Modes of business governance: European management styles and corporate cultures

West European Politics

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 1-21

  Egan, Michelle ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0037856936     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402389708425188     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. See among others, Geert Hofstede, Cultures Consequences - International Differences in Work Related Values (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1980); Daniel R. Denison, Corporate Cultures and Organisational Effectiveness (NY: John Wiley 1990); M. Alvesson, Cultural Perspectives on Organisations (Cambridge: CUP 1993).
2. See among others, Geert Hofstede, Cultures Consequences - International Differences in Work Related Values (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1980); Daniel R. Denison, Corporate Cultures and Organisational Effectiveness (NY: John Wiley 1990); M. Alvesson, Cultural Perspectives on Organisations (Cambridge: CUP 1993).
3. See among others, Geert Hofstede, Cultures Consequences - International Differences in Work Related Values (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1980); Daniel R. Denison, Corporate Cultures and Organisational Effectiveness (NY: John Wiley 1990); M. Alvesson, Cultural Perspectives on Organisations (Cambridge: CUP 1993).
4. See for example, Alberta Sbragia, 'Thinking About the Future: The Uses of Comparison' in Alberta Sbragia (ed.), Europolitics (Washington, DC: Brookings 1992); Beata Kohler-Koch, The Transformation of Governance in the EU' Working Paper, Mannheim, 1995; James Caporaso and John Keeler, 'The European Union and Regional Integration Theory', in Carolyn Rhodes and Sonia Mazey (eds.) The State of the EU, Vol.III. (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995).
5. See for example, Alberta Sbragia, 'Thinking About the Future: The Uses of Comparison' in Alberta Sbragia (ed.), Europolitics (Washington, DC: Brookings 1992); Beata Kohler-Koch, The Transformation of Governance in the EU' Working Paper, Mannheim, 1995; James Caporaso and John Keeler, 'The European Union and Regional Integration Theory', in Carolyn Rhodes and Sonia Mazey (eds.) The State of the EU, Vol.III. (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995).
6. See for example, Alberta Sbragia, 'Thinking About the Future: The Uses of Comparison' in Alberta Sbragia (ed.), Europolitics (Washington, DC: Brookings 1992); Beata Kohler-Koch, The Transformation of Governance in the EU' Working Paper, Mannheim, 1995; James Caporaso and John Keeler, 'The European Union and Regional Integration Theory', in Carolyn Rhodes and Sonia Mazey (eds.) The State of the EU, Vol.III. (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995).
7. See for example, J. Street, 'Review Article - Political Culture- from Civic Culture to Mass Culture', British Journal of Political Science 24 (1994) pp.95-114; M. Thompson, R. Ellis, and A. Wildavsky, Cultural Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1990).
8. See for example, J. Street, 'Review Article - Political Culture- from Civic Culture to Mass Culture', British Journal of Political Science 24 (1994) pp.95-114; M. Thompson, R. Ellis, and A. Wildavsky, Cultural Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1990).
9. Giandomenico Majone, 'Public Policy: Ideas, Interests and Institutions', in Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemenn (eds.) New Handbook of Political Science (Oxford: OUP, Forthcoming); G. Majone, Evidence, Argument and Persuasion in the Policy Process (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1989); G. Majone, 'When Does Policy Deliberation Matter?' Unpublished MS, no date.
10. Giandomenico Majone, 'Public Policy: Ideas, Interests and Institutions', in Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemenn (eds.) New Handbook of Political Science (Oxford: OUP, Forthcoming); G. Majone, Evidence, Argument and Persuasion in the Policy Process (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1989); G. Majone, 'When Does Policy Deliberation Matter?' Unpublished MS, no date.
11. Giandomenico Majone, 'Public Policy: Ideas, Interests and Institutions', in Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemenn (eds.) New Handbook of Political Science (Oxford: OUP, Forthcoming); G. Majone, Evidence, Argument and Persuasion in the Policy Process (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1989); G. Majone, 'When Does Policy Deliberation Matter?' Unpublished MS, no date.
12. See W. Niskanen, Bureaucracy and Representative Government (Chicago: Aldine/Atherton 1971); B. Guy Peters, 'Development of Theories about Governance: Art Imitating Life?', paper presented at the Conference, 'Ten Years of Change', University of Manchester, Sept. 1994; P. Self, Government by the Market: The Politics of Public Choice (London: Macmillan 1993).
13. See W. Niskanen, Bureaucracy and Representative Government (Chicago: Aldine/Atherton 1971); B. Guy Peters, 'Development of Theories about Governance: Art Imitating Life?', paper presented at the Conference, 'Ten Years of Change', University of Manchester, Sept. 1994; P. Self, Government by the Market: The Politics of Public Choice (London: Macmillan 1993).
