The root cap: Cell dynamics, cell differentiation and cap function

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 261-286

  Barlow, Peter W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cell division; Cell separation; Gravitropism; Lateral root; Meristems; Positional information; Primary root; Regeneration; Root cap; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; GENES; GRAVITATION; GROWTH KINETICS; MOISTURE; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEINS;

ROOT GRAVITROPISM;

PLANT CELL CULTURE;

ARABIDOPSIS; COLUMELLA; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; PTERIDOPHYTA;

EID: 0037805782     PISSN: 07217595     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00344-002-0034-z     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Armstrong JE, Heimsch C. 1976. Ontogenetic reorganization of the root meristem of Compositae. Am J Bot 63:212-219.
2. Ball NG. 1969. Tropic, nastic, and tactic responses. In: Steward FC, editor. Plant physiology. A treatise, Vol VA. Analysis of growth: behavior of plants and their organs. New York, London: Academic Press, p 119-228.
3. Baluška F, Parker JS, Barlow PW. 1992. Specific patterns of cortical and endoplasmic microtubules associated with cell growth and tissue differentiation in roots of maize (Zea mays L.). J Cell Sci 103:191-200.
4. Baluška F, Volkmann D, Hauskrecht M, Barlow PW. 1996. Root cap mucilage and extracellular calcium as modulators of cellular growth in postmitotic growth zones of the maize root apex. Bot Acta 109:25-34.
5. Barley KP. 1970. The configuration of the root system in relation to nutrient uptake. Adv Agron 22:159-201.
6. Barlow PW. 1974. Regeneration of the cap of primary roots of Zea mays. New Phytol 73:937-954.
7. Barlow PW. 1975. The root cap. In: Torrey JG, Clarkson DT, editors. The development and function of roots. London: Academic Press, p 21-54.
8. Barlow PW. 1976. The integrity and organization of nuclear DNA in cells of the root cap of Zea mays probed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and microdensitometry. Z Pflanzenphysiol 80:271-278.
9. Barlow PW. 1977a. The dynamic aspect of cytodifferentiation in cells. Naturwiss 64:532.
10. Barlow PW. 1977b. An experimental study of cell and nuclear growth and their relation to cell diversification within a plant tissue. Differentiation 8:153-157.
11. Barlow PW. 1978. Cell displacement through the columella of the root cap of Zea mays L. Ann Bot 42:783-790.
12. Barlow PW. 1981. Division and differentiation during regeneration at the root apex. In: Brouwer R, Gašparíková O, Loughman BC, editors. Structure and function of plant roots. The Hague: M Nijhoff/W Junk, p 85-87.
13. Barlow PW. 1982. Cell death - an integral part of plant development. British Plant Growth Regulator Group Monograph 8:27-45.
14. Barlow PW. 1984. Positional controls in root development. In: Barlow PW, Carr DJ, editors. Positional controls in plant development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 281-318.
15. Barlow PW. 1985. Nuclear chromatin structure in relation to cell differentiation and cell activation in the cap and quiescent centre of Zea mays L. J Exp Bot 36:1492-1503.
16. Barlow PW. 1992. The meristem and quiescent centre in cultured roots of the gib-1 mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Ann Bot 69:533-543.
17. Barlow PW. 1997. Stem cells and founder zones in plants, particularly their roots. In: Potten CS, editor. Stem cells. London: Academic Press, p 29-57.
18. Barlow PW, Hines ER. 1982. Regeneration of the root cap of Zea mays L. and Pisum sativum L.: a study with the scanning electron microscope. Ann Bot 49:521-539.
19. Barlow PW, Parker JS. 1996. Microtubular cytoskeleton and root morphogenesis. Plant Soil 187:23-36.
20. Barlow PW, Rathfelder EL. 1984. Correlations between the dimensions of different zones of grass root apices, and their implications for morphogenesis and differentiation in roots. Ann Bot 53:249-260.
21. Barlow PW, Sargent JA. 1978. The ultrastructure of the regenerating root cap of Zea mays L. Ann Bot 42:791-799.
22. Barlow PW, Lück HB, Lück J. 2001. Autoreproductive cells and plant meristem construction: the case of the tomato cap meristem. Protoplasma 215:50-63.
