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James L. Baughman, The Republic of Mass Culture (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, "Return to the Concept of Powerful Mass Media," Studies of Broadcasting 9 (1974): 67-112; Martin H. Seiden, Access to the American Mind: The Impact of the New Mass Media (NY: Shapolsky Press, 1990); Michael R. Real, Super Media (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989).
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James L. Baughman, The Republic of Mass Culture (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, "Return to the Concept of Powerful Mass Media," Studies of Broadcasting 9 (1974): 67-112; Martin H. Seiden, Access to the American Mind: The Impact of the New Mass Media (NY: Shapolsky Press, 1990); Michael R. Real, Super Media (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989).
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Super Media
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Benjamin H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1983); James B. Lemert, "Content Duplication by the Networks in Competing Evening Newscasts," Journalism Quarterly 51 (summer 1974): 238-44; Noelle-Neumann, "Return to the Concept," 67-112; David L. Paletz and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (NY: Free Press, 1981); Herbert I. Schiller, The Mind Managers (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1973).
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The Media Monopoly
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Bagdikian, B.H.1
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52
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Content duplication by the networks in competing evening newscasts
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summer
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Benjamin H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1983); James B. Lemert, "Content Duplication by the Networks in Competing Evening Newscasts," Journalism Quarterly 51 (summer 1974): 238-44; Noelle-Neumann, "Return to the Concept," 67-112; David L. Paletz and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (NY: Free Press, 1981); Herbert I. Schiller, The Mind Managers (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1973).
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Lemert, J.B.1
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Benjamin H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1983); James B. Lemert, "Content Duplication by the Networks in Competing Evening Newscasts," Journalism Quarterly 51 (summer 1974): 238-44; Noelle-Neumann, "Return to the Concept," 67-112; David L. Paletz and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (NY: Free Press, 1981); Herbert I. Schiller, The Mind Managers (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1973).
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Return to the Concept
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NY: Free Press
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Benjamin H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1983); James B. Lemert, "Content Duplication by the Networks in Competing Evening Newscasts," Journalism Quarterly 51 (summer 1974): 238-44; Noelle-Neumann, "Return to the Concept," 67-112; David L. Paletz and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (NY: Free Press, 1981); Herbert I. Schiller, The Mind Managers (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1973).
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Media, Power, Politics
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Entman, R.M.2
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Benjamin H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1983); James B. Lemert, "Content Duplication by the Networks in Competing Evening Newscasts," Journalism Quarterly 51 (summer 1974): 238-44; Noelle-Neumann, "Return to the Concept," 67-112; David L. Paletz and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (NY: Free Press, 1981); Herbert I. Schiller, The Mind Managers (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1973).
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(1973)
The Mind Managers
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56
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0039900154
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Social change and attitude change
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ed. Gerald Zaltman NY: John Wiley & Sons
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John C. Maloney and Eugene P. Schonfeld, "Social Change and Attitude Change," in Processes and Phenomena of Social Change, ed. Gerald Zaltman (NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1973), 200.
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Processes and Phenomena of Social Change
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Maloney, J.C.1
Schonfeld, E.P.2
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57
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Violence losing its power to shock
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19 May, sec. A
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"Violence Losing Its Power to Shock," The Atlanta Constitution, 19 May 1993, sec. A, p. 10.
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The Atlanta Constitution
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Altheide, "The Impact of Television News," 17; Mark M. Miller and Stephen D. Reese, "Media Dependency as Interaction: Effects of Exposure and Reliance on Political Activity and Efficacy," Communication Research 9 (April 1982): 227-48.
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The Impact of Television News
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Altheide, "The Impact of Television News," 17; Mark M. Miller and Stephen D. Reese, "Media Dependency as Interaction: Effects of Exposure and Reliance on Political Activity and Efficacy," Communication Research 9 (April 1982): 227-48.
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Communication Research
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Reese, S.D.2
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62
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Opinion surveys offer conflicting clues as to how public views press
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February
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Maxwell E. McCombs and Laura Washington, "Opinion Surveys Offer Conflicting Clues as to How Public Views Press," Presstime, February 1983,4-9; Charles D. Whitney, The Media and the People: Americans' Experience with the News Media: A Fifty-Year Review (NY: Gannett Center for Media Studies, 1985).
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Presstime
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McCombs, M.E.1
Washington, L.2
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66
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71
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Donors slow to respond to Rwandan horror, charities say
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8 June, sec. A
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Robert Dvorchak, "Donors Slow to Respond to Rwandan Horror, Charities Say," The Atlanta Constitution, 8 June, 1994, sec. A, p. 9.
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Dvorchak, R.1
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E. J. Epstein, News from Nowhere: The Selection of Reality in Television News Programs (NY: Random House, 1973); Phelan, Mediaworld, 40-41; Schoenfeld, Meier, and Griffin, "Constructing a Social Problem," 51.