14. See W. Niskanen, Bureaucracy and Representative Government (Chicago: Aldine/Atherton 1971); B. Guy Peters, 'Development of Theories about Governance: Art Imitating Life?', paper presented at the Conference, 'Ten Years of Change', University of Manchester, Sept. 1994; P. Self, Government by the Market: The Politics of Public Choice (London: Macmillan 1993).
15. See Richard Cooper, 'Europe without Borders', Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Vol.2 (1989) pp.325-40; Harry Flam, 'Product Markets and 1992: Full Integration, Large Gains?' Journal of Economic Perspectives 6/4 (1992) pp.7-30.
16. See Richard Cooper, 'Europe without Borders', Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Vol.2 (1989) pp.325-40; Harry Flam, 'Product Markets and 1992: Full Integration, Large Gains?' Journal of Economic Perspectives 6/4 (1992) pp.7-30.
17. Michael Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations (NY: Macmillan/Free Press 1990).
18. A. Etzioni, The Moral Dimension: Towards a New Economics (NY: Free Press 1988). More recently, in political science, Checkel and Risse-Kappen have focused on the importance of the cultural and normative contexts to understand domestic structures and policy change. See Jeff Checkel, 'International Norms and Domestic Institutions: Identity Politics in Post-Cold War Europe', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 30 Aug.-3 Sept. 1995; Thomas Risse-Kappen, 'Ideas Do Not Float Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures and the End of the Cold War', International Organisation 48 (Spring 1994) pp.209-12.
19. A. Etzioni, The Moral Dimension: Towards a New Economics (NY: Free Press 1988). More recently, in political science, Checkel and Risse-Kappen have focused on the importance of the cultural and normative contexts to understand domestic structures and policy change. See Jeff Checkel, 'International Norms and Domestic Institutions: Identity Politics in Post-Cold War Europe', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 30 Aug.-3 Sept. 1995; Thomas Risse-Kappen, 'Ideas Do Not Float Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures and the End of the Cold War', International Organisation 48 (Spring 1994) pp.209-12.
20. A. Etzioni, The Moral Dimension: Towards a New Economics (NY: Free Press 1988). More recently, in political science, Checkel and Risse-Kappen have focused on the importance of the cultural and normative contexts to understand domestic structures and policy change. See Jeff Checkel, 'International Norms and Domestic Institutions: Identity Politics in Post-Cold War Europe', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 30 Aug.-3 Sept. 1995; Thomas Risse-Kappen, 'Ideas Do Not Float Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures and the End of the Cold War', International Organisation 48 (Spring 1994) pp.209-12.
21. Studies of organisational culture have borrowed metaphors and definitions rather than methodological approaches from anthropology, particularly the work of Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Culture (London: Hutchinson 1973).
22. F. Harbison and C. Myers, Management in the Industrialised World: An International Analysis (NY: MacGraw-Hill 1959).
23. R. Kaufman, The Forest Ranger: A Study in Administrative Behavior (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins 1959); Michel Crozier, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (London: Tavistock 1964).
24. R. Kaufman, The Forest Ranger: A Study in Administrative Behavior (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins 1959); Michel Crozier, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (London: Tavistock 1964).
25. For an excellent critique of cultural theory, see Brian Barry, Sociologists, Economists and Democracy (Chicago UP 1978).
26. A. Wildavsky, 'Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions: A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation', American Political Science Review 81 (1987) pp.4-21.
27. Chris Argyris, Integrating the Individual and the Corporation (NY: John Wiley 1964).
28. Andrew Pettigrew, On Studying Organisational Culture', Administrative Science Quarterly 24/4 (1979) p.571.
29. The argument over the explanatory usefulness of values and beliefs in the organisational culture literature was first outlined by E. Mayo's work, The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (NY: Macmillan 1933).
30. G. Hofstede, Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values (Beverley Hills: Sage 1980); G. Hofstede, Cultures and Organisations: Software of the Mind (NY: McGraw Hill 1991).
31. G. Hofstede, Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values (Beverley Hills: Sage 1980); G. Hofstede, Cultures and Organisations: Software of the Mind (NY: McGraw Hill 1991).
32. The distinction between adaptive and rational institutions was made by Herbert Simon, Administrative Behaviour (NY: Macmillan 1956).
33. J.G. March and J.P. Olson, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organisational Basis of Politics (NY: Free Press 1991).
34. R. Dore, British Factory-Japanese Factory, (Berkeley: U. of California Press 1973).
35. See for example, T.J. Peters and R.H. Waterman, In Search of Excellence (NY: Harper & Row 1982); T.E Deal and A.A. Kennedy, Corporate Cultures (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1982).