23. Baum S, Rost TL. 1996. Root apical organization in Arabidopsis thaliana I: root cap and protoderm. Protoplasma 192:178-188.
24. Baum SF, Dubrovsky JG, Rost TL. 2002. Apical organization and maturation of the cortex and vascular cylinder in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) roots. Am J Bot 89:908-920.
25. Bengough AG, McKenzie BM. 1997. Sloughing of root cap cells decreases the frictional resistance to maize (Zea mays L.) root growth. J Exp Bot 48:885-893.
26. Bennet RJ, Breen CM. 1991. The aluminium signal: new dimensions to mechanisms of aluminium tolerance. Plant Soil 134:153-166.
27. Blancaflor EB, Fasano JM, Gilroy S. 1998. Mapping the functional roles of cap cells in the response of Arabidopsis primary roots to gravity. Plant Physiol 116:213-222.
28. Bonnett HT. 1969. Cortical cell death during lateral root formation. J Cell Biol 40:144-159.
29. Brigham LA, Woo H-H, Nicoll M, Hawes MC. 1995. Differential expression of proteins and mRNAs from border cells and root tips of pea. Plant Physiol 109:457-463.
30. Brigham LA, Woo H-H, Wen F, Hawes MC. 1998. Meristem-specific suppression of mitosis and a global switch in gene expression in the root cap of pea by endogenous signals. Plant Physiol 118:1223-1231.
31. Brugger J, Rutishauser R. 1989. Bau und Entwicklung land-bewohnender Utricularia-Arten. Bot Helv 99:91-146.
32. Caporali L. 1983. Cytological study of cultured cells from maize root cap. Plant Sci Letts 31:231-236.
33. Ceccarelli N, Lorenzi R, Alpi A. 1981. Gibberellin biosynthesis in Phaseolus coccineus suspensor. Z Pflanzenphysiol 102:37-44.
34. Chaboud A. 1983. Isolation, purification and chemical composition of maize root cap slime. Plant Soil 73:395-402.
35. Chaboud A, Rougier M. 1981. Sécrétions racinaires mucilagine-uses et rôle dans la rhizosphère. Ann Biol 20:313-326.
36. Chaboud A, Rougier M, 1991. Effect of root density in incubation medium on root exudate composition of axenic maize seedlings. J Plant Physiol 137:602-606.
37. Chaboud A, Rougier M, Zandonella P. 1982. Evaluation de la migration cellulaire dans la coiffe sécrétrice de riz. Bull Soc Bot Fr. Lettres Bot 1982. 129:21-29.
38. Chen R, Rosen E, Masson PH, 1999. Gravitropism in higher plants. Plant Physiol 120:343-350.
39. Clowes FAL. 1972. Regulation of mitosis in root by their caps. Nature New Biol 235:143-144.
40. Clowes FAL. 1976. Cell production by root caps. New Phytol 77:399-407.
41. Clowes FAL 1980. Mitosis in the root cap of Zea mays. New Phytol 85:79-87.
42. Clowes FAL. 1981. The difference between open and closed meristems. Ann Bot 48:761-767.
43. Clowes FAL. 1982. Changes in cell population kinetics in an open meristem during root growth. New Phytol 91:741-748.
44. Clowes FAL, Wadekar R. 1988. Modelling of the root cap of Zea mays L. in relation to temperature. New Phytol 108:259-262.
45. Clowes FAL, Woolston RE. 1978. Sloughing of root cap cells. Ann Bot 42:83-89.
46. Cnops G, Wang X, Linstead P, Van Montague M, Van Lijsebettens L, Dolan L. 2000. TORNADO 1 and TORNADO2 are required for the specification of radial and circumferential pattern in Arabidopsis root. Development 127:3385-3394.
47. Crick FHC. 1970. Diffusion in embryogenesis. Nature 225:420-422.
48. Darwin C, Darwin F. 1880. The power of movements in plants. London: John Murray.
49. Francis D. 1998. Cell size and organ development in higher plants. In: Francis D, Dudits D, Inzé D, editors. Plant cell division. London, Miami: Portland Press, p 187-206.
50. Freshour G, Clay RP, Fuller MS, Albersheim P, Darvill AG, Hahn MG. 1996. Developmental and tissue-specific structural alterations of the cell-wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Plant Physiol 110:1413-1429.