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Mediaworld
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74
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E. J. Epstein, News from Nowhere: The Selection of Reality in Television News Programs (NY: Random House, 1973); Phelan, Mediaworld, 40-41; Schoenfeld, Meier, and Griffin, "Constructing a Social Problem," 51.
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Constructing a Social Problem
, pp. 51
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Meier2
Griffin3
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Julius Gould and William L. Kolb, eds., Dictionary of the Social Sciences (NY: UNESCO, 1964); Philip Kotler, "The Elements of Social Action," American Behavioral Scientist (May 1971): 691-717.
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Dictionary of the Social Sciences
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Gould, J.1
Kolb, W.L.2
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78
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The elements of social action
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May
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Julius Gould and William L. Kolb, eds., Dictionary of the Social Sciences (NY: UNESCO, 1964); Philip Kotler, "The Elements of Social Action," American Behavioral Scientist (May 1971): 691-717.
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Kotler, P.1
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79
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85050171476
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Most important problem: Concern grows about health care, federal deficit
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January
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Lydia Saad, "Most Important Problem: Concern Grows about Health Care, Federal Deficit," The Gallup Poll Monthly 328 (January 1993): 31-40.
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The Gallup Poll Monthly
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, pp. 31-40
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Saad, L.1
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85033741362
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note
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Self-generation of issues proved to be unwieldy because it yielded issues which did not fit the criteria for social problems and required interviewers to adapt question phraseology to suit the issues identified. In addition, the wider range of issues that were identified through this process meant that each had a smaller n than would be obtained through focusing on a discrete number of researcher-provided issues, a consideration when statistical analysis will be employed.
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81
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85033766477
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note
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This item was worded as follows: "Some people might say that the amount of media coverage they see about these issues has sensitized them toward the issues; while other people might say that the amount of coverage has had the opposite effect, and casued them to be burned out on the issues. On a scale of 1 to 5, where 5 is highly sensitive and 1 is burned out, how has the amount of media coverage about [homelessness/violent crime/child abuse/AIDS] made you feel?" The authors use the terms "burnout" and "compassion fatigue" synonymously. This item uses the word "burnout because it is far more familiar and colloquial.
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note
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Two additional items assessing emotional sensitivity were employed as a reliability check with the burnout item. One item asked respondents to think about their reaction to news reports about each of the issues and rate, on a five point scale, the extent to which news reports aroused their emotions. The second item asked respondents to rate, on a five-point scale, if they believe what they have seen in the media has made them feel more compassionate or less compassionate about each of the four issues.
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note
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Survey items corresponding to these predictors are as follows: Likelihood of watching a program about the issue: "If you learned that a program about each of these issues was going to be on television, tell me how likely you would be to watch it, where a 5 means you would definitely watch the program, and a 1 means you would definitely not watch the program. A program about [violent crime/child abuse/homelessness/AIDS]?"" Emotional arousal to news reports about the issue: "Next, I'd like you to think about your reaction when you see or hear news stories about these issues. Please rate each of the following on a scale of 1 to 5, where a 5 means news reports about the issue arouse your emotions, and 1 means news reports about the issue do not arouse your emotions." [Asked for each issue]. Feelings that what one has seen in the media has decreased compassion: "And again on a scale of 1 to 5, where 5 is more compassionate and 1 is less compassionate, do you believe that what you have seen in the media in the past few years has made you feel more compassionate or less compassionate toward the following? [violent crime/child abuse/homelessness/AIDS]." Interest in the issue: "Next, I'd like you to tell me how interested you are in each of these issues on a scale of 1 to 5, where 5 is feeling very interested in hearing about the issue and 1 is feeling tired of hearing about the issue."
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85
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0004024395
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Maslach, Burnout: The Cost of Caring, 146; Martin E. Seligman, Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death (San Francison: Freeman, 1974); Gifford Weary, "Depression and Sensitivity to Social Information," in Affect and Social Behavior, ed. Bert S. Moore and Alice M. Isen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 207-30; Whitehorn, "The Use of the Media," 44-46.
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Burnout: The Cost of Caring
, pp. 146
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Maslach1
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86
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0003554731
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San Francison: Freeman
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Maslach, Burnout: The Cost of Caring, 146; Martin E. Seligman, Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death (San Francison: Freeman, 1974); Gifford Weary, "Depression and Sensitivity to Social Information," in Affect and Social Behavior, ed. Bert S. Moore and Alice M. Isen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 207-30; Whitehorn, "The Use of the Media," 44-46.