36. See for example, T.J. Peters and R.H. Waterman, In Search of Excellence (NY: Harper & Row 1982); T.E Deal and A.A. Kennedy, Corporate Cultures (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1982).
37. Differences between, rather than within, nations have remain the central focus of inquiry in corporate culture, despite criticism that this takes analysis of culture at the single organisational level for granted.
38. See H. Hartmann, Authority and Organisation in German Management (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1970).
39. This distinctive set of social market relations and collective bargaining have not taken hold in Eastern Germany where the preconditions for a collective bargaining system have faced difficulties including the lack of properly functioning employers' associations and the lack of experience with this system of corporate governance.
40. Some small, private companies (GmBH) do operate unitary systems, whereas larger companies in the public and private sphere operate the two-tier system. The single-tier board includes company managers and directors elected by shareholders.
41. Malcolm Warner and Adrian Campbell, 'German Management' in David Hickson (ed.) Management in Western Europe: Society, Culture and Organisation in Twelve Nations (Berlin: De Gruyter 1993) p.94.
42. Kenneth Dyson, The State, Banks and Industry: The West German Case' in A. Cox (ed.) The State, Finance and Industry (Brighton: Wheatsheaf 1986) p. 122.
43. Ibid. p. 130.
44. P. Lawrence, Managers and Management in Germany (London: Croom Helm, 1980) p.36.
45. David Waller, 'A bashing from Metall', Financial Times, 14 Jan. 1993.
46. Quoted in David Waller, 'A Shock to the System', ibid. 6 Aug. 1993.
47. Stroucken, Vice President, Bayern, Lecture Given at the University of Pittsburgh, May 1995.
48. Dyson (note 27) p. 130.
49. David J. Hickson, Management in Western Europe: Society, Culture and Organisation in Twelve Nations (Berlin: De Gruyter 1993) p.95.
50. John Bessant and Manfred Grunt, Management and Manufacturing Innovation in the United Kingdom and West Germany (Aldershot: Gower 1985)
51. Mitchell Lee Marks and Philip H. Mirvis, 'The Stiff Challenge in Integrating Cross-Border Mergers', Mergers and Acquisitions 27 (Jan./Feb 1993) p.39.
52. Stroucken (note 32).
53. Kenneth Dyson, 'Cultural Issues and the Single European Market: Barriers to Trade and Shifting Attitudes', Political Quarterly 64/1 (1993) pp.84-98.
54. Charles Batchelor, 'Persistence pays off, Financial Times, 17 July 1990; See also H. Hartmann (note 23).
55. Peter Lawrence (note 29) pp.111, 122.
56. Klauss Murmann, Werner Tegtmeier, and Werner Meisser, 'Renewing the Social Contract: Management and Labor Relations in Germany's Changing Economy', The 1994 Dieter zur Loye Lecture Series, May 1995, No.12. American Inst. of Contemp. German Studies, p.35.
57. Kenneth Dyson, The State Tradition in Western Europe (NY: OUP 1980).
58. Vivien Schmidt, 'An End to French Exceptionalism: The Transformation of Business Under Mitterand', California Management Review 36 (Fall 1993) pp.75-98.
59. Gareth P. Dyas and Heinz Thanheiser, The Emerging Industrial Enterprise (Boulder, CO: Westview 1976) p. 175.
60. Vivien Schmidt, 'Patterns of State Intervention: The Case of Industrial Policymaking in France', Unpublished paper; Peter Hall, Governing the Economy (Cambridge: Polity Press 1986).
61. Vivien Schmidt, 'Patterns of State Intervention: The Case of Industrial Policymaking in France', Unpublished paper; Peter Hall, Governing the Economy (Cambridge: Polity Press 1986).
62. See John Zysman, Governments, Markets and Growth (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1983).
63. Dyas and Thanheiser (note 44) pp.198, 291.
64. Vivien Schmidt, 'An End to French Economic Exceptionalism? The Transformation of French Business Under Mitterand', California Management Review 36 (Fall 1993) pp.75-98.
65. Andrew Jack, 'Shareholders vote out ancien regime', Financial Times, 28 June 1995; see also, idem 'Water Music', ibid. 2 Feb. 1996.
66. Andrew Jack, 'Shareholders vote out ancien regime', Financial Times, 28 June 1995; see also, idem 'Water Music', ibid. 2 Feb. 1996.
