메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 264-287

Improving snowfall forecasting by diagnosing snow density

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; CLIMATOLOGY; SOLAR RADIATION; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EID: 0037983899     PISSN: 08828156     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0264:ISFBDS>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (141)

References (65)
  • 2
    • 0000764658 scopus 로고
    • The combined role of kinematics, thermodynamics, and cloud physics associated with heavy snowfall episodes
    • Auer, A. H., and J. M. White, 1982: The combined role of kinematics, thermodynamics, and cloud physics associated with heavy snowfall episodes. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 500-507.
    • (1982) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.60 , pp. 500-507
    • Auer, A.H.1    White, J.M.2
  • 4
    • 0034116392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationships among cloud microphysics, chemistry, and precipitation rate in cold mountain clouds
    • Borys, R. D., D. H. Lowenthal, and D. L. Mitchell, 2000: The relationships among cloud microphysics, chemistry, and precipitation rate in cold mountain clouds. Atmos. Environ., 34, 2593-2602.
    • (2000) Atmos. Environ. , vol.34 , pp. 2593-2602
    • Borys, R.D.1    Lowenthal, D.H.2    Mitchell, D.L.3
  • 5
    • 0030196364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stacked regressions
    • Breiman, L., 1996: Stacked regressions. Mach. Learn., 24, 49-64.
    • (1996) Mach. Learn. , vol.24 , pp. 49-64
    • Breiman, L.1
  • 7
    • 84937549955 scopus 로고
    • The Scree test for the number of factors
    • Cattell, R. B., 1966: The Scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Res., 1, 140-161.
    • (1966) Multivariate Behavioral Res. , vol.1 , pp. 140-161
    • Cattell, R.B.1
  • 9
    • 0019203549 scopus 로고
    • Skill in precipitation forecasting in the National Weather Service
    • Charba, J. P., and W. H. Klein, 1980: Skill in precipitation forecasting in the National Weather Service. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61, 1546-1555.
    • (1980) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.61 , pp. 1546-1555
    • Charba, J.P.1    Klein, W.H.2
  • 10
    • 0005020084 scopus 로고
    • The magic chart for forecasting snow amounts
    • Chaston, P., 1989: The magic chart for forecasting snow amounts. Natl. Wea. Dig., 14 (2), 20-22.
    • (1989) Natl. Wea. Dig. , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 20-22
    • Chaston, P.1
  • 11
    • 0037624679 scopus 로고
    • Water content of snow in cold climates
    • Currie, B. W., 1947: Water content of snow in cold climates. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 28, 150-151.
    • (1947) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.28 , pp. 150-151
    • Currie, B.W.1
  • 13
    • 0002799144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snow foolin': Accurately measuring snow is an inexact but important science
    • Doesken, N. J., and R. J. Leffler, 2000: Snow foolin': Accurately measuring snow is an inexact but important science. Weatherwise, 53 (1), 30-37.
    • (2000) Weatherwise , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 30-37
    • Doesken, N.J.1    Leffler, R.J.2
  • 15
    • 0025204922 scopus 로고
    • Avalanche weather forecasting at the northwest avalanche center, Seattle, WA
    • Ferguson, S. A., M. B. Moore, R. T. Marriott, and P. Speers-Hayes. 1990: Avalanche weather forecasting at the northwest avalanche center, Seattle, WA. J. Glaciol., 36, 57-66.
    • (1990) J. Glaciol. , vol.36 , pp. 57-66
    • Ferguson, S.A.1    Moore, M.B.2    Marriott, R.T.3    Speers-Hayes, P.4
  • 16
    • 0001401572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative precipitation forecasting: Report of the eighth prospectus development team, U.S. Weather research program
    • Coauthors
    • Fritsch, J. M., and Coauthors, 1998: Quantitative precipitation forecasting: Report of the Eighth Prospectus Development Team, U.S. Weather Research Program. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 285-298.
    • (1998) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 285-298
    • Fritsch, J.M.1
  • 17
    • 0032718140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The growth of atmospheric ice crystals: A summary of findings in vertical supercooled cloud tunnel studies
    • Fukuta, N., and T. Takahashi, 1999: The growth of atmospheric ice crystals: A summary of findings in vertical supercooled cloud tunnel studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1963-1979.
    • (1999) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.56 , pp. 1963-1979
    • Fukuta, N.1    Takahashi, T.2
  • 18
    • 0038639065 scopus 로고
    • NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS CR-105, PB 94-188760. NOAA/NWS, 31 pp. [Available from NOAA/National Weather Service Central Region Headquarters, Kansas City, MO 64106-2897.]