51. Friml J, Palme K. 2002. Polar auxin transport - old questions and new concepts? Plant Mol Biol 49:273-284.
52. Friml J, Benková E, Blilou I. et al. 2002a. AtPIN4 mediates sink-driven auxin gradients and root patterning in Arabidopsis. Cell 108:661-673.
53. Friml J, Wiśniewska J, Benková E, Mendgen K, Palme K. 2002b. Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator PIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis. Nature 415:806-809.
54. Gälweiler L, Guan C, Müller A, et al. 1998. Regulation of polar auxin transport by AtPIN1 in Arabidopsis vascular tissue. Science 282:2226-2230.
55. Gray WM, Estelle M. 2000. Function of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in auxin response. Trends Biochem Sci 24:133-138.
56. Guinel FC, McCully ME. 1987. The cells shed by the root cap of Zea: their origin and some structural and physiological properties. Plant Cell Environ 10:565-578.
57. Guttenberg H. 1960. Grundzüge der Histogenese hörerer Pflanzen I. Die Angiospermen. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
58. Guttenberg H von, Burmeister J. 1955. Studien über die Entwicklung des Wurzelvegetationspunktes der Dikotyledonen, II. Planta 46:179-222.
59. Guzzo F, Baldan B, Levi M. et al. 1995. Early cellular events during induction of carrot explants with 2,4-D. Protoplasma 185:28-36.
60. Hamann T. 2001. The role of auxin in apical-basal pattern formation during Arabidopsis embryogenesis. J Plant Growth Regul 20:292-299.
61. Harkes PAA. 1973. Structure and dynamics of the root cap of Avena sativa L. Acta Bot Neerl 22:321-328.
62. Harkes PAA. 1976. Organization and activity of the root cap meristem of Avena sativa L. New Phytol 76:367-375.
63. Harris PJ, Northcote DH. 1970. Patterns of polysaccharide biosynthesis in differentiating cells of maize root-tips. Biochem J 120:479-491.
64. Hawes MC, Lin H-J. 1990. Correlation of pectolytic enzyme activity with programmed release of cells from the root cap of pea. Plant Physiol 94:1855-1859.
65. Hawes MC, Smith LY, Stephenson M. 1991. Root organogenesis from single cells released from the root cap of Medicago sp. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 27:303-308.
66. Hawes MC, Brigham LA, Wen F, Woo HH, Zhu Y. 1998. Function of root border cells in plant health: pioneers in the rhizosphere. Annu Rev Phytopathol 36:311-327.
67. Hayat MA. 1963. Apical organization in roots of the genus Cassia. Bull Torrey Bot Club 90:123-136.
68. Iijima M, Kono Y. 1992. Development of Golgi apparatus in the root cap cells of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by compacted soil. Ann Bot 70:207-212.
69. Iijima M, Griffiths B, Bengough AG. 2000. Sloughing of cap cells and carbon exudation from maize seedling roots in compacted sand. New Phytol 145:477-482.
70. Iijima M, Barlow PW, Bengough AG. 2003. Root cap structure and cell production rates of maize (Zea mays L.) roots in compacted sand. (submitted).
71. Innocenti AM, Stefani A. 1977. Nuclear metabolic aspects and root cap renewal in Allium cepa. Caryologia 30:205-215.
72. Ishikawa H, Evans ML. 1992. Induction of curvature in maize roots by calcium or by thigmostimulation. Role of the post-mitotic isodiametric growth zone. Plant Physiol 100:762-768.
73. Jäger-Zürn I, Grubert M. 2000. Podostemaceae depend on sticky biofilms with respect to attachment to rocks in waterfalls. Int J Plant Sci 161:599-607.
74. Johnson EM, Pao LI, Feldman LJ. 1991. Regulation of phytochrome message abundance in root caps of maize. Spatial, environmental, and genetic specificity. Plant Physiol 95:544-550.
75. Juniper BE, Barlow PW. 1969. The distribution of plasmodesmata in the root tip of maize. Planta 89:352-360.
76. Juniper BE, Pask G. 1973. Directional secretion by the Golgi bodies in maize root cells. Planta 109:225-231.
77. Kawata S, Suzuki S, Yamazaki K. 1979. The detachment of the "primary root caps" in rice plants. Jap J Crop Sci (in Japanese with English summary). 48:303-310.
