Muslim opposition to freemasonry

Welt des Islams

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 186-203

  Landau, Jacob M ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0037878680     PISSN: 00432539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1570060962597481     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. This is an expanded version of a paper read at the Seventh International Congress on the Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Heidelberg, July 1995. I am grateful to Professor Werner Ende for several important bibliographical references.
2. Bibliographical information on freemasonry in the Ottoman Empire and the Arab East may be consulted in J.M. Landau, "Farmasuniyya," El2, Supplement, s.v.
3. To this one should add the following items: Robert Morris, Freemasonry in the Holy Land, N.Y., Masonic Publishing Company, 1872 (reprinted N.Y., Arno Press, 1977).
4. Claudio Jannet, La FrancMaconnerie au xix' siècle: Etudes d'histoire contemporaine, Avignon, Seguin Frères, n.d. [1881], pp. 603-615.
5. Albert G. Mackay, ed., An Encyclopaedia of Freemasonry and Its Kindred Sciences, revised edition, N.Y. and London, The Masonic Historic Company, 1919, vol. 2, p. 809.
6. Mason tarihine bir bakzc, Istanbul, Ozkardel Mahfili Nelriyatl, 1934.
7. Bernard H. Springett, Secret Sects of Syria and the Lebanon, London, Allen and Unwin, 1922, pp. 270-274, 341.
8. Eugen Lennhoff & Oskar Posner, Internationales Freimaurerlexikon, Zurich, Amaithea Verlag, n.d. [1932], cols. 1603-1607.
9. Haydar Rifat, Farmasonluk, Istanbul, Tefeyyuz Kitabhanesi, 1934, pp. 204-257.
10. Izzet Nurl & Yalçin e1iker, Masonluk ye masonlar: "isimler, belgeler," Istanbul, Yamur Yayinlari, 1968, esp. pp. 17-59.
11. A.A. Kudsi-Zadeh, "Afghani and Freemasonry in Egypt," Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 92, no. 1, 1972, PP. 23-35.
12. Enver Necdet Egeran, Gercek yuzuyle masonluk, n.p., 1972.
13. Rudolf von Sebottendorf, Die geheime Ubungen der türkischen Freimaurer, 4th ed., Freiburg im Br., Bauer, 1977.
14. Najdat Fathi Safwat, Freemasonry in the Arab World, London, Arab Research Centre, 1980 (also in Arabic).
15. Paul Naudon, Histoire gènèrale de la francmaç onnerie, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1981, pp. 215-216.
16. Paul Dumont, "La Turquie dans les archives du Grand Orient de France: les loges maconniques d'obédience francaise a Istanbul du milieu du xixe siècle a la veille de Ia premiere guerre mondiale," in: Economie et sociétés dans l'empire ottoman (fin du XVIIF-dèbut du XK siècle, Paris, Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1983 (= Colloques Internationaux du CNRS, no. 601), pp. 171-201.
17. Id., "La Franc-maconnerie d'obédience francaise a Salonique au debut du XX siècle," Turcica, vol. 16, 1984, pp. 65-94.
18. Muhammad Müsa al-Nabhani, al-Nahat al-sahyant al-masant ft al-watan al-'Arabi, np., 1984.
19. Byron D. Cannon, "Nineteenth Century Arabic Writing on Women and Society: The Interim Role of the Masonic Press in Cairo (al-Lata'if 1885-1895)," International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 17, no. 4, Nov. 1985, PP. 463-484.
20. Robert Olson, "The Young Turks and the Jews," Turcica, vol. 18, 1986, PP. 219-235.
21. Ilhami Soysal, Dünyada ye Thrkiye'de masonluk ye masonlar, 4th ed., Istanbul, Dar Yayinlari, 1988.
22. Irene Mélikoff, "Namik Kemal'in Beiktalii ye masonluu," Tarih ye Toplum, vol. 10, no. 60, 1988, Pp. 17-19.
23. A. Nevzad Odyakmaz, Beikta,cIlzk, mevlevilik, masonluk, Istanbul, Inkilap Kitabevi, 1988.
24. Shahin Makariyus, al-Adab al-mdsuniyya, Beirut, Dar Nazir 'Abbud, 1988 (repr. of the 1895 edition).
25. Paul Dumont, "La Francmaconnerie ottomane et les idées francaises a l'époque des Tanzimat," Revue du Monde Musulman et de Ia Mèditerranêe, nos. 52-53, 1989, Pp. 150-159.