    • Garcia, C., 1994: Forecasting snowfall using mixing ratios on an isentropic surface-An empirical study. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS CR-105, PB 94-188760. NOAA/NWS, 31 pp. [Available from NOAA/National Weather Service Central Region Headquarters, Kansas City, MO 64106-2897.]
    • (1994) Forecasting Snowfall Using Mixing Ratios on an Isentropic Surface-An Empirical Study
    • Garcia, C.1
  • 19
    • 0037624683 scopus 로고
    • Finley's tornado predictions
    • Gilbert, G. F., 1884: Finley's tornado predictions. Amer. Meteor. J., 1, 166-172.
    • (1884) Amer. Meteor. J. , vol.1 , pp. 166-172
    • Gilbert, G.F.1
  • 20
    • 0018021368 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of Canadian snow-gage measurements
    • Goodison, B. E., 1978: Accuracy of Canadian snow-gage measurements, J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1542-1548.
    • (1978) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.17 , pp. 1542-1548
    • Goodison, B.E.1
  • 21
    • 0004125042 scopus 로고
    • L. Erlbaum Associates, 425 pp
    • Gorsuch, R. L., 1983: Factor Analysis. L. Erlbaum Associates, 425 pp.
    • (1983) Factor Analysis
    • Gorsuch, R.L.1
  • 24
    • 0028192982 scopus 로고
    • The accuracy of United States precipitation data
    • Groisman, P. Ya., and D. R. Legates, 1994: The accuracy of United States precipitation data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 215-227.
    • (1994) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.75 , pp. 215-227
    • Groisman P., Ya.1    Legates, D.R.2
  • 25
    • 0026278352 scopus 로고
    • Overcoming biases of precipitation measurement: A history of the USSR experience
    • Groisman, P. Ya., V. V. Koknaeva, T. A. Belokrylova, and T. R. Karl, 1991: Overcoming biases of precipitation measurement: A history of the USSR experience. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1725-1733.
    • (1991) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.72 , pp. 1725-1733
    • Groisman, P.Ya.1    Koknaeva, V.V.2    Belokrylova, T.A.3    Karl, T.R.4
  • 26
    • 58149421595 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components
    • Hotelling, H., 1933: Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components. J. Educ. Psychol., 24, 417-498.
    • (1933) J. Educ. Psychol. , vol.24 , pp. 417-498
    • Hotelling, H.1
  • 28
    • 0032466364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applying neural network models to prediction and data analysis in meteorology and oceanography
    • Hsieh, W. W., and B. Tang, 1998: Applying neural network models to prediction and data analysis in meteorology and oceanography. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 1855-1870.
    • (1998) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 1855-1870
    • Hsieh, W.W.1    Tang, B.2
  • 29
    • 0000170840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density of freshly fallen snow in the central Rocky Mountains
    • Judson, A., and N. Doesken, 2000: Density of freshly fallen snow in the central Rocky Mountains. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 1577-1587.
    • (2000) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.81 , pp. 1577-1587
    • Judson, A.1    Doesken, N.2
  • 30
    • 34250922831 scopus 로고
    • The Varimax criterion for Varimax rotation in factor analysis
    • Kaiser, H. F., 1958: The Varimax criterion for Varimax rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 23, 187-200.
    • (1958) Psychometrika , vol.23 , pp. 187-200
    • Kaiser, H.F.1
  • 31
    • 0029768948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project
    • Coauthors
    • Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
    • (1996) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.77 , pp. 437-471
    • Kalnay, E.1
  • 34
    • 0003621554 scopus 로고
    • Project F. Progress Rep. 2, USDA Forest Service, Wasatch National Forest, Alta Avalanche Study Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 13 pp
    • LaChapelle, E. R., 1962: The density distribution of new snow. Project F. Progress Rep. 2, USDA Forest Service, Wasatch National Forest, Alta Avalanche Study Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 13 pp.
    • (1962) The Density Distribution of New Snow
    • LaChapelle, E.R.1
  • 35
    • 0019149455 scopus 로고
    • The fundamental process in conventional avalanche forecasting
    • LaChapelle, E. R., 1980: The fundamental process in conventional avalanche forecasting. J. Glaciol., 26, 75-84.
