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1
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84973732896
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Liberal democracy in the United States
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ed. William Livingston (Austin: University of Texas Press
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Robert Dahl, "Liberal Democracy in the United States," in A Prospect of Liberal Democracy, ed. William Livingston (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979), p. 68.
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(1979)
A Prospect of Liberal Democracy
, pp. 68
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Dahl, R.1
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2
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84965402638
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On the theory of democratic socialism
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For Dahl's early interest in economic democracy see
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For Dahl's early interest in economic democracy see "On the Theory of Democratic Socialism," Plan Age 6 (1940): 325-56
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(1940)
Plan Age
, vol.6
, pp. 325-356
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3
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84959709363
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Workers' Control of Industry and the British Labor Party
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"Workers' Control of Industry and the British Labor Party," American Political Science Review 41 (1947): 875-900
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(1947)
American Political Science Review
, vol.41
, pp. 875-900
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4
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0003945187
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New York: Harper and Row. His most important normative writings on workplace democracy are After the Revolution?: Authority in a Good Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), pp. 115-40
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and Robert Dahl and Charles Lindblom, Politics, Economics, and Welfare (New York: Harper and Row, 1953), pp. 473-483 His most important normative writings on workplace democracy are After the Revolution?: Authority in a Good Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), pp. 115-40
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(1953)
Politics, Economics, and Welfare
, pp. 473-483
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Dahl, R.1
Lindblom, C.2
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5
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77954039574
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Power to the Workers? 19 November
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"Power to the Workers?" New York Review of Books 15 (19 November 1970): 20-24
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(1970)
New York Review of Books
, vol.15
, pp. 20-24
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6
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77954079301
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Governing the Giant Corporation, ed. Ralph Nader and Mark Green (New York: Grossman Publishers
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"Governing the Giant Corporation," in Corporate Power in America, ed. Ralph Nader and Mark Green (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1973), pp. 10-24
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(1973)
Corporate Power in America
, pp. 10-24
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7
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77954038517
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On Removing Certain Impediments to Democracy in the United States
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"On Removing Certain Impediments to Democracy in the United States," Political Science Quarterly 92 (1977) 1-20
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(1977)
Political Science Quarterly
, vol.92
, pp. 1-20
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8
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77954069636
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Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs. Control (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 126-133,197-205
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Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs. Control (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 126-133,197-205
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9
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77954073291
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Democracy in the Workplace: Is it a Right or a Privilege? A Preface to Economic Democracy (Berkeley: Unversity of California Press, 1985)
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"Democracy in the Workplace: Is it a Right or a Privilege?" Dissent 31 (1984): 54-60; A Preface to Economic Democracy (Berkeley: Unversity of California Press, 1985)
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(1984)
Dissent
, vol.31
, pp. 54-60
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10
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84984019184
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Sketches for a Democratic Utopia
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"Sketches for a Democratic Utopia," Scandinavian Political Studies 10 (1987): 195-206
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(1987)
Scandinavian Political Studies
, vol.10
, pp. 195-206
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11
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77954082007
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Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), pp. 325-32
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Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), pp. 325-32
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12
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0242439965
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Economics, Politics, and Democracy, (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies Press)
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and "Economics, Politics, and Democracy," in Toward Democracy: A Journey (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies Press, 1997), pp. 547-551
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(1997)
Toward Democracy: A Journey
, pp. 547-551
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14
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0004145643
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For examples of consequentialist justifications for workplace democracy. (New York: Macmillan)
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For examples of consequentialist justifications for workplace democracy see Herbert Croly, Progressive Democracy (New York: Macmillan, 1914), chap. 18
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(1914)
Progressive Democracy
, vol.18
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Croly, H.1
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17
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0003492565
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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David Schweickart, Against Capitalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)
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(1993)
Against Capitalism
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Schweickart, D.1
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18
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0006157563
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A political and economic case for the democratic enterprise
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Ed. David Copp, Jean Hampton, and John Roemer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, "A Political and Economic Case for the Democratic Enterprise," in The Idea of Democracy, ed. David Copp, Jean Hampton, and John Roemer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 375-99
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(1993)
The Idea of Democracy
, pp. 375-399
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Bowles, S.1
Gintis, H.2
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20
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77954050066
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"On Removing Certain Impediments to Democracy," pp. 10-12
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"On Removing Certain Impediments to Democracy," pp. 10-12
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21
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77954047280
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Procedural Democracy, fifth series, ed. Peter Laslett and James Fishkin (New Haven: YaleUniversity Press)
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and "Procedural Democracy," in Philosophy, Politics and Society, fifth series, ed. Peter Laslett and James Fishkin (New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1979), pp. 97-133.