26. "Massoneria e Islam," in: Michele Moramarco, ed., Nuova Enciclopedla Massonica, Reggio Emilia, Centro di Studi Albert Schweitzer, 1989, vol. 2, pp. 39-43.
27. M. Sükrü Hanioglu, "Notes on the Young Turks and the Freemasons," Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, April 1989, pp. 186-197.
28. Lucien Sabah, La Franc-maçonnerie a Oran de 1832 a 1914, Paris, Aux Amateurs de Livres, 1990.
29. Orhan Kololu, Abdhlhamit ye masonlar (1905'e kadar), Istanbul, Gür Yayinlari, 1991.
30. Daniel Ligou, ed., Dictionnaire de la franc-ma connerie, 3rd ed., Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1991, PP. 404-406, 1212-1217.
31. Karim Wissa, "Freemasonry in Egypt from Bonaparte to Zaghloul," Turcica, vol. 24, 1992, PP. 109-132.
32. Murat Ozgen Ayfer, Masonluk nedir ye nasildir, Istanbul, Logos Yayinlari, 1992, pp. 263-284.
33. Thierry Zarcone, Mystiques, philosophes et franc-ma cons en Islam, Istanbul, Institut Francais d'Etudes Anatoliennes, 1993, esp. PP. 177-299.
34. Laroussi Mizouri, "La Naissance de la franc-maconnerie dans la Tunisie précoloniale," IBLA: Revue de l'Instztut des Belles Lettres Arabes, vol. 57, no. 1, 1994, PP. 69-80.
35. Maurus Reinkowski, Filastin, Filistin and Eretz Israel, Berlin, Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1995, Pp. 29-32, 116-117, 168-171, 178, 181-184, 233-234.
36. J.M. Landau, "Prolegomena to a Study of Secret Societies in Modern Egypt," Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 1, no. 2,Jan. 1965, pp. 1-52.
37. Kudsi-Zadeh, op. cit., Landau, "Prolegomena ...," p. 8.
38. Elie Kedourie, "Young Turks, Freemasons andJews," Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 1971, PP. 89-104.
39. Z.H. Velibele, Tiirkiyede Fran Masonluk, Ankara, Güne Matbaacilik, 1956.
40. Cf. Orhan Ko1o1u, Ittihadczlar ye masonlar, Gür Yayinlari, 1991, esp. pp. 157-192, 196-199, for the European sources of some anti-freemasonic arguments.
41. Such as Youssouf Fehmi, La Rivolution ottomane, Paris, Giard et Brière, 1911, pp. 151, 174
42. Like Sehbenderzade Ahmed Hilmi, for whom see J.M. Landau, The Politics of Pan-Islam: Ideology and Organization, new edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 77-79.
43. Examples in Mithat Gürata, Masonluk nedir? ne deildir? Istanbul, Yenilik Basimevi, 1973, pp. 75 ff.
44. K.S. Sel, Turk masonluk tarihine ait üç etfld, Istanbul, Yenilik Basimevi, 1973, esp. pp. 47-61 (= "Gecen asirda Türkiyede masonluk aleyhtari ilk nesriyat").
45. See Shaul Sehayik, "The Image of Jews As Reflected in Arabic Journals Between the Years 1858-1908" (in Hebrew), Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1991, pp. 22-28, 226.
46. Such as A.-G. Michel's La Dictature de lafranc-maconnerie sur la France, Paris, Editions Spes, 1924, translated as Mason diktatörlu.gii (belgeler isimler ye masonik sözlük), Istanbul, IhyaYayinlari, n.d.-to which a list of founders of lodges in Turkey and another of prominent native freemasons were appended.
47. The only one known to me is a chapter, entitled "Turkiye'de masonluga karit girilimler," in a book by Ayfer, op. cit., pp. 263-284. The author is a freemason.
48. Necdet Sevinc, Ordular masonlar komhnistler, Istanbul, Anadolu Nelriyat Yurdu, 1971.
49. M. Raif Ogan, Bfltün gizli talimatlarina gore Turkiye'deki masonluk ic yuzü ye szrlarz, Istanbul, n.d. [1951].
50. M. Erturu1 Düzda, Türkiye'de masonluk meselesi. I. Turkiye masonlarinin gizli tarihi. Istanbul, Cihad Yayinlari, 1977.