    • (1980) J. Glaciol. , vol.26 , pp. 75-84
    • LaChapelle, E.R.1
  • 36
    • 0016091553 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of precipitation measurements for hydrologic modeling
    • Larson, L., and E. L. Peck, 1974: Accuracy of precipitation measurements for hydrologic modeling. Water Resour. Res., 10, 857-862.
    • (1974) Water Resour. Res. , vol.10 , pp. 857-862
    • Larson, L.1    Peck, E.L.2
  • 37
    • 0031452637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of threshold wind speeds for snow transport using meteorological data
    • Li, L., and J. W. Pomeroy, 1997: Estimates of threshold wind speeds for snow transport using meteorological data. J. Appl. Meteor., 36, 205-213.
    • (1997) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.36 , pp. 205-213
    • Li, L.1    Pomeroy, J.W.2
  • 39
    • 0000972175 scopus 로고
    • Aerodynamic studies of falling snow flakes
    • Magono, C., and T. Nakamura, 1965: Aerodynamic studies of falling snow flakes. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan. 43, 139-147.
    • (1965) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.43 , pp. 139-147
    • Magono, C.1    Nakamura, T.2
  • 40
    • 0001940269 scopus 로고
    • Meteorological classification of natural snow crystals
    • Hokkaido Univ., Ser. 7
    • Magono, C. and C. W. Lee, 1966: Meteorological classification of natural snow crystals. J. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. 7. 11, 321-335.
    • (1966) J. Fac. Sci. , vol.11 , pp. 321-335
    • Magono, C.1    Lee, C.W.2
  • 41
    • 0035484492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Bayesian neural network for severe-hail size prediction
    • Marzban, C., and A. Witt, 2001: A Bayesian neural network for severe-hail size prediction. Wea. Forecasting. 16, 600-610.
    • (2001) Wea. Forecasting , vol.16 , pp. 600-610
    • Marzban, C.1    Witt, A.2
  • 43
    • 0000902690 scopus 로고
    • The effective number of parameters: An analysis of generalization and regularization in nonlinear learning systems
    • Moody, J. E., 1992: The effective number of parameters: An analysis of generalization and regularization in nonlinear learning systems. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., 4, 847-854.
    • (1992) Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. , vol.4 , pp. 847-854
    • Moody, J.E.1
  • 44
    • 0038639081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NWS Central Region Applied Research Paper 20-05, NOAA/NWS Central Region, Scientific Services Division. [Available online at]
    • Nouhan, V. J., 1999: Measuring snowfall, depth and liquid equivalent during and after extreme blizzard events. NWS Central Region Applied Research Paper 20-05, NOAA/NWS Central Region, Scientific Services Division. [Available online at http:// www.crh.noaa.gov/techpapers/arp20/20-05.html.]
    • (1999) Measuring Snowfall, Depth and Liquid Equivalent during and After Extreme Blizzard Events
    • Nouhan, V.J.1
  • 45
    • 0029538471 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of 33 years of quantitative precipitation forecasting at NMC
    • Olson, D. A., N. W. Junker, and B. Korty, 1995: Evaluation of 33 years of quantitative precipitation forecasting at NMC. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 498-511.
    • (1995) Wea. Forecasting , vol.10 , pp. 498-511
    • Olson, D.A.1    Junker, N.W.2    Korty, B.3
  • 46
    • 0000551189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Popular ensemble methods: An empirical study
    • Opitz, D., and R. Maclin, 1999: Popular ensemble methods: An empirical study. J. Artif. Intell. Res., 11, 169-198.
    • (1999) J. Artif. Intell. Res. , vol.11 , pp. 169-198
    • Opitz, D.1    Maclin, R.2
  • 48
    • 0018688895 scopus 로고
    • A new aspect of snowflake aggregation theory
    • Passarelli, R. E., Jr., and R. C. Srivastava, 1979: A new aspect of snowflake aggregation theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 484-493.
    • (1979) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 484-493
    • Passarelli R.E., Jr.1    Srivastava, R.C.2
  • 49
    • 84938447239 scopus 로고
    • Snow measurement predicament
    • Peck, E. L., 1972: Snow measurement predicament. Water Resour. Res., 8, 244-248.
    • (1972) Water Resour. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 244-248
    • Peck, E.L.1
  • 50
    • 0014882485 scopus 로고
    • On contributory factors in avalanche hazard evaluation
    • Perla, R., 1970: On contributory factors in avalanche hazard evaluation. Can. Geotech. J., 7, 414-419.