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(1979)
Philosophy, Politics and Society
, pp. 97-133
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22
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52849088661
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What is political equality?: A Controversy
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For criticism of Dahl's theory of procedural democracy and his replies
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For criticism of Dahl's theory of procedural democracy and his replies see Phillip Green and Robert Dahl, "What Is Political Equality?: A Controversy," Dissent 26 (1979): 351-68
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(1979)
Dissent
, vol.26
, pp. 351-368
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Green, P.1
Dahl, R.2
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23
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84965532794
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Capitalism, socialism, and political equality
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Richard Krouse, "Capitalism, Socialism, and Political Equality," Dissent 27 (1980): 453-56
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(1980)
Dissent
, vol.27
, pp. 453-56
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Krouse, R.1
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24
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77954036609
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A reply to richard krouse
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Robert Dahl, "A Reply to Richard Krouse," Dissent 27 (1980): 456-58
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(1980)
Dissent
, vol.27
, pp. 456-58
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Dahl, R.1
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25
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84965567147
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Equality, self-government and democracy: A critique of dahl's political equality
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and Augustus DiZerega, "Equality, Self-Government and Democracy: A Critique of Dahl's Political Equality," Western Political Quarterly 41 (1988): 447-468
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(1988)
Western Political Quarterly
, vol.41
, pp. 447-468
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Dizerega, A.1
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26
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0004221791
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For examples of the autonomy argument. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall)
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For examples of the autonomy argument see Patricia Werhane, Persons, Rights, and Corporations (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1985), pp. 133-35
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(1985)
Persons, Rights, and Corporations
, pp. 133-35
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Werhane, P.1
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27
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0004202062
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Cambidge: Cambridge University Press, 143
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Carol Gould, Rethinking Democracy (Cambidge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 84-85, 143
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(1988)
Rethinking Democracy
, pp. 84-85
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Gould, C.1
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29
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0003924191
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For an example of the distributive justice argument. (New York: Basic Books)
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For an example of the distributive justice argument see Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (New York: Basic Books, 1983), pp. 291-303.
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(1983)
Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality
, pp. 291-303
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Walzer, M.1
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30
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0035531674
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Michael walzer, industrial democracy, and complex equality
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For a critique of Walzer's argument
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For a critique of Walzer's argument see Robert Mayer, "Michael Walzer, Industrial Democracy, and Complex Equality," Political Theory 29 (2001): 237-261
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(2001)
Political Theory
, vol.29
, pp. 237-261
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Mayer, R.1
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32
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0003835163
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Athens: University of Georgia Press
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Carl Cohen, Democracy (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1971), p. 244.
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(1971)
Democracy
, pp. 244
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Cohen, C.1
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38
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77954070227
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Democratic rights at national and workplace levels
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Richard Arneson, "Democratic Rights at National and Workplace Levels," in Copp, Idea of Democracy, p. 138.
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Copp, Idea of Democracy
, pp. 138
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Arneson, R.1
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45
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0003492565
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For further evidence on the performance of cooperative enterprise
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For further evidence on the performance of cooperative enterprise see Schweickart, Against Capitalism, pp. 88-136.
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Against Capitalism
, pp. 88-136
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Schweickart1
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51
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0003860515
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On labor hiring capital in economic democracy, Boston: Unwin Hyman
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On labor hiring capital in economic democracy see David Ellerman, The Democratic Worker-Owned Firm (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990), p. 64.
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(1990)
The Democratic Worker-Owned Firm
, pp. 64
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Ellerman, D.1
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52
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0004273805
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On the libertarian justification for self-enslavement, New York: Basic Books
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On the libertarian justification for self-enslavement see Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), p. 331
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(1974)
Anarchy, State, and Utopia
, pp. 331
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Nozick, R.1
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53
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0011336553
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The libertarian case for slavery
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J. Philmore, "The Libertarian Case for Slavery/' The Philosophical Forum 14 (1982): 43-58.
