The effect of growth phase on the lipid class, fatty acid and sterol composition in the marine dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium sp. in batch culture

Phytochemistry

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 145-153

  Mansour, Maged P ^a   Volkman, John K ^a   Blackburn, Susan I ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Alkylation; Chemotaxonomy; Desaturation; Dinophyceae; Fatty acids; Growth phase; Gymnodinium sp; Lipids; Sterols; Triacylglycerols

Indexed keywords

FATTY ACID; LIPID; STEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

AQUACULTURE; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM CULTURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DINOFLAGELLATE; EPIMER; GENUS; GROWTH CURVE; LIPID COMPOSITION; NONHUMAN; STEROL ANALYSIS;

DINOPHYCEAE; GYMNODINIUM; GYMNODINIUM SP.;

EID: 0037989929     PISSN: 00319422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00052-9     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Alam, M., Sansing, T.B., Guerra, J.R., Harmon, A.D., 1981. Dinoflagellate sterols IV: Isolation and structure of 4α,2ε,2ε-tri-methylcholestanol from the dinoflagellate Glenodinium hallii. Steroids 38, 375-382.
2. Alam, M., Sanduja, R., Watson, D.A., Loeblich III, A.R., 1984. Sterol distribution in the genus Heterocapsa (Pyrrhophyta). J. Phycol. 20, 331-335.
3. Ballantine, J.A., Lavis, A., Morris, R.J., 1979. Sterols of the phytoplankton-effects of illumination and growth stage. Phytochemistry 18, 1459-1466.
4. Bell, M.V., Dick, J.R., Pond, D.W., 1997. Octadecapentaenoic acid in a raphidophyte alga, Heterosigma akashiwo. Phytochemistry 45, 303-306.
5. Becker, E.A., 1994. Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 51-62.
6. Blackburn, S.I., Bolch, C.J., Haskard, K.A., Hallegraeff, G.M., 2001. Reproductive compatibility among four global populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 40, 78-87.
7. Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J., 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem Physiol. 37, 912-917.
8. Brown, M.R., Dunstan, G.A., Norwood, S.J., Miller, K.A., 1996. Effects of harvest stage and light on the biochemical composition of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. J. Phycol 34, 64-73.
9. Dempster, T.A., Sommerfeld, M.R., 1998. Effect of environmental conditions on growth and lipid accumulation in Nitzschia communis (Bacillariophyceae). J. Phycol. 34, 712-721.
10. Dunstan, G.A., Volkman, J.K., Barrett, S.M., Garland, C.D., 1993. Changes in the lipid composition and maximisation of the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of three microalgae grown in mass culture. J. Appl. Phycol. 5, 71-83.
11. Ellouz, R., Lenfant, M., 1969. Transformation du stigmasterol en stigmasten-22ol-3β par Dictyostelium discoideum. Tet. Lett. 2655-2657.
12. Fogg, G.E., 1965. Algal Cultures and Phytoplankton Ecology. Athelone Press, London, pp. 11-32.
13. Fujimoto, Y., Sato, N., Okuzumi, T., Yamada, J., Morisaki, M., 1998. Stereochemistry of the reduction of 24-ethyldesmosterol to sitosterol in tissue cultures of Oryza sativa. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8, 205-208.
14. Giner, J.-L., 1993. Biosynthesis of marine sterol side chains. Chem. Rev. 93, 1735-1752.
15. Giner, J.-L., Djerassi, C., 1991. Biosynthetic studies of marine lipids. 33. Biosynthesis of dinosterol, peridinosterol, and gorgosterol: unusual patterns of bioalkylation in dinoflagellate sterols. J. Org. Chem. 56, 2357-2363.
16. 2 and nitrogen supply on lipid class composition of Dunaliella viridis. J. Appl. Phycol. 10, 135-144.
17. Guillard, R.R.L., 1973. Division rates. In: Stein, J.R. (Ed.), Handbook of Phycological Methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 289-312.
18. Hallegraeff, G.M., Nichols, P.D., Volkman, J.K., Blackburn, S.I., Everitt, D.A., 1991. Pigments, fatty acids, and sterols of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. J. Phycol. 27, 591-599.
19. Harvey, R.H., Bradshaw, S.A., O'Hara, S.C.M., Eglinton, G., Corner, E.D.S., 1988. Lipid composition of the marine dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea. Phytochemistry 27, 1723-1729.
20. Hatate, H., Ohgai, M., Murase, N., Miyake, N., Suzuki, N., 1998. Accumulation of fatty acids in Chaetoceros gracilis (Bacillariophyceae) during stationary growth phase. Fisheries Sci. 64, 578-581.
21. Holz Jr., G.G., 1981. Non-isoprenoid lipids and lipid metabolism of marine flagellates. In: Levandowsky, M., Hunter, S.H. (Eds.), Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa. Academic Press, New York, pp. 301-332.
22. Loeblich III, A.R., 1975. A seawater medium for dinoflagellates and the nutrition of Cachonina niei. J. Phycol. 11, 80-86.
