Secondary metabolite emodin increases food assimilation efficiency of Yellow-vented Bulbuls (Pycnonotus xanthopygos)

Auk

Volumn 120, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 411-417

  Tsahar, Ella ^a,b   Friedman, Jacob ^b   Izhaki, Ido ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY; FOOD INTAKE; FRUGIVORY; PASSERINE; SECONDARY METABOLITE;

AVES; PASSERIFORMES; PYCNONOTIDAE; PYCNONOTUS; PYCNONOTUS XANTHOPYGOS; RHAMNACEAE; RHAMNUS; RHAMNUS ALATERNUS; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0037804065     PISSN: 00048038     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4090193     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. ABEGAZ, B. M., G. ALEMAYEHU, T. KEBEDE, D. MAHAJAN, AND M. M. NINDI. 1996. Quinones and other phenolic compounds from marked African plants. Pages 159-169 in Chemistry, Biological and Pharmacological Properties of African Medicinal Plants (K. Hostettmann, F. Chinyanganya, M. Maillard, and J. L. Wolfender, Eds.). University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, Zimbabwe.
2. ABOU-CHAAR, C. I., AND S. N. SHAMLIAN. 1980. A chromatographic study of the Anthraquinones of Rhamnus alaternus L. Extraction, isolation and identification of the aglycones. Quarterly Journal Crude Drug Research 18:49-55.
3. AKAO, T., Q. CHE, K. KOBASHI, AND T. NAMBE. 1996. A purgative action of Barbaloin is induced by Eubacterium sp. strain BAR, a human intestinal anaerobe, capable of transforming Barbaloin to aloe-emodin anthron. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 19:136-138.
4. BAIRLEIN, F. 1996. Fruit-eating in birds and its nutritional consequences. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 113A:215-224.
5. BAIRLEIN, F., AND D. SIMONS. 1995. Nutritional adaptations in migrating birds. Israel Journal of Zoology 41:357-367.
6. BARNEA, A., Y. YOM-TOV, AND J. FRIEDMAN. 1991. Does ingestion by birds affect seed germination? Functional Ecology 5:394-402.
7. CIPOLLINI, M. L. 2000. Secondary metabolites of vertebrate-dispersed fruits: Evidence for adaptive functions. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 73:421-440.
8. COSKUN, M., N. TANKER, A. SAKUSHIMA, S. KITAGAWA, AND S. NISHIBE. 1984. An anthraquinone Glycoside from Rhamnus Pallasii. Phytochemistry 23:1485-1487.
9. CUNNIFF, P. 1995. Official Methods of Analysis of the Associtation of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC International. Arlington, Virginia.
10. DENSLOW, J. S., D. J. LEVEY, T. C. MOERMOND, AND B. C. WENTWORTH. 1987. A synthetic diet for fruit-eating birds. Wilson Bulletin 99:131-134.
11. EVANS, W. C. 1996. Treas and Evans Pharmacognosy, 4th ed. W.B. Saunders Company, London.
12. IZHAKI, I. 1992. A comparative analysis of the nutritional quality of mixed and exclusive fruit diets for Yellow-vented Bulbuls. Condor 94:912-923.
13. IZHAKI, I. 2002. Emodin - A secondary metabolite with multiple ecological functions in higher plants (a review). New Phytologist 155:205-217.
14. IZHAKI, I., AND U. N. SAFRIEL. 1985. Why do fleshy-fruit plants of the Mediterranean scrub intercept fall but not spring-passage of seed-dispersing migratory birds? Oecologia 67:40-43.
15. IZHAKI, I., AND U. N. SAFRIEL. 1989. Why are there so few exclusively frugivorous birds? Experiments on fruit digestibility. Oikos 54:23-32.
16. IZHAKI, I., AND U. N. SAFRIEL. 1990a. The effect of some Mediterranean scrubland frugivores upon germination patterns. Journal of Ecology 98:56-65.
17. IZHAKI, I., AND U. N. SAFRIEL. 1990b. Weight losses due to exclusive fruit diet - Interpretation and evolutionary implications: A reply to Mack and Sedinger. Oikos 57:140-142.