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(1982)
The Philosophical Forum
, vol.14
, pp. 43-58
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Philmore, J.1
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58
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77954076140
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The reasoning that underlies this intuition will be set forth in the next section
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The reasoning that underlies this intuition will be set forth in the next section.
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60
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77954057612
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Throughout this section I avoid the language of "voluntariness" in describing organizations that accord a subjection option to prospective members. In their criticisms of Dahl's proof both Narveson and Arneson employ this terminology, but they fail to distinguish carefully between the different ways in which organizations can be voluntary. Freedom to leave is one dimension of voluntariness, but freedom not to be subject to the organization is another. We would do better to avoid this language entirely and focus on the kinds of options organizations accord to members. For reasons that will become clear in the next section, I also avoid the contested language of consent in building my argument
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Throughout this section I avoid the language of "voluntariness" in describing organizations that accord a subjection option to prospective members. In their criticisms of Dahl's proof both Narveson and Arneson employ this terminology, but they fail to distinguish carefully between the different ways in which organizations can be voluntary. Freedom to leave is one dimension of voluntariness, but freedom not to be subject to the organization is another. We would do better to avoid this language entirely and focus on the kinds of options organizations accord to members. For reasons that will become clear in the next section, I also avoid the contested language of consent in building my argument.
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61
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0038185347
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Rights in the workplace: A nozickian argument
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The claim to political equality in an organization can be a valuable asset. Capitalist firms purchase the claim (negotiate political inequality) because they think they can maximize profits by dictating how the work will be done. Whether an authoritarian political structure in the firm in fact enhances profitability is a contested issue. If it does, then expropriation of this claim (by mandating workplace democracy in every firm) should result in diminshed compensation for labor. For two arguments along these lines
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The claim to political equality in an organization can be a valuable asset. Capitalist firms purchase the claim (negotiate political inequality) because they think they can maximize profits by dictating how the work will be done. Whether an authoritarian political structure in the firm in fact enhances profitability is a contested issue. If it does, then expropriation of this claim (by mandating workplace democracy in every firm) should result in diminshed compensation for labor. For two arguments along these lines see Ian Maitland, "Rights in the Workplace: A Nozickian Argument," Journal of Business Ethics 8 (1989): 951-54
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(1989)
Journal of Business Ethics
, vol.8
, pp. 951-954
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Maitland, I.1
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62
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0040688099
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Should we let employees contract away their rights against arbitrary discharge?
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Michael Phillips, "Should We Let Employees Contract away Their Rights against Arbitrary Discharge?" Journal of Business Ethics 13 (1994): 233-242
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(1994)
Journal of Business Ethics
, vol.13
, pp. 233-242
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Phillips, M.1
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64
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77954041987
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Consider the fruitful distinction drawn by Michael Oakeshott between civil and enterprise associations in On Human Conduct (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), ch. 2. Polities are not enterprise associations, but they sometimes like to act as if they were
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Consider the fruitful distinction drawn by Michael Oakeshott between civil and enterprise associations in On Human Conduct (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), ch. 2. Polities are not enterprise associations, but they sometimes like to act as if they were.
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65
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0004238625
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For a similar argument against guest-worker laws
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For a similar argument against guest-worker laws see Walzer, Spheres of Justice, pp. 56-61.
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Spheres of Justice
, pp. 56-61
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Walzer1
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66
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77954063254
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The example we abstract from the circumstance that the monastery belongs to a larger organization (the Church) that may be entitled to choose the superiors. Assume for the sake of argument that the monastery is autonomous
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In the example we abstract from the circumstance that the monastery belongs to a larger organization (the Church) that may be entitled to choose the superiors. Assume for the sake of argument that the monastery is autonomous.
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77954077536
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The classic locus for this argument is, of course, Marx's Capital. At the end of the chapter on the working day, for instance, Marx observes that "our worker emerges from the process of production looking different from when he entered it. In the market, as the owner of the commodity 'labor-power/ he stood face to face with other owners of commodities, one owner against another owner. The contract by which he sold his labor-power to the capitalist proved in black and white, so to speak, that he was free to dispose of himself. But when the transaction was concluded, it was discovered that he was no 'free agent/ that the period of time for which he is free to sell his labor-power is the period of time for which he is forced to sell it" (Capital: Volume One, trans. Ben Fowkes [New York: Vintage Books, 1977], p. 415)
-
The classic locus for this argument is, of course, Marx's Capital. At the end of the chapter on the working day, for instance, Marx observes that "our worker emerges from the process of production looking different from when he entered it. In the market, as the owner of the commodity 'labor-power/ he stood face to face with other owners of commodities, one owner against another owner. The contract by which he sold his labor-power to the capitalist proved in black and white, so to speak, that he was free to dispose of himself. But when the transaction was concluded, it was discovered that he was no 'free agent/ that the period of time for which he is free to sell his labor-power is the period of time for which he is forced to sell it" (Capital: Volume One, trans. Ben Fowkes [New York: Vintage Books, 1977], p. 415).
