The response of the Antarctic Oscillation to increasing and stabilized atmospheric CO2

Journal of Climate

Volumn 16, Issue 10, 2003, Pages 1525-1538

  Cai, Wenju ^a   Whetton, Peter H ^a   Karoly, David J ^b  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATOLOGY; COMPUTER SIMULATION;

SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

GREENHOUSE EFFECT;

CARBON DIOXIDE; GREENHOUSE GAS; OSCILLATION; STABILIZATION;

EID: 0037929488     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1525     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Berbery, E. H., and J. Nogués-Paegle, 1993: Intraseasonal fluctuations between the Tropics and extratropics in the Southern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1950-1965.
2. Bi, D., W. F. Budd, A. C. Hirst, and X. Wu, 2001: Collapse and reorganization of the Southern Ocean overturning under global warming in a coupled model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3927-3930.
3. 2 forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 851-867.
4. 2 increase. Climate Dyn., 14, 503-516.
5. Cai, W., and P. H. Whetton, 2000: Evidence for a time-varying pattern of greenhouse warming in the Pacific Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2577-2580.
6. Cai, W., and P. H. Whetton, 2001: Time-varying greenhouse warming pattern and the tropical-extratropical circulation linkage in the Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 14, 3337-3355.
7. Cai, W., and I. G. Watterson, 2002: Modes of interannual variability of the Southern Hemisphere circulation simulated by the CSIRO climate model. J. Climate, 15, 1159-1174.
8. Cai, W., P. G. Baines, and H. B. Gordon, 1999: Southern mid- to high-latitude variability, a zonal wavenumber-3 pattern, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave in the CSIRO coupled model. J. Climate, 12, 3087-3104.
9. Cai, W., P. G. Baines, and H. B. Gordon, 2001: Reply, J. Climate, 14, 1332-1334.
10. Fyfe, J. C., G. J. Boer, and G. M. Flato, 1999: The Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations and their projected changes under global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1601-1604.
11. Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.
12. Gordon, H. B., and S. P. O'Farrell, 1997: Transient climate change in the CSIRO coupled model with dynamic sea ice, Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 875-907.
13. Haywood, J., R. Stouffer, R. Wetherald, S. Manabe, and V. Ramaswamy, 1997: Transient response of a coupled model to estimated changes in greenhouse gas and sulfate concentrations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1335-1338.
14. Hirst, A. C., 1999: The Southern Ocean response to global warming in the CSIRO coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Environ. Model. Software, 14, 227-242.
15. Hirst, A. C., S. P. O'Farrell, and H. B. Gordon, 2000: Comparison of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model with and without oceanic eddy-induced advection. Part I: Ocean spinup and control integrations. J. Climate, 13, 139-163.
16. Houghton, J. T., B. A. Callander, and S. K. V. Varney, Eds., 1992: Climate Change 1992-The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, 200 pp.
17. Hurrell, J. W., 1995: Decadal trend in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperature and precipitation. Science, 269, 676-679.
18. Karoly, D., 1989: Southern Hemisphere circulation features associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation events. J. Climate, 2, 1239-1252.
19. Karoly, D., 1990: The role of transient eddies in low-frequency zonal variations of the Southern Hemisphere circulation. Tellus, 42, 41-50.
20. Karoly, D., 1995: Observed variability of the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation. Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales, National Academy Press, 111-118.
21. Kidson, J. W., 1988: Indices of the Southern Hemisphere zonal wind. J. Climate, 1, 183-194.
22. Kidson, J. W., and M. R. Sinclair, 1995: The influence of persistent anomalies on Southern Hemisphere storm tracks. J. Climate, 8, 1938-1950.
23. Kiladis, G. N., and K. M. Weickmann, 1997: Horizontal structure and seasonality of large-scale circulation associated with sub-monthly tropical convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1997-2013.
24. Kiladis, G. N., and K. C. Mo, 1999: Interannual and intraseasonal variability in the Southern Hemisphere. Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere, Meteor. Monogr., No. 35, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 307-336.
25. Kushner, P. J., I. M. Held, and T. L. Delworth, 2001: Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation response to global warming. J. Climate, 14, 2238-2249.
26. Matear, R., A. C. Hirst, 2002: Long term changes in dissolved oxygen concentration in the ocean caused by protracted global warming. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., in press.
27. Matear, R., A. C. Hirst, and B. I. McNeil, 2000: Changes in dissolved oxygen in the Southern Ocean with climate change. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 1, 2000GC00086. [Available online at http://www.g-cubed.org/.]
28. Michell, J., T. Johns, J. Gregory, and S. Tett, 1995: Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. Nature, 376, 501-504.
29. Mo, K. C., and C. H. White, 1985: Teleconnections in the Southern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 22-37.
30. Mo, K. C., and M. Ghil, 1987: Statistics and dynamics of persistent anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 877-901.
31. Mo, K. C., and R. W. Higgins, 1997: Planetary waves in the Southern Hemisphere and linkages to the tropics. Harry van Loon Symposium, Studies in Climate, Part II. NCAR Tech. Note TN-433+Proc., 290 pp.
32. Mo, K. C., and R. W. Higgins, 1998: The Pacific-South American modes and the tropical convection during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1581-1596.
33. North, G. N., T. L. Bell, R. F. Cahalan, and F. J. Moeng, 1982: Sampling error in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 699-706.
34. O'Farrell, S. P., 1998: Sensitivity study of a dynamical sea ice model: The effect of the external stresses and land boundary conditions on ice thickness distribution. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 15 751-15 782.
35. Sexton, D. M. H., 2001: The effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on the phase of the Antarctic Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3697-3700.
36. Shindell, D. T., R. L. Miller, G. A. Schmidt, and L. Pandolfo, 1999: Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing. Nature, 399, 452-455.
37. Smith, I. N., P. McIntosh, T. J. Ansell, C. J. C. Reason, and K. McInnes, 2000: Southwest western Australian winter rainfall and its association with Indian climate variability, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1913-1930.
38. Stone, D. A., A. J. Weaver, and R. J. Stouffer, 2001: Projection of climate change onto modes of atmospheric variability, J. Climate, 14, 3551-3565.
39. 2, Nature, 89, 571-586.
40. Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace, 1998: The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1297-1300.
41. Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace, 2000: Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability. J. Climate, 13, 1000-1016.
42. Thompson, D. W. J., and S. Solomon, 2002: Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change. Science, 296, 895-899.
43. Watterson, I. G., 2000: Southern midlatitude zonal wind vacillation and its interaction with the ocean in GCM simulations. J. Climate, 13, 562-578.
44. 2. BMRC Res. Rep. 69, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 96 pp.