Radio-wave exposure of the human head: Analytical study based on a versatile eccentric spheres model including a brain core and a pair of eyeballs

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering

Volumn 50, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 667-676

  Moneda, Angela P ^a   Ioannidou, Melina P ^b   Chrissoulidis, Dimitris P ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^b ALEXANDER TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

Author keywords

Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation; Biomedical engineering; Electromagnetic scattering by absorbing media; Head

Indexed keywords

BINARY CODES; BIOLOGICAL ORGANS; BRAIN; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ABSORPTION; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; RADIO WAVES;

ELECTRIC DIPOLE;

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING;

ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; BRAIN MAPPING; COMPUTER PROGRAM; DIPOLE; EXCITATION; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; EYE; HEAD; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; RADIATION ABSORPTION; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION SCATTERING; RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION; TELEPHONE; THEORY;

ADULT; BRAIN; CELLULAR PHONE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EYE; HEAD; HUMANS; INFANT; MICROWAVES; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; RADIO WAVES; RADIOMETRY; SCATTERING, RADIATION;

EID: 0037937271     PISSN: 00189294     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2003.812222     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. O. P. Gandhi, Biological Effects and Medical Applications of Electromagnetic Energy, O. P. Gandhi, Ed. Eglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990.
2. P. J. Dimbylow and O. P. Gandhi, "Finite-difference time-domain calculations of SAR in a realistic heterogeneous model of the head for plane-wave exposure from 600 MHz to 3 GHz," Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 1075-1089, Aug. 1991.
3. P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, S. Pisa, and E. Piuzzi, "SAR distribution and temperature increase in an anatomical model of the human eye exposed to the field radiated by the user antenna in a wireless LAN," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 46, pp. 2074-2082, Dec. 1998.
4. P. J. Dimbylow and S. M. Mann, "SAR calculations in an anatomically realistic model of the head for mobile communication transceivers at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz," Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 39, pp. 1537-1553, 1994.
5. H. Chen and H. Wang, "Current and SAR induced in a human head model by the electromagnetic fields irradiated from a cellular phone," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 42, pp. 2249-2254, Dec. 1994.
6. P. J. Dimbylow, "FDTD calculations of the SAR for a dipole closely coupled to the head at 900 MHz and 1.9 GHz," Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 38, pp. 361-368, 1993.
7. J. Wang and O. Fujiwara, "FDTD computation of temperature rise in the human head for portable telephones," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 47, pp. 1528-1534, Aug. 1999.
8. P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, S. Pisa, and E. Piuzzi, "Specific absorption rate and temperature increases in the head of a cellular-phone user," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 48, pp. 1118-1126, July 2000.
9. P. J. Riu and K. R. Foster, "Heating of tissue by near-field exposure to a dipole: A model analysis," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 46, pp. 911-917, Aug. 1999.
10. V. Hombach, K. Meier, M. Burkhardt, E. Kuhn, and N. Kuster, "The dependence of EM energy absorption upon human head modeling at 900 MHz," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 44, pp. 1865-1873, Oct. 1996.
11. K. Meier, V. Hombach, R. Kastle, R. Y. Tay, and N. Kuster, "The dependence of electromagnetic energy absorption upon human-head modeling at 1800 MHz," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 45, pp. 1865-1873, Nov. 1997.
12. A. R. Shapiro, R. F. Lutomirski, and H. T. Yura, "Induced fields and heating within a cranial structure irradiated by an electromagnetic plane wave," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-19, pp. 187-196, Feb. 1971.
13. C. M. Weil, "Absorption characteristics of multilayered sphere models exposed to UHF/microwave radiation," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-22, pp. 468-476, Nov. 1975.
14. K. S. Nikita, G. S. Stamatakos, N. K. Uzunoglu, and A. Karafotias, "Analysis of the interaction between a layered spherical human head model and a finite-length dipole," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 48, pp. 2003-2013, Nov. 2000.
15. M. Ferdjallah, F. X. Bostick, and R. E. Barr, "Potential and current density distributions of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) in a four-concentric-spheres model," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 43, pp. 939-943. Sept. 1996.
16. B. N. Cuffin, "Eccentric spheres models of the head," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 38, pp. 871-878, Sept. 1991.
17. J. W. H. Meijs and M. J. Peters, "The EEG and MEG, using a model of eccentric spheres to describe the head," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-34, pp. 913-920, Dec. 1987.
18. N. C. Skaropoulos, M. P. Ioannidou, and D. P. Chrissoulidis, "Induced EM field in a layered eccentric spheres model of the head: Plane-wave and localized source exposure," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 44, pp. 1963-1973, Oct. 1996.
19. X. K. Kang, L. W. Li, M. S. Leong, and P. S. Kooi, "Specific absorption rate distributions in a multilayered spheroidal human head model exposed to mobile dipoles," Radio Sci., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 247-256, Jan.-Feb. 2000.
20. A. W. Morgenthaler and C. M. Rappaport, "Scattering from lossy dielectric objects buried beneath randomly rough ground: Validating the semi-analytical mode matching algorithm with 2-D FDFD," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 39, pp. 2421-2428, Nov. 2001.
21. N. C. Skaropoulos, M. P. Ioannidou, and D. P. Chrissoulidis, "Indirect mode-matching solution to scattering from a dielectric sphere with an eccentric inclusion," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1859-1866, June 1994.
22. M. P. Ioannidou, N. C. Skaropoulos, and D. P. Chrissoulidis, "Study of interactive scattering by clusters of spheres," J. Opt. Soc., Amer. A, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1782-1789, Aug. 1995.
23. M. P. Ioannidou and D. P. Chrissoulidis, "EM-wave scattering by a sphere with multiple spherical inclusions," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A. vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 505-512, Mar. 2002.
24. P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of Theoretical Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953, pt. II, ch. 13, pp. 1864-1891.
25. M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions. New York: Dover, 1972, ch. 10, pp. 435-478.
26. J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1941, ch. 4, p. 250.
27. S. Stein, "Addition theorems for spherical wave functions," Quart. Appl. Math., vol. 19, pp. 15-24, 1961.
28. O. R. Cruzan, "Translational addition theorems for spherical vector wave functions," Quart. Appl. Math., vol. 20, pp. 33-40, 1962.
29. C. Gabriel, "Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies," Occupational and Environmental Health Directorate, RFR Division, Brooks AFB, TX, Final Tech. Rep. AL/OE-TR-1996-0037, 1996.
30. A. Ishimaru, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media. New York: Academic, 1978, vol. I.
31. C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics. New York: Wiley, 1989.
32. F. Borghese, P. Denti, R. Saija, and O. I. Sindoni, "Optical properties of spheres containing a spherical eccentric inclusion," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1327-1335, Aug. 1992.