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68
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0002138920
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The structure of proletarian unfreedom
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G. A. Cohen, "The Structure of Proletarian Unfreedom," Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (1982): 11.
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(1982)
Philosophy and Public Affairs
, vol.12
, pp. 11
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Cohen, G.A.1
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69
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85047372223
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For the libertarian objection
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For the libertarian objection see Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, pp. 250-265
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Anarchy, State, and Utopia
, pp. 250-265
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Nozick1
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70
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Coercive wage offers
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On the theory of exploitation
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On the theory of exploitation see David Zimmerman, "Coercive Wage Offers," Philosophy and Public Affairs 10 (1982): 121-45
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(1982)
Philosophy and Public Affairs
, vol.10
, pp. 121-145
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Zimmerman, D.1
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73
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77954051797
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According to Marx, expropriation of the direct producers results in the formation of "grouped masses of men who have nothing to sell but their laborpower" and "are compelled to sell themselves voluntarily... .The silent compulsion of economic relations sets the seal on the domination of the capitalist over the worker" (Capital, p. 899)
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According to Marx, expropriation of the direct producers results in the formation of "grouped masses of men who have nothing to sell but their laborpower" and "are compelled to sell themselves voluntarily... .The silent compulsion of economic relations sets the seal on the domination of the capitalist over the worker" (Capital, p. 899).
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75
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77954070488
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On the logic of minimum-wage laws as a remedy for exploitation. Oxford: Oxford University Press
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On the logic of minimum-wage laws as a remedy for exploitation see Joel Feinberg, Harm to Se//(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 79
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(1986)
Harm to Se
, pp. 79
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Feinberg, J.1
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76
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77954078220
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Immutable contract rules, the bargaining process, and inalienable rights
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Thomas Hudson, "Immutable Contract Rules, the Bargaining Process, and Inalienable Rights," Arizona Law Review 34 (1992): 343.
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(1992)
Arizona Law Review
, vol.34
, pp. 343
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Hudson, T.1
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77
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77954042917
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According to Marx, the "surplus population of workers...forms a disposable industrial reserve army, which belongs to capital just as absolutely as if the latter had bred it at its own cost" {Capital, p. 784). In this sense workers are virtual conscripts, the capitalist equivalent of the Trotskyist labor army
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According to Marx, the "surplus population of workers...forms a disposable industrial reserve army, which belongs to capital just as absolutely as if the latter had bred it at its own cost" {Capital, p. 784). In this sense workers are virtual conscripts, the capitalist equivalent of the Trotskyist labor army.
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79
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0003492565
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For a powerful defense of workplace democracy on consequentialist grounds
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For a powerful defense of workplace democracy on consequentialist grounds see Schweickart, Against Capitalism, pp. 88-136
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Against Capitalism
, pp. 88-136
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Schweickart1
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80
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0004252521
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For a more skeptical view, Cambridge: Harvard University Press
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for a more skeptical view see Henry Hansmann, The Ownership of Enterprise (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 66-119.
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(1996)
The Ownership of Enterprise
, pp. 66-119
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Hansmann, H.1
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81
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84937327051
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Is there a moral right to workplace democracy?
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For further reflections on the possible costs of mandatory democratization of firms
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For further reflections on the possible costs of mandatory democratization of firms see Robert Mayer, "Is there a Moral Right to Workplace Democracy?" Social Theory and Practice 26 (2000): 22-25.
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(2000)
Social Theory and Practice
, vol.26
, pp. 22-25
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Mayer, R.1
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84
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Social reality and tree markets': A letter to friends in Eastern Europe
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For a more recent expression of the same view
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For a more recent expression of the same view see "Social Reality and Tree Markets': A Letter to Friends in Eastern Europe/' Dissent 37 (1990): 227.
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(1990)
Dissent
, vol.37
, pp. 227
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