23. McGinnis, K.M., Dempster, T.A., Sommerfeld, M.R., 1997. Characterization of the growth and lipid content of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. J. Appl. Phycol. 9, 19-24.
24. McLachlan, J.L., Curtis, J.M., Boutilier, K., Keusgen, M., Seguel, M.R., 1999. Tetreutreptia pomquetensis (Euglenophyta), a psychrophilic species: growth and fatty acid composition. J. Phycol. 35, 280-286.
25. 28) highly unsaturated fatty acids in marine dinoflagellates, Phytochemistry 50, 541-548.
26. Mansour, M.P., Volkman, J.K., Jackson, A.E., Blackburn, S.I., 1999b. The fatty acid and sterol composition of five marine dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 35, 710-720.
27. Murphy, D.J., 2001. The biogenesis and function of lipid bodies in animals, plants and microorganisms. Prog. Lipid Res, 40, 325-438.
28. Nichols, P.D., Jones, G.J., de Leeuw, J.W., Johns, R.B., 1984. The fatty acid and sterol composition of two marine dinoflagellates. Phytochemistry 23, 1043-1047.
29. Nichols, P.D., Volkman, J.K., Hallegraeff, G.M., Blackburn, S.I., 1987. Sterols and fatty acids of the red tide flagellates Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae). Phytochemistry 26, 2537-2541.
30. Parker, N.S., Negri, A.P., Frampton, D.M.F., Rodolfi, L., Tredici, M.R., Blackburn, S.I., 2002. Growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) using high biomass culture systems. J. Appl. Phycol. 14, 313-324.
31. Piretti, M.V., Pagliuca, G., Boni, L., Pistocchi, R., Diamante, M., Gazzotti, T., 1997. Investigation of 4-methyl sterols from cultured dinoflagellate algal strains. J. Phycol. 33, 61-67.
32. 2-concentrating mechanism. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 45, 447-455.
33. Reitan, K.I., Rainuzzo, J.R., Olsen, Y., 1994. Effect of nutrient limitation on fatty acid and lipid content of marine microalgae. J. Phycol. 30, 972-979.
34. Skerratt, J.H., Davidson, A.D., Nichols, P.D., McMeekin, T.A., 1998. Effect of UV-B on lipid content of three Antarctic marine phytoplankton. Phytochemistry 49, 999-1007.
35. Taylor, F.J.R., Pollingher, U., 1987. Ecology of dinoflagellates. In: Taylor, F.J.R. (Ed.), The Biology of Dinoflagellates. Blackwell Scientific, London, pp. 398-529.
36. Thompson, P.A., Guo, M-X., Harrison, P.J., Whyte, J.N.C., 1992. Effect of variations in temperature. II. On the fatty acid composition of eight species of marine phytoplankton. J. Phycol. 28, 488-497.
37. Tredici, M.R., 1999. Bioreactors, Photo. In: Flickinger, M.C., Drew, S.W. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 395-419.
38. Tzovenis, I., de Pauw, N., Sorgeloos, P., 1997. Effect of different light regimes on the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-ISO). Aquacult. Int. 5, 489-507.
39. Van Pelt, C.K., Huang, M.-C., Tschanz, C.L., Brenna, J.T., 1999. An octaene fatty acid, 4,7,10,13.16,19,22,25-octacosaoctaenoic acid (28:8n-3), found in marine oils. J. Lipid Res. 40, 1501-1505.
40. Volkman, J.K., 1986. A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter. Org. Geochem. 9, 83-99.
41. Volkman, J.K., 1989. Fatty acids of microalgae used as feedstocks in aquaculture. In: Cambie, R.C. (Ed.), Fats for the Future. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp. 263-283.
42. Volkman, J.K., Barrett, S.M., Blackburn, S.I., Mansour, M.P., Sikes, E.L., Gelin, F., 1998. Microalgal biomarkers: a review of recent research developments. Org. Geochem. 29, 1163-1179.
43. Volkman, J.K., Gagosian, R.B., Wakeham, S.G., 1984. Free and esterified sterols of the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polygramma. Lipids 19, 457-465.
44. Volkman, J.K., Nichols, P.D., 1991. Applications of thin layer chromatography-flame ionization detection to the analysis of lipids and pollutants in marine and environmental samples. J. Planar Chromatogr. 4, 19-26.
45. Volkman, J.K., Rijpstra, W.I.C., de Leeuw, J.W., Mansour, M.P., Jackson, A.E., Blackburn, S.I., 1999. Sterols of four dinoflagellates from the genus Prorocentrum. Phytochemistry 52, 659-668.
46. Withers, N., 1987. Dinoflagellate sterols. In: Taylor, F.J.R. (Ed.), The Biology of Dinoflagellates, Biological Monographs, Vol. 21. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 316-359.
47. Withers, N.W., Tuttle, R.C., Goad, L.J., Goodwin, T.W., 1979. Dinosterol side chain biosynthesis in a marine dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. Phytochemistry 18, 71-73.
48. Xu, X.-Q., Beardall, J., 1996. Effect of salinity on fatty acid composition of a green microalga from an antarctic hypersaline lake. Phytochemistry 45, 655-658.
49. Zhu, C.J., Lee, Y.K., Chao, T.M., 1997. Effect of temperature and growth phase on lipid and biochemical composition of Isochrysis galbana TKI. J. Appl. Phycol. 9, 451-457.