    • (1970) Can. Geotech. J. , vol.7 , pp. 414-419
    • Perla, R.1
  • 51
    • 0038300158 scopus 로고
    • CIR-4232, TEC-569, Meteorology Branch, Dept. of Transport, Toronto, ON. Canada, 12 pp. [Available from National Snow and Ice Data Center User Services, University of Colorado, Campus Box 449, Boulder, CO 80309-0449.]
    • Potter, J. G., 1965: Water content of freshly fallen snow. CIR-4232, TEC-569, Meteorology Branch, Dept. of Transport, Toronto, ON. Canada, 12 pp. [Available from National Snow and Ice Data Center User Services, University of Colorado, Campus Box 449, Boulder, CO 80309-0449.]
    • (1965) Water Content of Freshly Fallen Snow
    • Potter, J.G.1
  • 52
    • 0037962991 scopus 로고
    • Snow crystal forms and riming effects as related to snowfall density and general storm conditions
    • Power, B. A., P. W. Summers, and J. d'Avignon, 1964: Snow crystal forms and riming effects as related to snowfall density and general storm conditions, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 300-305.
    • (1964) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 300-305
    • Power, B.A.1    Summers, P.W.2    d'Avignon, J.3
  • 55
    • 0000931590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sensitivity of precipitation to circulation details: Part I: An analysis of regional analogs
    • Roebber, P. J., and L. F. Bosart, 1998: The sensitivity of precipitation to circulation details: Part I: An analysis of regional analogs. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 437-455.
    • (1998) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.126 , pp. 437-455
    • Roebber, P.J.1    Bosart, L.F.2
  • 56
    • 0016953039 scopus 로고
    • The growth rates and densities of ice crystals between -3°C and -21°C
    • Ryan, B. F.D. E. R. Wishart, and D. E. Shaw, 1976: The growth rates and densities of ice crystals between -3°C and -21°C. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 842-850.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 842-850
    • Ryan, B.F.D.1    Wishart, E.R.2    Shaw, D.E.3
  • 57
    • 0000322510 scopus 로고
    • The critical success index as an indicator of warning skill
    • Schaefer, J. T., 1990: The critical success index as an indicator of warning skill. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 570-575.
    • (1990) Wea. Forecasting , vol.5 , pp. 570-575
    • Schaefer, J.T.1
  • 58
    • 0036465114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comments on "An operational ingredients-based methodology for forecasting midlatitude winter season precipitation"
    • Schultz, D. M., J. V. Cortinas Jr., and C. A. Doswell III, 2002: Comments on "An operational ingredients-based methodology for forecasting midlatitude winter season precipitation." Wea. Forecasting, 17, 160-167.
    • (2002) Wea. Forecasting , vol.17 , pp. 160-167
    • Schultz, D.M.1    Cortinas J.V., Jr.2    Doswell C.A., III.3
  • 59
    • 18344380808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding Utah winter storms: The intermountain precipitation experiment
    • Coauthors
    • Schultz, D. M., and Coauthors, 2002: Understanding Utah winter storms: The Intermountain Precipitation Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 189-210.
    • (2002) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.83 , pp. 189-210
    • Schultz, D.M.1
  • 62
    • 0037962993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bureau Reclamation Tech. Rep. R-97-05, U.S. Dept. of Interior. Denver, CO, 77 pp. [Available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161.]
    • Super, A. B., and E. W. Holroyd III, 1997: Snow accumulation algorithm for the WSR-88D radar: Second annual report. Bureau Reclamation Tech. Rep. R-97-05, U.S. Dept. of Interior. Denver, CO, 77 pp. [Available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161.]
    • (1997) Snow Accumulation Algorithm for the WSR-88D Radar: Second Annual Report
    • Super, A.B.1    Holroyd E.W., III.2
  • 63
    • 85037014513 scopus 로고
    • Vapor diffusional growth of free-falling snow crystals
    • Takahashi, T., T. Endoh, and G. Wakahoma, 1991: Vapor diffusional growth of free-falling snow crystals. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan. 69, 15-30.
    • (1991) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.69 , pp. 15-30
    • Takahashi, T.1    Endoh, T.2    Wakahoma, G.3
  • 65
    • 0035245479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An operational ingredients-based methodology for forecasting midlatitude winter season precipitation
    • Wetzel, S. W., and J. E. Martin, 2001: An operational ingredients-based methodology for forecasting midlatitude winter season precipitation. Wea. Forecasting. 16, 156-167.
    • (2001) Wea. Forecasting , vol.16 , pp. 156-167
    • Wetzel, S.W.1    Martin, J.E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.