The relationship between political and economic reform in Africa

Comparative Politics

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 23-42

  Bienen, Henry ^a   Herbst, Jeffrey ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037824948     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422181     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. We do not include South Africa in this paper.
2. USAID, Africa: Growth Renewed, Hope Rekindled (Washington, D.C.: USAID, 1993), p. 28.
3. Karen Remmer, "Democracy and Economic Crisis: The Latin American Experience," World Politics, 42 (April 1990), 333.
4. "Why Voting Is Good for You," The Economist, Aug. 27, 1994, p. 17.
5. Richard Sklar, "Democracy in Africa," African Studies Review, 26 (September-December 1983), 19.
6. "Freedom and Prosperity," The Economist, June 29, 1991, p. 16.
7. Meddi Mugyeni, "Development First, Democracy Second," in Walter O. Oyugi et al., eds., Democratic Theory and Practice in Africa (Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1988), p. 186.
8. Adam Przeworski, "The Neoliberal Fallacy," Journal of Democracy, 3 (July 1992), 52.
9. World Bank, World Development Report 1994 (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1994), p. 162.
10. See Henry Bienen, "Military Rule and Political Process: Nigerian Examples," Comparative Politics, 10 (January 1978), 222.
11. Atul Kohli, "Democracy and Development," in John P. Lewis and Valeriana Kallab, eds., Development Strategies Reconsidered (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1986), p. 157.
12. Alain Rouquié, The Military and the State in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 343-44.
13. "Democracy: No Mean Achievement," West Africa, Jan. 10, 1994, p. 15.
14. W. Arthur Lewis, Politics in West Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 18.
15. See, for instance, Jean-François Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (London: Longman. 1993), pp. 163-66.
16. Naomi Chazan, "The Anomalies of Continuity: Perspectives on Ghanaian Elections since Independence," in Fred M. Hayward, ed., Elections in Independent Africa (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987), p. 67. Similar observations are made by Paul A. Beckett on Nigeria (p. 92), Joel Samoff on Tanzania (p. 151), Joel D. Barkan on Kenya (p. 221), and Fred M. Hayward and Siba N. Grovogui on Senegal (p. 249).
17. Richard Vengroff, "Governance and the Transition to Democracy: Political Parties and the Party System in Mali," Journal of Modern African Studies, 31 (1993), 560, and John Darnton, "Africa Tries Democracy: Finding Hope and Peril," New York Times, June 21, 1994, p. 9.
18. Richard Vengroff, "Governance and the Transition to Democracy: Political Parties and the Party System in Mali," Journal of Modern African Studies, 31 (1993), 560, and John Darnton, "Africa Tries Democracy: Finding Hope and Peril," New York Times, June 21, 1994, p. 9.
19. National Democratic Institute, Coordinating Observers to the 1993 Elections in Niger (Washington D.C.: NDI, 1993), p. 17. See also National Democratic Institute and African-American Institute, An Evaluation of the June 21, 1992 Elections in Ethiopia (Washington, D.C.: NDI, 1992), p. 7; Richard Jeffries and Clare Thomas, "The Ghanaian Elections of 1992," African Affairs, 92 (July 1993), 349; and "Zafy Victory Certain," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (February 1993), 10887.
20. National Democratic Institute, Coordinating Observers to the 1993 Elections in Niger (Washington D.C.: NDI, 1993), p. 17. See also National Democratic Institute and African-American Institute, An Evaluation of the June 21, 1992 Elections in Ethiopia (Washington, D.C.: NDI, 1992), p. 7; Richard Jeffries and Clare Thomas, "The Ghanaian Elections of 1992," African Affairs, 92 (July 1993), 349; and "Zafy Victory Certain," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (February 1993), 10887.
21. National Democratic Institute, Coordinating Observers to the 1993 Elections in Niger (Washington D.C.: NDI, 1993), p. 17. See also National Democratic Institute and African-American Institute, An Evaluation of the June 21, 1992 Elections in Ethiopia (Washington, D.C.: NDI, 1992), p. 7; Richard Jeffries and Clare Thomas, "The Ghanaian Elections of 1992," African Affairs, 92 (July 1993), 349; and "Zafy Victory Certain," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (February 1993), 10887.