78. Kidner C, Sundaresan V, Roberts K. 2000. Clonal analysis of the Arabidopsis root confirms that position, not lineage, determines cell fate. Planta 211:191-199.
79. Klein J, Szabó F. 1880. Zur Kennmiss der Wurzeln von Aesculus Hippocastanum L. Flora 63:163-168.
80. Kuraś M. 1978. Activation of embryo during rape (Brassica napus L.) seed germination I. Structure of embryo and organization of root apical meristem. Acta Soc Bot Polon 47:65-82.
81. Leavitt RG. 1902. The root hairs, cap, and sheath of Azolla. Bot Gaz 34:414-419.
82. Li G, Hall TC, Holmes-Davis R. 2002. Plant chromatin: development and gene control. BioEssays 24:234-243.
83. Livingstone DJ. 1987. Modelling cell proliferation in a structured tissue. Ph D Thesis, Reading University, UK..
84. Lück J, Barlow PW, Lück HB. 1994. Cell genealogies in a plant meristem deduced with the aid of a 'bootstrap' L-system. Cell Prolif 27:1-21.
85. Lück J, Barlow PW, Lück HB. 1997. An automata-theoretical model of meristem development as applied to the primary root of Zea mays L. Ann Bot 79:375-389.
86. Lynch MA, Staehelin LA. 1992. Domain-specific and cell type-specific localization of two types of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in the clover root tip. J Cell Biol 118:467-479.
87. Lynch MA, Staehelin LA. 1995. Immunocytochemical localization of cell wall polysaccharides in the root tip of Avena sativa. Protoplasma 188:115-127.
88. Macdonald IR, Gordon DC. 1978. The regulation of root growth in cress seedlings by light and gravity. J Exp Bot 29:1051-1058.
89. Massa GD, Gilroy S. 2003. Touch modulates gravity sensing to regulate the growth of primary roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 33:435-445.
90. Matsuyama T, Satoh H, Yamada Y, Hashimoto T. 1999a. A maize glycine-rich protein is synthesised in the lateral root cap and accumulates in the mucilage. Plant Physiol 120:665-674.
91. Matsuyama T, Yasumura N, Funakoshi M, Yamada Y, Hashimoto T. 1999b. Maize genes specifically expressed in the outermost cells of root cap. Plant Cell Physiol 40:469-476.
92. Miller I, Moore R. 1990. Defective secretion of mucilage is the cellular basis for agravitropism in primary roots of Zea mays cv. Ageotropic. Ann Bot 66:169-178.
93. Mizukami Y, Fischer RL. 2000. Plant organ size control: AINTEGUMENTA regulates growth and cell numbers during organogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:942-947.
94. Monshausen GB, Sievers A. 2002. Basipetal propagation of gravity-induced surface pH changes along primary roots of Lepidium sativum L. Planta 215:980-988.
95. Montaldi ER. 1969. Gibberellin-sugar interaction regulating the growth habit of Bermuda grass. Experientia 25:91-92.
96. Moore R. 1985. Dimensions of root caps and columella tissues of primary roots of Ricinus communis characterized by different degrees of graviresponsiveness. Ann Bot 55:375-380.
97. Moore R, Miller I. 1993. Cellular differentiation in root caps of Zea mays that do not secrete mucilage. Plant Cell Environ 16:1003-1009.
98. Moore R, Fondren WM, Koon EC, Wang C-L. 1986. The influence of gravity on the formation of amyloplasts in columella cells of Zea mays L. Plant Physiol 82:867-868.
99. Moore R, McLelen CE, Fondren WM, Wang C-L. 1987. Influence of microgravity on root-cap regeneration and the structure of columella cells in Zea mays. Am J Bot 74:218-223.
100. Morita S, Yamazaki K, Kawata S. 1983. Relationships between the growth direction of primary roots and their conductive capacities in rice plants. Jap J Crop Sci (in Japanese with English summary).52:562-566.
101. Mosse B. 1975. A microbiologist's view of root anatomy. In: Walker N, editor. Soil microbiology. London, Boston: Butterworths, p 39-66.