18. IZHAKI, I., P. B. WALTON, AND U. N. SAFRIEL. 1991. Seed shadows generated by frugivorous birds in an eastern-Mediterranean scrub. Journal of Ecology 79:575-590.
19. KARASOV, W. H. 1990. Digestion in birds: Chemical and physiological determinants and ecological implications. Studies in Avian Biology 13:391-415.
20. KLASING, K. C. 1998. Comparative Avian Nutrition. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
21. LEVEY, D. J., AND C. MARTÍNEZ DEL RIO. 2001. It takes guts (and more) to eat fruits: Lessons from avian nutritional ecology. Auk 118:819-832.
22. LITTELL, R. C., G. A. MILLIKEN, W. W. STROUP, AND R. D. WOLFINGER 1996. SAS System for Mixed Models. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
23. MURRAY, K. G., S. RUSSELL, C. M. PICONE, K. WINNETT-MURRAY, W. SHERWOOD, AND M. L. KUHLMANN. 1994. Fruit laxatives and seed passages rates in frugivores: Consequences for plant reproductive success. Ecology 75:989-994.
24. PRYOR, G. S., D. J. LEVEY, AND E. S. DIERENFELD. 2001. Protein requirements of a specialized frugivore, Pesquet's Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus). Auk 118:1080-1088.
25. ROBBINS, C. T. 1993. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
26. SHERBURNE, J. A. 1972. Effect of seasonal changes in the abundance and chemistry of the fleshy fruits of northeastern woody shrubs on patterns of exploitation by frugivorous birds. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
27. SIMONS, D., AND F. BAIRLEIN. 1990. Neue Aspekte zur zugzeitlichen Frugivorie der Gartengrasmücke (Sylvia borin). Journal für Ornithologie 131:381-402.
28. STRUEMPF, H. M., J. E. SCHONDUBE, AND C. MARTÍNEZ DEL RIO. 1999. The cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin does not deter consumption of ripe fruit by Cedar Waxwings. Auk 116:749-758.
29. TEWKSBURY, J. J., AND G. P. NEBHAN. 2001. Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chillies. Nature 412:403-404.
30. TSAHAR, E. 2001. The impact of the secondary metabolite emodin in Rhamnus alaternus fruits on fruit removal and seed predation. M.S. thesis, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
31. TSAHAR, E., FRIEDMAN, J. AND IZHAKI, I. 2003. Impact of fruit removal and seed predation of a secondary metabolite, emodin, in Rhamnus alaternus fruit pulp. Oikos 99:290-299.
32. VAN DEN BERG, A. J. J., AND R. P. LABADIE. 1988. Rhamnus spp.: In vitro production of anthraquinones, anthrones and dianthrones. Pages 513-528 in Medical and Aromatic Plants I, Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, no. 4 (Y. P. S. Bajaj, Ed.). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
33. WAHAJ, S. A., D. J. LEVEY, A. K. SANDERS, AND M. L. CIPOLLINI. 1998. Control of gut retention time by secondary metabolites in ripe Solanum fruits. Ecology 79:2309-2319.
34. WELLS, J. M., R. J. COLE, AND J. W. KIRKSEY. 1975. Emodin, a toxic metabolite of Apergillus wentii isolated from weevil-damaged chestnuts. Applied Microbiology 30:26-28.
35. WESTENDORF, J. 1993. Anthranoid derivatives General discussion. Pages 105-118 in Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs, vol. 2 (P. A. G. M. De Smet, K. Keller, R. Hansel, and R. F. Chandler, Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
36. WITMER, M. C. 1996. Do some bird-dispersed fruits contain natural laxatives? A comment. Ecology 77:1947-1948.
37. WITMER, M. C. 1998. Ecological and evolutionary implications of energy and protein requirements of avian frugivores eating sugary diets. Physiological Zoology 71:599-610.
38. ZITNAK, A. 1979. Steroids and capsaicinoids of solanaceous food plants. Pages 41-49 in Nightshades and Health (N. F. Childers, and G. M. Russo, Eds.). Southern Press, Somerville, New Jersey.