22. National Democratic Institute, Coordinating Observers to the 1993 Elections in Niger (Washington D.C.: NDI, 1993), p. 17. See also National Democratic Institute and African-American Institute, An Evaluation of the June 21, 1992 Elections in Ethiopia (Washington, D.C.: NDI, 1992), p. 7; Richard Jeffries and Clare Thomas, "The Ghanaian Elections of 1992," African Affairs, 92 (July 1993), 349; and "Zafy Victory Certain," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (February 1993), 10887.
23. Naomi Chazan, "Between Liberalism and Statism: African Political Cultures and Democracy," in Larry Dimond, ed., Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993), pp. 67, 88.
24. Robert H. Bates, "The Impulse to Reform in Africa," in Jennifer Widner, ed., Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 22.
25. Patrick P. Molutsi and John D. Holm, "Developing Democracy When Civil Society Is Weak: The Case of Botswana," African Affairs, 89 (July 1990), 331.
26. Michael Bratton, "Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa," World Politics, 41 (April 1990), 427.
27. Crawford Young, "Democratization in Africa: The Contradictions of a Political Imperative," in Widner, ed., p. 244.
28. "Muluzi Shaping Up to Sweep the Cobwebs from Malawi," Agence France Presse, May 18, 1994.
29. All figures are from World Bank, 1994, pp. 162, 228.
30. See Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 9; and Alfred Stepan, "Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Conclusions," in Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 78.
31. See Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 9; and Alfred Stepan, "Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Conclusions," in Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 78.
32. Nicolas van de Walle, "Neopatrimonialism and Democracy in Africa, with an Illustration from Cameroon," in Widner, ed., p. 149.
33. Henry Bienen and Mark Gersovitz, "Consumer Subsidy Cuts, Violence, and Political Stability," Comparative Politics, 19 (October 1986), 25-39.
34. Rudiger Dornbusch, Notes on Credibility and Stabilization, NBER Working Paper no. 2790 (December 1988), pp. 2-3.
35. Dani Rodrik, "Credibility of Trade Reform: A Policy Maker's Guide," The World Economy, 12 (March 1989), 3.
36. Robert Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies (Berkeley University of California Press, 1981).
37. W. Arthur Lewis, "Development Economics in the 1950s," in Gerald Meier and Dudley Seers, eds Pioneers in Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 128.
38. World Bank, From Crisis to Sustainable Growth (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989), p. 40.
39. World Bank, 1994, p. 211.
40. Ibid., p. 163.
41. Henry Bienen and Nicolas van de Walle, "Time and Power in Africa," American Political Science Review, 83 (March 1989), 20.
42. In those five years there were twenty-one coups, compared to twelve transfers of power through elections since 1989. Africa Institute of South Africa, Africa at a Glance, 1992 (Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 1992), p. 49.
43. Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, "Toward Governance in Africa: Popular Demand and State Responses," in Goran Hyden and Michael Bratton, eds., Governance and Politics in Africa (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992), p. 49.
44. Herman J. Cohen, "African Political Changes and Economic Consequences," Dispatch, 2 (1991), 1.
45. "Multipartyism Concession," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (November 30, 1990), 9894; Ernest Harsch, "Structural Adjustment and Africa's Democracy Movements," Africa Today, 40 (December 1993), 15; Keith Panter-Brick, "Prospects for Democracy in Zambia," Government and Opposition, 29 (Spring 1994), 233.
46. "Multipartyism Concession," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (November 30, 1990), 9894; Ernest Harsch, "Structural Adjustment and Africa's Democracy Movements," Africa Today, 40 (December 1993), 15; Keith Panter-Brick, "Prospects for Democracy in Zambia," Government and Opposition, 29 (Spring 1994), 233.
47. "Multipartyism Concession," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (November 30, 1990), 9894; Ernest Harsch, "Structural Adjustment and Africa's Democracy Movements," Africa Today, 40 (December 1993), 15; Keith Panter-Brick, "Prospects for Democracy in Zambia," Government and Opposition, 29 (Spring 1994), 233.
