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 281-295
    • Oakes, L.L.1
  • 68
    • 0030323430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of preemptive acetaminophen on postoperative pain scores and oral fluid intake in pediatric tonsillectomy patients
    • Romej M, Voepel-Lewis T, Merkel SI, Reynolds PI, Quinn P. Effect of preemptive acetaminophen on postoperative pain scores and oral fluid intake in pediatric tonsillectomy patients. Aana. J. 64(6), 535-540 (1996).
    • (1996) Aana. J. , vol.64 , Issue.6 , pp. 535-540
    • Romej, M.1    Voepel-Lewis, T.2    Merkel, S.I.3    Reynolds, P.I.4    Quinn, P.5
  • 69
    • 0036293847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development and evaluation of the pain indicator for communicatively impaired children (PICIC)
    • Stallard P, Williams L, Velleman R, Lenton S, McGrath PJ, Taylor G. The development and evaluation of the pain indicator for communicatively impaired children (PICIC). Pain 98(1-2), 145-149 (2002).
    • (2002) Pain , vol.98 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 145-149
    • Stallard, P.1    Williams, L.2    Velleman, R.3    Lenton, S.4    McGrath, P.J.5    Taylor, G.6
  • 71
    • 0033040502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of the DEGR(R): A scale to assess pain in young children with cancer
    • Gauvain-Piquard A, Rodary C, Rezvani A, Serbouti S. The development of the DEGR(R): a scale to assess pain in young children with cancer. Eur. J. Pain 3(2), 165-176 (1999).
    • (1999) Eur. J. Pain , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 165-176
    • Gauvain-Piquard, A.1    Rodary, C.2    Rezvani, A.3    Serbouti, S.4
  • 72
    • 0038568008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. JCAHO Pain Standards for 2001. Joint Commission Resources, Inc
    • Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. JCAHO Pain Standards for 2001. Joint Commission Resources, Inc., (2001).
    • (2001)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.