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(1974)
Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death
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Seligman, M.E.1
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87
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0039307743
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Depression and sensitivity to social information
-
ed. Bert S. Moore and Alice M. Isen Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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Maslach, Burnout: The Cost of Caring, 146; Martin E. Seligman, Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death (San Francison: Freeman, 1974); Gifford Weary, "Depression and Sensitivity to Social Information," in Affect and Social Behavior, ed. Bert S. Moore and Alice M. Isen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 207-30; Whitehorn, "The Use of the Media," 44-46.
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(1990)
Affect and Social Behavior
, pp. 207-230
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Weary, G.1
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88
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85033769208
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Maslach, Burnout: The Cost of Caring, 146; Martin E. Seligman, Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death (San Francison: Freeman, 1974); Gifford Weary, "Depression and Sensitivity to Social Information," in Affect and Social Behavior, ed. Bert S. Moore and Alice M. Isen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 207-30; Whitehorn, "The Use of the Media," 44-46.
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The Use of the Media
, pp. 44-46
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Whitehorn1
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89
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0003456373
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Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
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Fay Lomax Cook, Who Should Be Helped? Public Support for Social Services (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979); Hunt, The Compassionate Beast, 182-83; Irving M. Piliavin, Judith Rodin, and Jane A. Piliavin, "Good Samaritanism, "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 13 (December 1969): 289-99; Lauren Wispe, "Toward an Integration," in Altruism, Sympathy and Helping, ed. Lauren Wispe (NY: Academic Press, 1978), 312-13.
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(1979)
Who Should Be Helped? Public Support for Social Services
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Cook, F.L.1
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90
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0004001321
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Fay Lomax Cook, Who Should Be Helped? Public Support for Social Services (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979); Hunt, The Compassionate Beast, 182-83; Irving M. Piliavin, Judith Rodin, and Jane A. Piliavin, "Good Samaritanism, "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 13 (December 1969): 289-99; Lauren Wispe, "Toward an Integration," in Altruism, Sympathy and Helping, ed. Lauren Wispe (NY: Academic Press, 1978), 312-13.
-
The Compassionate Beast
, pp. 182-183
-
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Hunt1
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91
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0014633530
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Good samaritanism
-
December
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Fay Lomax Cook, Who Should Be Helped? Public Support for Social Services (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979); Hunt, The Compassionate Beast, 182-83; Irving M. Piliavin, Judith Rodin, and Jane A. Piliavin, "Good Samaritanism, "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 13 (December 1969): 289-99; Lauren Wispe, "Toward an Integration," in Altruism, Sympathy and Helping, ed. Lauren Wispe (NY: Academic Press, 1978), 312-13.
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(1969)
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, vol.13
, pp. 289-299
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Piliavin, I.M.1
Rodin, J.2
Piliavin, J.A.3
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92
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0039307749
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Toward an integration
-
ed. Lauren Wispe NY: Academic Press
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Fay Lomax Cook, Who Should Be Helped? Public Support for Social Services (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979); Hunt, The Compassionate Beast, 182-83; Irving M. Piliavin, Judith Rodin, and Jane A. Piliavin, "Good Samaritanism, "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 13 (December 1969): 289-99; Lauren Wispe, "Toward an Integration," in Altruism, Sympathy and Helping, ed. Lauren Wispe (NY: Academic Press, 1978), 312-13.
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(1978)
Altruism, Sympathy and Helping
, pp. 312-313
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Wispe, L.1
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93
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0015582650
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A self-rating scale of distress
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January
-
Robert Kellner and Brian F. Sheffield, "A Self-Rating Scale of Distress," Psychological Medicine 3 (January 1973): 88-100; Trina Sego and Patricia A. Stout, "Anxiety Associated with Social Issues: The Development of a Scale to Measure an Antecedent Construct" (paper submitted for presentation at the Association for Consumer Research Annual Conference, October 1993).
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(1973)
Psychological Medicine
, vol.3
, pp. 88-100
-
-
Kellner, R.1
Sheffield, B.F.2
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94
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0015582650
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Anxiety associated with social issues: The development of a scale to measure an antecedent construct
-
October
-
Robert Kellner and Brian F. Sheffield, "A Self-Rating Scale of Distress," Psychological Medicine 3 (January 1973): 88-100; Trina Sego and Patricia A. Stout, "Anxiety Associated with Social Issues: The Development of a Scale to Measure an Antecedent Construct" (paper submitted for presentation at the Association for Consumer Research Annual Conference, October 1993).
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(1993)
Association for Consumer Research Annual Conference
-
-
Sego, T.1
Stout, P.A.2
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95
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85033746964
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See note 18
-
See note 18.
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-
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98
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0041087180
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McCombs and Washington, "Opinion Surveys Offer Conflicting Clues, 8-9"; Whitney, The Media and the People, 14.
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The Media and the People
, pp. 14
-
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Whitney1
|