48. Bates, p. 25.
49. Bratton and van de Walle, "Toward Governance in Africa," p. 31.
50. Ajoa Yeboah-Afari, "Post-Election Thoughts," West Africa, Nov. 16, 1992, p. 1963.
51. "Benin: Kerekou Defeated," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (April 30, 1991), 10044; "Kenya: Presidential Election," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (December 31, 1992), 10818-10819; Nick Young, "Banda Loses in Malawi's First Free Poll," Financial Times, May 29, 1994, p. 4.
52. "Benin: Kerekou Defeated," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (April 30, 1991), 10044; "Kenya: Presidential Election," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (December 31, 1992), 10818-10819; Nick Young, "Banda Loses in Malawi's First Free Poll," Financial Times, May 29, 1994, p. 4.
53. "Benin: Kerekou Defeated," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (April 30, 1991), 10044; "Kenya: Presidential Election," Africa Research Bulletin: Political and Social Series (December 31, 1992), 10818-10819; Nick Young, "Banda Loses in Malawi's First Free Poll," Financial Times, May 29, 1994, p. 4.
54. Jeffrey Herbst and Adebayo Olukoshi, "Nigeria: Economic and Political Reforms at Cross Purposes," in Stephan Haggard and Steven B. Webb eds., Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 474.
55. See Arturo Valenzuela, "Party Politics and the Crisis of Presidentialism in Chile: A Proposal for a Parliamentary Form of Government," and Luis Eduardo Gonzalez and Charles Guy Gillespie, "Presidentialism and Democratic Stability in Uruguay," in Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), pp. 167, 227.
56. See Arturo Valenzuela, "Party Politics and the Crisis of Presidentialism in Chile: A Proposal for a Parliamentary Form of Government," and Luis Eduardo Gonzalez and Charles Guy Gillespie, "Presidentialism and Democratic Stability in Uruguay," in Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), pp. 167, 227.
57. See Jeffrey Herbst, The Politics of Reform in Ghana: 1982-1991 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 159.
58. World Bank, Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and the Road Ahead (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1994), p. 58.
59. Kwasi Anyemedu, "An Inauspicious Beginning," West Africa, 31 (January 1994), 171. The actual government deficit in Nigeria was double the projected amount during the last year of the Babangida regime because, it is widely believed, "before handing over to the civilian interim administration last month, [the Babangida regime] took the opportunity to help themselves to the treasury." Kole Babalola, "Nigeria: Military Accused of Stealing the Store," Inter Press Service, Sept. 23, 1993. The Kenyan economic crisis was aggravated by "massive extrabudgetary funding of KANU's election campaign." Michael Holman and Julian Ozanne, "Jury Out on Kenyan Experiment," Financial Times, Jan. 2, 1993, p. 7.
60. Kwasi Anyemedu, "An Inauspicious Beginning," West Africa, 31 (January 1994), 171. The actual government deficit in Nigeria was double the projected amount during the last year of the Babangida regime because, it is widely believed, "before handing over to the civilian interim administration last month, [the Babangida regime] took the opportunity to help themselves to the treasury." Kole Babalola, "Nigeria: Military Accused of Stealing the Store," Inter Press Service, Sept. 23, 1993. The Kenyan economic crisis was aggravated by "massive extrabudgetary funding of KANU's election campaign." Michael Holman and Julian Ozanne, "Jury Out on Kenyan Experiment," Financial Times, Jan. 2, 1993, p. 7.
61. Kwasi Anyemedu, "An Inauspicious Beginning," West Africa, 31 (January 1994), 171. The actual government deficit in Nigeria was double the projected amount during the last year of the Babangida regime because, it is widely believed, "before handing over to the civilian interim administration last month, [the Babangida regime] took the opportunity to help themselves to the treasury." Kole Babalola, "Nigeria: Military Accused of Stealing the Store," Inter Press Service, Sept. 23, 1993. The Kenyan economic crisis was aggravated by "massive extrabudgetary funding of KANU's election campaign." Michael Holman and Julian Ozanne, "Jury Out on Kenyan Experiment," Financial Times, Jan. 2, 1993, p. 7.
62. See also Mancur Olson, "Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development," American Political Science Review, 87 (September 1993), 572.