Health risk assessment of kerosene usage in an informal settlement in Durban, South Africa

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 37, Issue 15, 2003, Pages 2015-2022

  Muller, E ^a   Diab, R D ^b   Binedell, M ^a   Hounsome, R ^a  

^a DSI CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Health risk assessment; Indoor air quality; Kerosene; South Africa; Time activity patterns

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; AIR QUALITY; CARCINOGENS; DISEASES; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; KEROSENE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

IMMUNE SYSTEMS;

HEALTH RISKS;

BENZENE; KEROSENE; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; TOLUENE;

AIR QUALITY; FUEL; HEALTH RISK; INDOOR AIR; METROPOLITAN AREA;

AIR MONITORING; AIR POLLUTANT; AIR QUALITY; ARTICLE; BUILDING; CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; COOKING; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEALTH HAZARD; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; IMMUNOTOXICITY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LUNG TOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; ORGANISM COLONY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL STATUS; SOUTH AFRICA;

DURBAN; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0037991090     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00125-0     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. American Chemical Society, 1998. Understanding Risk Analysis: A Short Guide for Health, Safety and Environmental Policy Making, USA, http://www.rff.org/misc_docs/risk_book.htm.
2. ATSDR, 1997. Toxicological profiles, CD-Rom issue 97-2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, USA.
3. ATSDR, 2000a. ToxFAQs. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, USA, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov.
4. ATSDR, 2000b. Minimal risk levels (MRLs) for hazardous substances. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, USA, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html.
5. Bank, L., Mlomo, B., Lujabe, P., 1996. Social determinants of energy use in low-income metropolitan households in East London. Department of Minerals and Energy Report Number EO9421.
6. Becker, S., Soukop, J.M., 1999. Effect of nitrogen dioxide on respiratory viral infection in airway epithelial cells. US EPA Environmental Research Section A, 81, 159-166.
7. Behera D., Dash S., Yadav S.P. Carboxyhaemoglobin in women exposed to different cooking fuels. Thorax. 46(9):1991;688.
8. Behera D., Jindal S.K., Malhotra H.S. Ventilatory function in nonsmoking rural Indian women using different cooking fuels. Respiration. 61:1994;89-92.
9. Behera D., Sood P., Singhi S. Respiratory symptoms in Indian children exposed to different cooking fuels. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 46(2):1998;182-184.
10. California EPA, 1997. Determination of noncancer chronic reference exposure levels, USA, http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/.
11. California EPA, 1999. Determination of acute reference exposure levels for airborne toxicants, USA http://www.oehha.org/air/pdf/acuterel.pdf.
12. CCOHS, 2000. CHEMInfo database. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/cheminfo/search.html.
13. Gielink, S., 2001. Cato Manor development association communications manager. Personal Communication.
14. Goings S., Kulle T.J., Bascom R., Sauder L.R., Green D.J., Hebel R., Clements M.L. Effect of nitrogen dioxide exposure on susceptibility to influenza A virus infection in healthy adults. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 139:1989;1075-1081.
15. Jones, S., Aitken, R., Luckin, L., 1996. Power, poverty and posterity: the social determinants of energy use in low-income metropolitan households in Durban. Department of Minerals and Energy Report Number EO9422.
16. K&M Environmental, 1997. Operating instructions for nitrogen dioxide monitor and OVM-1 Badge, USA.
17. Leaderer B. Air pollutant emissions from kerosene space heaters. Science. 218:1982;1113-1115.
18. Mehlwana, M., Qase, N., 1996. Social determinants of energy use in low-income metropolitan households in the Western Cape. Department of Minerals and Energy Report Number EO9420.
19. Mumford J.L., Lewtas J., Williams K., Tucker W.G. Mutagenicity of organic emissions from unvented kerosene heaters in a chamber study. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 36:1992;151-159.
20. New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, 1994. Ambient Air Quality Guidelines. Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand.
21. NRC (National Research Council), 1994. Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. National Academy Press, USA.
22. RAIS, 1998. Toxicity profiles. Risk Assessment Information System, http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov.
23. Rosok B., Voltersvik P., Larsson B., Albert J., Brinchmann J.E., Asjo B. CD8+ T cells from HIV Type 1-seronegative individuals suppress virus replication in acutely infected cells. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 13(1):1997;79-85.
24. Sandstrom T., Helleday R., Bjermer L., Stjernberg N. Effects of repeated exposure to 4. ppm nitrogen dioxide on bronchoalveolar lymphocyte subsets and macrophages in healthy men European Respiratory Journal. 5:1992;1092-1096.
25. Sharma S., Sethi G.R., Rohtagi A., Chaudhary A., Shankar R., Bapna J.S., Joshi V., Sapir D.G. Indoor air quality and acute lower respiratory infection in Indian slums. Environmental Health Perspectives. 106(5):1998;291-297.
26. SSA, 2000. Stats in Brief. Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.
27. TOXNET, 2000. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine, Internet Edition, http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov.
28. Traynor G., Allan J. Pollutant emissions from portable kerosene-fired space heaters. Environmental Science and Technology. 17:1983;369-371.
29. US EPA, 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Vol. 1: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ragsa/.
30. US EPA, 1996. Exposure Factors Handbook: draft update to EPA/600/8-89/043, May 1989.
31. US EPA, 1998. Human health risk assessment protocol for hazardous waste combustion facilities, http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/combust/risk.htm.
32. US EPA, 2000. Benzene, integrated risk information system, http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0276.htm.
33. White, C., Crankshaw, O., Mafokoane, T., Meintjies, H., 1996. Social determinants of energy use in low-income metropolitan households in Soweto. Department of Minerals and Energy Report Number EO9423.
34. WHO, 1997. World Health Organisation's Environmental Health Criteria 188. Nitrogen Oxides, Second Edition.
35. Zhang J., Smith K.R. Emissions of carbonyl compounds from various cook-stoves in China. Environmental Science and Technology. 33(14):1999;2311-2320.