102. Muday GK. 2000. Maintenance of asymmetric cellular localization of an auxin transport protein through interaction with the actin cytoskeleton. J Plant Growth Regul 19:385-396.
103. Müller A, Hillebrand H, Weiler EW. 1998. Indole-3-acetic acid is synthesized from L-tryptophan in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 206:362-369.
104. Nakajima K, Sena G, Nawy T, Benfey PN. 2001. Intercellular movement of the putative transcription factor SHR in root patterning. Nature 413:307-311.
105. Němec B. 1964. Über Georezeptoren in Wurzeln. Biol Plant (Praha) 6:243-249.
106. Niemira BA, Safir GR, Hawes MC. 1996. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and border cell production: a possible correlation. Phytopathology 86:563-565.
107. Ohwaki Y, Tsurumi S. 1976. Auxin transport and growth in intact roots of Vicia faba. Plant Cell Physiol 17:1329-1342.
108. Palme K, Gälweiler G. 1999. PIN-pointing the molecular basis of auxin transport. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2:375-381.
109. Peterson RL. 1983. Root apex structure in Ephedra nevadensis. Can J Bot 61:267-278.
110. Philips Jr HL, Torrey JG. 1971. Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in root cap cells of cultured roots of Convolvulus. Plant Physiol 48:213-218.
111. Pilet P-E. 1971. Root cap and georeaction. Nature New Biol 233:115-116.
112. Pilet P-E. 1986. The importance of the root cap for root growth. Planta 169:600-602.
113. rd ed. New York, Basel: Marcel Dekker, p 489-504.
114. Pilet P-E, Barlow PW. 1987. The role of abscisic acid in root growth and gravireaction: a critical review. Plant Growth Regul 6:217-265.
115. Pilet P-E, Henry H, Jollès C. 1985. Isolation of maize protoplasts from the root cap and apex. In: Pilet P-E, editor. The physiological properties of plant protoplasts. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, p 24-28.
116. Pillai A. 1966. Root apical organization in gymnosperms. Planta 70:26-33.
117. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC. et al. 1999. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 284:143-147.
118. Ponce G, Luján R, Campos ME. et al. 2000. Three maize root-specific genes are not correctly expressed in regenerated caps in the absence of the quiescent center. Planta 211:23-33.
119. Porterfield DM. 2002. Environmental sensing and directional growth of plant roots. In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U, editors. Plant roots: the hidden half, 3rd ed. New York, Basel: Marcel Dekker, p 471-487.
120. Rashotte AM, DeLong A, Muday GK. 2001. Genetic and chemical reductions in protein phosphatase activity alter auxin transport, gravity response, and lateral root growth. Plant Cell 13:1683-1697.
121. Ransom JS, Moore R. 1985. Geoperception in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae). III. A model to explain the differential georesponsiveness of primary and lateral roots. Can J Bot 63:21-24.
122. Richardson SD. 1955. The influence of rooting medium on the structure and development of the root-cap in seedlings of Acer saccharinum L. New Phytol 54:336-337.
123. Riopel JL, Timko MP. 1995. Haustorial initiation and differentiation. In: Press MC, Graves JD, editors. Parasitic plants. London: Chapman and Hall, p 39-79.
124. Rutishauser R. 1997. Structural and developmental diversity in Podostemaceae (river weeds). Aquatic Bot 57:29-70.
125. Sabatini S, Beis D, Wolkenfelt H. et al. 1999. An auxin-dependent distal organizer of pattern and polarity in the Arabidopsis root. Cell 99:463-472.
126. Sambin B, Rougier M, Zandonella P. 1978. Renewal of the root cap of Cissus sicyoides. In: Riedacker A, Gagnaire-Michard J, editors. Symposium proceedings-Physiologie des racines et symbioses, Nancy, 11-15 September, 1978. Nancy: Union Internationale des Instituts de Recherches Forestières, p 160-170.
127. Sievers A, Braun M, Monshausen GB. 2002. The root cap: structure and function. In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U, editors. Plant roots: the hidden half, 3rd ed. New York, Basel: Marcel Dekker, p 33-47.