51. Cevat Rifat Atilhan, Masonluk nedir?, Istanbul, Akin Bas,mevi, 1937.
52. Id., Kendi vesikalarina gore masonluk nedir, n.p., Gun Matbaasi, 1954.
53. Id.. Farmasonlar Islamiyeti ye Türklüii yzkmak icin nasil calzstzlar?, 2nd ed., np. [Istanbul], Aykurt Nelriyatl, 1963.
54. Id., Masonluun icyüzü, new ed., Istanbul, Bedir Yayinlari, 1966.
55. J.M. Landau, Radical Politics in Modern Turkey, Leiden, Brill, 1974.
56. Id., "Islamism and Secularism: The Turkish Case," in: Shelomo Morag a.o., eds., Studies in Judaism and Islam Presented to Shelomo Dov Goitein on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday,Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 1981, PP. 361-382.
57. Cf. id., "The National Salvation Party in Turkey," Asian and African Studies (Jerusalem).vol. 11, no.1, 976, pp. 1-57.
58. 3rd printing, Istanbul, Acar Reklam Yayinlari, 1987.
59. All three printings were in the same year. 2nd printing, Istanbul, AratirmaYayincihk, 1992.
60. Istanbul, Aratirma Yayincilik, 1993. The three volumes comprise together 1,825 pages.
61. This subject was discussed, also, in Arabic, in anti-freemasonic writings, such as Muhammad Fahim Amin's al-Ahdaf al-mu'lana Wa- 'l-asrar al-friiafiyya al-Rötärz Wa- 'l-masaniyya, Cairo, Dar al-Fikr al-'Arabi, 1989.
62. Istanbul, caYayin1ari, 1990.
63. Cairo, Maktabat Wahba, 1985.
64. 'Ismat, p. 3.
65. Cairo, al-Dar al-qawmiyya li-'l-tiba'a wa-'l-nashr, nd. [1966?].
66. Ghalwash, pp. 5 ff., 57 ff.
67. G al-Shacjhili, pp. 247 ff.
68. Cairo, Dar al-Fikr al-'Arabi, 1978.
69. Cairo, Dar al-ManSr, 1989.
70. Cairo, Bayt aI-Hikma, 1991. This is a large, 517-page volume.
71. al-Bustani, pp. 7-9.
72. Beirut, Dar a1-Naf'is, 1992 (1st printing: 1988).
73. al-Sahmarani, pp. 67 ff.
74. Damascus, Sabra, 1986. This is a large volume, holding 334 pp.
75. Hamada, pp. 55-64.
76. Baghdad, Dar al-Thawra, 1973.
77. Riyad, Dar al-Liwa', 1978. This is a voluminous work of 315 pages.
78. Jedda, Ministry of Information, 1993.
79. For freemasonry, see 'Arif, pp. 116 ff.
80. Jacob Katz, Jews and Freemasons in Europe, 1723-1939, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1970.
81. Th.H. Friedgut, Antisemitism and Its Opponents: Reflections in the Russian Press from Perestroika Until the Present, Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism-The Hebrew University ofJerusalem, 1994.
82. See Bernard Lewis, Semites and Antisemites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986.
83. Id., The Jews of Islam, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1984.
84. J.M. Landau, "Muslim Turkish Attitudes Towards Jews, Zionism and Israel," Die Welt des Islam, N.S., vol. 28, 1988, pp. 291-300.
85. Cf. J.M. Landau, "Les Jeunes-Turcs et le Sionisme: une réconsidération," in: Edhem Eldem, ed., Premiere rencontre internationale sur l'empire ottoman et la Turquie moderne, Istanbul-Paris, Editions ISIS, 1991, Pp. 385-395.
86. Details in Institute for Jewish Affairs, ed., Antisemitism World & port 1992, London, Institute for Jewish Affairs, 1992, esp. pp. 71-86.
87. RivkaYadlin, An Arrogant, Oppressive Spirit: Anti-Zionism as anti-Judaism in Egypt, Oxford, Pergamon, 1989.