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0037865410
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in preparation
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Thorsett et al., in preparation, have an analysis of additional pulsar timing data consistent with the scenario discussed here.
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Thorsett1
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0038203152
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note
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8 years.
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18
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0038203151
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note
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Measuring absolute position is more uncertain than measuring relative positions because of a lack of astrometric reference stars on the images. Our confidence in the absolute positions of well-measured stars is limited by the accuracy of the locations of the HST-catalogued guide stars which is ±0.7″. The pulsar position is relative to the HST guide stars used for these observations.
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19
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0039311247
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0037865404
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note
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The region imaged near the pulsar location has an area of 1.75 square arcminutes. It contains 430 detected stars, so the prior probability of a random star in the pulsar error circle is 11%. Twenty-six stars in this region are white dwarfs, spread almost uniformly in area, and the majority are fainter than our candidate pulsar companion. The formal prior probability of finding a random superposed white dwarf there is 0.6%. At V = 24.0, the detection incompleteness is negligible; the white dwarf is far above the faintness limit of these images. Furthermore, the white dwarf lies above the normal cooling sequence, as befitting its undermassive status. Only 3 of the 26 white dwarfs in this field have this property. The probability of this occurring is thus only 0.07%. Figure 2 shows data from all the available fields, including more objects from a much wider area in order to define the white-dwarf cooling sequence more robustly.
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24
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0038203150
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When an evolved star in a close binary expands to become a giant, its outer envelope is stripped by the companion, leading to a truncation of the stellar evolution. This results in a white dwarf of lower mass than one that results from single-star evolution. The core never gets large enough to burn helium to carbon, and the white dwarf is composed of helium rather than the typical carbon and oxygen.
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26
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0038541779
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⊙. This has been established on both observational (36) and theoretical grounds (37).
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27
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0038203144
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In order for the postexchange orbit to be 0.3 AU, the preexchange orbit must have been about 0.2 AU. The preexchange companion of the neutron star likely was less massive than the current turn-off mass. It is possible, but unlikely, to form a neutron star in a binary with a low-mass main-sequence star at such an orbital semimajor axis. Such a system would not have a low enough space velocity to remain bound to the cluster after formation. Neutron star-white dwarf binaries descended from intermediate mass systems may form with high probability with the right semimajor axis and low space velocities.
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28
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21444431652
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0032472240
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0000903959
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35
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0038203149
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M4 currently has substantially lower stellar density in the core than 47 Tucanae, which may be a factor in the current absence of observed planets in 47 Tucanae.
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36
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0034628191
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M. H. van Kerkwijk, J. F. Bell, V. M. Kaspi, S. R. Kulkarni, Astrophys. J. 530, L37 (2000).
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39
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0038203145
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in preparation; preprint available online
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J. S. Kalirai et al., in preparation; preprint available online at http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/?0304036.
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Kalirai, J.S.1
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40
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0037527747
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We would like to thank C. Bailyn and F. Rasio for useful discussions. The authors acknowledge the hospitality of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, supported by NSF grant PHY99-07949. S.S. is supported by NSF grant PHY-0203046, the Center for Gravitational Wave Physics, and the Pennsylvania State University Astrobiology Research Center. The Center for Gravitational Wave Physics is supported by the NSF under cooperative agreement PHY 01-14375. H.B.R. and I.H.S. are supported in part by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. H.B.R. is also supported by the Canada Council through a Killam Fellowship. I.H.S. holds an NSERC University Faculty Award. B.M.H. is supported by HST grant HSTGO-08679.10A, provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555. S.E.T. is supported by NSF grant AST-0098343.
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