128. Singhvi R, Kumar A, Lopez GP. et al. 1994. Engineering cell shape and function. Science 264:696-698.
129. Slack JMW. 1987. Morphogenetic gradients-past and present. Trends Biochem Sci 12:200-204.
130. Stephenson MB, Hawes MC. 1994. Correlation of pectin methylesterase activity in root caps of pea with root border cell separation. Plant Physiol 106:739-745.
131. Suzuki K, Kita Y, Kato M. 2002. Comparative developmental anatomy of seedlings in nine species of Podostemaceae (sub-family Podostemoideae). Ann Bot 89:755-765.
132. Swarup R, Friml J, Marchant A. et al. 2001. Localization of the auxin permease AUX1 suggests two functionally distinct hormone transport pathways operate in the Arabidopsis root apex. Genes Dev 15:2648-2653.
133. Takahashi H. 1997. Hydrotropism: the current state of our knowledge. J Plant Res 110:163-169.
134. Tsugeki R, Federoff NV. 1999. Genetic ablation of root cap cells in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 96:12941-12946.
135. Tylicki A, Burza W, Kuraś M, Dziadczyk E, Malepszy S. 2000. Structural and ultrastructural analysis of root primordia in vitro cultures (RPC) of Solanum lycopersicoides Dun. Plant Sci 156:73-83.
136. Van den Berg C, Willemsen V, Hendriks G, Weisbeek P, Scheres B. 1997. Short-range control of cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis root meristem. Nature 390:287-289.
137. Vicré M, Jauneau A, Knox JP, Driouich A. 1998. Immunolocalization of β-(1 → 4) and β-(1 → 6)-D-galactan epitopes in the cell wall and Golgi stacks of developing flax root tissues. Protoplasma 203:26-34.
138. Wagner N. 1939. Über die Entwicklungsmechanik der Wurzelhaube und des Wurzelrippenmeristems. Planta 30:21-66.
139. Weathers PJ, Kim YJ. 2001. Transformed roots of Artemisia annua exhibit an unusual pattern of border cell release. In Vitro. Cell Dev Biol-Plant 37:440-445.
140. Wen F, Zhu Y, Hawes MC. 1999. Effect of pectin methylesterase gene expression on pea root development. Plant Cell 11:1129-1140.
141. Wenzel CL, Rost TL. 2001. Cell division patterns of the protoderm and root cap in the "closed" root apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. Protoplasma 218:203-213.
142. Wenzel CL, Tong KL, Rost TL. 2001. Modular construction of the protoderm and peripheral root cap in the "open" root apical meristem of Trifolium repens cv. Ladino. Protoplasma 218:214-224.
143. West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ. 2001. A general model for ontogenetic growth. Nature 413:628-631.
144. Wilcox H. 1954. Primary organization of active and dormant roots of noble fir, Abies procera. Am J Bot 41:812-820.
145. Wolpert L. 1970. Positional information and pattern formation. In: Waddington CH, editor. Towards a theoretical biology. 3. Drafts, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p 198-230.
146. Wolpert L. 1996. One hundred years of positional information. Trends Genet 12:359-364.
147. Woo H-H, Orbach MJ, Hirsch AM, Hawes MC. 1999. Meristem-localized inducible expression of a UDP-glycosyltransferase gene is essential for growth and development in pea and alfalfa. Plant Cell 11:2303-2315.
148. Wright K, Northcote DH. 1974. The relationship of root-cap slimes to pectins. Biochem J 139:525-534.
149. Zhao X, Misaghi IJ, Hawes MC. 2000. Stimulation of border cell production in response to increased carbon dioxide levels. Plant Physiol 122:181-188.
150. Zhu T, Rost TL. 2000. Directional cell-to-cell communication in the Arabidopsis root apical meristem III. Plasmodesmata turnover and apoptosis in meristem and root cap cells during four weeks after germination. Protoplasma 213:99-107.
151. Zhu T, O'Quinn RL, Lucas WJ, Rost TL. 1998a. Directional cell-to-cell communication in the Arabidopsis root apical meristem II. Dynamics of plasmodesmatal formation. Protoplasma 203:84-93.
152. Zhu T, Lucas WJ, Rost TL. 1998b. Directional cell-to-cell communication in the Arabidopsis root apical meristem I. An uhrastructural and functional analysis. Protoplasma 203:35-47.