Europe's common defense policy: Implications for the trans-Atlantic relationship

Security Dialogue

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 215-228

  Van Ham, Peter ^a  

^a European Center for Security Studies   (Germany)

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EID: 0037779671     PISSN: 09670106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0967010600031002007     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. NATO's Secretary General Lord Robertson captured this unease by arguing that 'there has always been a bit of schizophrenia about America, on the one hand saying "You Europeans have got to carry more of the burden", and then when the Europeans say "OK, we'll carry more of the burden", they say "Well wait a minute, are you trying to tell us to go home?"' See Alexander Nicoll, 'Interview with George Robertson', Financial Times, 15 September 1999.
2. See the collection of documents 'First Austrian Presidency in the European Union', at www.eu.presidency.gv.at. On the UK position, see Toby Helm & Andrew Sparrow, 'Blair Backs EU Moves for More Integration', Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1999.
3. See the collection of documents 'First Austrian Presidency in the European Union', at www.eu.presidency.gv.at. On the UK position, see Toby Helm & Andrew Sparrow, 'Blair Backs EU Moves for More Integration', Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1999.
4. See 'Joint Declaration on European Defence', issued at the British-French Summit, Saint-Malo, 3-4 December 1999, at www.fco.gov.uk/news/newstext.asp.
5. Margarita Mathiopoulos & Istvan Gyarmati, 'Saint Malo and Beyond: Toward European Defense', Washington Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 4, Autumn 1999, pp. 65-76.
6. Speech by British Prime Minister Tony Blair, 'NATO, Europe, and Our Future Security', at the NATO 50th Anniversary conference, Royal United Services Institute, London, 8 March 1999.
7. See 'An Alliance for the 21st Century', NATO Washington Summit Communiqué, 24 April 1999.
8. See German EU Presidency Conclusions of the Cologne European Council (3-4 June 1999), esp. annex III ('Strengthening the Common European Policy on Security and Defence').
9. Paul J. Teunissen, 'Strengthening the Defence Dimension of the EU: An Evaluation of Concepts, Recent Initiatives and Development', European Foreign Affairs Review, vol. 4, no. 3, Autumn 1999, pp. 327-352.
10. See Finnish EU Presidency Conclusions on the Helsinki European Council (10-11 December 1999), esp. part 2 ('Common European Policy on Security and Defence').
11. This requirement implies that the total number of available troops should be about 150,000 in order to provide for rotation.
12. See 'EU Defence Ministers Discuss Rapid-Reaction Force', BBC Monitoring Newsfile, 28 February 2000.
13. Ian Kemp, 'Pressures for EU Rapid Reaction Force Gains New Momentum', Jane's Defence Weekly, 1 December 1999.
14. Speech by US Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott to the North Atlantic Council, Brussels, 15 December 1999.
15. Of course, answering this question depends largely on the outcome of the presidential elections of November 2000, since an Albert Gore administration may be more supportive of Europe's new defense ambitions than a George W. Bush administration.
16. Willian Drozdiak, 'US Seems Increasingly Uncomfortable with EU Defense Plan', International Herald Tribune, 6 March 2000.
17. Quoted in Craig R. Whitney, 'Military Posture of Europe to Turn More Independent', New York Times, 13 December 1999.
18. Quoted in 'Robertson: Europe Must Spend More Wisely to Achieve Gains', Defense Daily, vol. 204, no. 45, 8 December 1999, p. 1.
19. Quoted in Alexander Nicoll, 'European Leaders Found Wanting When It Comes to Putting Up Cash for Defence: IISS Report Warns of Need to Raise Expenditures', Financial Times, 22 October 1999.
20. Quoted in Craig R. Whitney, 'US and NATO Allies Divided over Defense Needs', New York Times, 2 December 1999.
21. Mathias Jopp, European Defence Policy: The Debate on the Institutional Aspects (Bonn: Institut für Europäische Politik, June/July 1999), pp. 26-29.
22. Quoted in Michael Evans, 'US Insists on NATO Priority over EU Force', The Times, 23 November 1999.
23. See Siegesmund von Ilsemann, Dirk Koch & Alexander Szandar, 'Europa Baut Eigene Armee' [Europe Builds It Own Army], Der Spiegel, 29 November 1999, pp. 188-191.
24. Quoted in Whitney (note 16 above).
25. Commission of the European Communities, 'Strategic Objectives 2000-05 - Shaping the New Europe', Brussels, 9 February 2000, p. 4.
26. See Anne Hyland, 'DASA Merges to Form EU Aerospace Giant', Daily Telegraph, 15 October 1999.
27. For a balanced US view, see John Deutsch, Arnold Kanter & Brent Scowcroft, 'Saving NATO's Foundation', Foreign Affairs, vol. 78, no. 6, November/December 1999, pp. 54-67.
28. Peter van Ham & Przemyslaw Grudzinski, 'Affluence and Influence: The Conceptual Basis of Europe's New Politics', National Interest, no. 58, Winter 1999/2000, pp. 81-87.