67. Vivien Schmidt (note 48) p.84
68. Ibid. pp.82-83.
69. Vivien Schmidt, 'A Profile of the French CEO', International Executive 35 (Sept./Oct. 1993) pp.412-30.
70. Ibid, p.435.
71. Marc Maurice, Amt Sorge and Malcolm Warner, 'Societal Differences in Organising Manufacturing Units: A Comparison of France, West Germany and Great Britain', Organisational Studies 1/1 (1980) pp.59-86; D. Hickson, Management in Western Europe: Society, Culture and Organisation in Twelve Organisations (Berlin: De Gruyter 1993) p.68.
72. Marc Maurice, Amt Sorge and Malcolm Warner, 'Societal Differences in Organising Manufacturing Units: A Comparison of France, West Germany and Great Britain', Organisational Studies 1/1 (1980) pp.59-86; D. Hickson, Management in Western Europe: Society, Culture and Organisation in Twelve Organisations (Berlin: De Gruyter 1993) p.68.
73. See Ezra Suleiman, 'Change and Stability in French Elites', in Gregory Flynn (ed.) Remaking the Hexagon: The New France in the New Europe (Boulder, CO: Westview 1995) pp.161-81.
74. Dyas and Thanheiser (note 44) p.246.
75. Jacques Rojot, 'France' in Richard Peterson (ed.), Managers and National Culture: A Global Perspective (Westport, CT: Quorum Books 1993) p.75.
76. Ibid. pp.75-6; Geert Hofstede, Cultures Consequences (note 17) p.316.
77. Ibid. pp.75-6; Geert Hofstede, Cultures Consequences (note 17) p.316.
78. Jan Selmer, 'Sweden' in Peterson, Managers and National Culture (note 57) pp. 113, 120.
79. The Economist, The Nordic Alternative', 21-27 Nov. 1987.
80. Jan Selmer, 'Sweden', in Peterson (note 57) p. 128.
81. Cf Pontusson's discussion of the marginal role of organised labour in industrial policy making. Jonas Pontusson, 'Labor, Corporatism, and Industrial Policy: The Swedish Case in Comparative Perspective', Comparative Political Studies 23/2 (1991) pp.163-79.
82. Martin Lindell and Jouko Arvonen, 'The Nordic Management Style in a European Context', Svenska Handelshogskolan, working paper, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration 1994.
83. Bo Ekman, 'Sweden's Industrial Transition', in Michael Maccoby (ed.) Swedish Management at the Edge (PA: U. of Pennsylvania Press, 1991) p.20.
84. Gunnar Hedlund, 'Managing International Business: A Swedish Model', in ibid. pp.204-5.
85. There are 350,000 business enterprises in Sweden. Only 4,000 or 1.2 per cent have more than 100 employees, while 310,000 or 92 per cent have less than 10 employees. Ake Beckerus, 'Small Business in Sweden: A Growth in Two Directions', in Maccoby (note 64) p.57.
86. Ake Beckerus, 'Small Business in Sweden: A Growth in Two Directions' in Maccoby, ibid. pp.71-2.
87. Ibid. p.72.
88. Gunnar Hedlund, 'Managing International Business (note 65) p.212.
89. Michael Piore and Charles Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity (NY: Basic Books 1984).
90. Vivien A. Schmidt, 'The New World Order, Incorporated: The Rise of Business and the Decline of the Nation-State', Daedalus 124/2 (1995) p.93.
91. Christel Lane, Management and Labour in Europe, p. 120; see also, Jacques Horovitz Top Management Control in Europe (NY: St Martins Press 1980).
92. Christel Lane, Management and Labour in Europe, p. 120; see also, Jacques Horovitz Top Management Control in Europe (NY: St Martins Press 1980).
93. Michael Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations (NY: Free Press 1990) p.503.
94. Jacques Horovitz (note 72) p.63.
95. Alfred Chandler, 'The Evolution of the Modern Corporation'in Michael Porter (ed.) Competition in Global Industries (Boston: Harvard Business School 1986) pp.405-48.
96. Dyson (notes 38) p.87.
97. Lane (note 72) p.181.
98. Horovitz (note 72) p.93f.
99. Ibid. p.95f.
100. Chandler (note 75), pp.405-48; Lane (note 72) p.109.
101. 'Culturing Change', The Economist, 7 July 1990.
102. Porter (note 73) p.502.
103. Dyson (note 76) p.89.
104. S. Mazey and J. Richardson, 'Promiscuous Policymaking: The European Policy Style?' in C. Rhodes and S. Mazey (eds.) The State of the European Union (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995) pp. 337-59.
105. Richard Cyert and James March, The Behavioural Theory of the Firm (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall 1963).
106. See A. Stinchcombe, 'Social Structure and Organisations', in J. March (ed.) Handbook of Organizations (Chicago, IL: Rand McNally 1965).
107. Karl W. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambridge: MIT Press 1953).