메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 1037-1050

Direct thermoluminescence chronology for Early Iron Age smelting technology on the Gambaga Escarpment, Ghana

Author keywords

Africa; Dating; Early Iron Age; Fayalite; Geochemistry; Geothite; Kintampo; Luminescence; Smelting; Thermoluminescence

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; CHRONOLOGY; GEOCHEMISTRY; SMELTING; TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION; THERMOLUMINESCENCE;

EID: 0037772239     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00292-3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (63)
  • 2
    • 0038470814 scopus 로고
    • Urbanization and state formation in Ghana during the Iron Age
    • T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), Routledge, London
    • J. Anquandah. Urbanization and state formation in Ghana during the Iron Age, in: T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food. Metals and Towns, Routledge, London, 1993, pp. 459-467.
    • (1993) The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns , pp. 459-467
    • Anquandah, J.1
  • 3
    • 84971790707 scopus 로고
    • A new survey of radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dates for West Africa
    • D. Calvocoressi, N. David, A new survey of radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dates for west Africa. Journal of African History 20 (1979) 1 29.
    • (1979) Journal of African History , vol.20 , pp. 1-29
    • Calvocoressi, D.1    David, N.2
  • 4
    • 0038808616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British Archaeological Reports International 903, Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 51, Archaeopress, Oxford
    • J. Casey. The Kintampo Complex: The Late Holocene on the Gambaga Escarpment, West Africa. British Archaeological Reports International 903, Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 51, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2000.
    • (2000) The Kintampo Complex: The Late Holocene on the Gambaga Escarpment, West Africa
    • Casey, J.1
  • 5
    • 0038131740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technological history and culture in western Tanzania
    • P.R. Schmidt (Ed.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville
    • S.T. Childs, Technological history and culture in western Tanzania, in: P.R. Schmidt (Ed.). The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 1996, pp. 277 320.
    • (1996) The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production , pp. 277-320
    • Childs, S.T.1
  • 6
    • 84903806009 scopus 로고
    • Experimental iron smelting: The genesis of a hypothesis with implications for African prehistory
    • R. Haaland, P.L. Shinnie (Eds.), Norwegian University Press, Oslo
    • S.T. Childs, P.R. Schmidt, Experimental iron smelting: the genesis of a hypothesis with implications for African prehistory, in: R. Haaland, P.L. Shinnie (Eds.), African Iron Working Ancient and Traditional, Norwegian University Press, Oslo, 1985, pp. 121 141.
    • (1985) African Iron Working Ancient and Traditional , pp. 121-141
    • Childs, S.T.1    Schmidt, P.R.2
  • 7
    • 0038470813 scopus 로고
    • Metaphors and representations associated with precolonial iron-smelting in eastern and southern Africa
    • T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), Routledge, London
    • D. Collett, Metaphors and representations associated with precolonial iron-smelting in eastern and southern Africa, in: T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, London, 1993, pp. 499 511.
    • (1993) The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns , pp. 499-511
    • Collett, D.1
  • 9
    • 0034755026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archaeobotanical evidence for pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Sub-Saharan West Africa
    • A.C. D'Andrea, M. Klee, J.L. Casey, Archaeobotanical evidence for pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in sub-Saharan West Africa, Antiquity 75 (2001) 341 348.
    • (2001) Antiquity , vol.75 , pp. 341-348
    • D'Andrea, A.C.1    Klee, M.2    Casey, J.L.3
  • 10
    • 0001355940 scopus 로고
    • Between bloomery and blast furnace: Mafa iron-smelting technology in northern Cameroon
    • N. David, R. Heimann, D. Killick, M.L. Wayman. Between bloomery and blast furnace: Mafa iron-smelting technology in northern Cameroon. The African Archaeological Review 7 (1989) 185 210.
    • (1989) The African Archaeological Review , vol.7 , pp. 185-210
    • David, N.1    Heimann, R.2    Killick, D.3    Wayman, M.L.4
  • 12
    • 0038131739 scopus 로고
    • Northern Ghana, Final Report, Unpublished manuscript
    • O. Davies, Excavations at Ntereso, Gonja. Northern Ghana, Final Report, Unpublished manuscript. 1973.
    • (1973) Excavations at Ntereso, Gonja
    • Davies, O.1
  • 14
    • 0038470806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of usage and absolute chronology of a pit feature at the Ashkelon Marina, Israel Early Bronze I archaeology site
    • D.I. Godfrey-Smith, S. Shalev, Determination of usage and absolute chronology of a pit feature at the Ashkelon Marina. Israel Early Bronze I archaeology site. Geochronometria 21 (2002) 163 166.
    • (2002) Geochronometria , vol.21 , pp. 163-166
    • Godfrey-Smith, D.I.1    Shalev, S.2
  • 15
    • 2842586142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermoluminescence dating of St. Croix ceramics: Chronology building in southwestern Nova Scotia
    • D.I. Godfrey-Smith, I. Kunelius, M. Deal. Thermoluminescence dating of St. Croix ceramics: chronology building in southwestern Nova Scotia, Geoarchaeology 12 (1997) 251 273.
    • (1997) Geoarchaeology , vol.12 , pp. 251-273
    • Godfrey-Smith, D.I.1    Kunelius, I.2    Deal, M.3
  • 16
    • 0037739157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First evidence for multiple phases of the Kintampo Complex: Thermoluminescence chronology of burnt house daub at Birimi, Ghana
    • Salt Lake City, Oct. 20-23, 1997
    • D.I. Godfrey-Smith, J.L. Casey, R.M. Sawatzky, First evidence for multiple phases of the Kintampo Complex: thermoluminescence chronology of burnt house daub at Birimi, Ghana. Abstracts, GSA Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Oct. 20 23, 1997, 1997.
    • (1997) Abstracts, GSA Annual Meeting
    • Godfrey-Smith, D.I.1    Casey, J.L.2    Sawatzky, R.M.3
  • 17
    • 84972113815 scopus 로고
    • Iron is iron til it is rust: Trade and ecology in the decline of West African iron-smelting
    • C.L. Goucher, Iron is Iron til it is Rust: trade and ecology in the decline of West African iron-smelting. Journal of African History 22 (1981) 179-189.
    • (1981) Journal of African History , vol.22 , pp. 179-189
    • Goucher, C.L.1
  • 18
    • 0038470804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The blooms of Banjeli: Technology and gender in West African ironmaking
    • P.R. Schmidt (Ed.). University Press of Florida. Gainesville
    • C.L. Goucher, E.W. Herbert, The blooms of Banjeli: technology and gender in west African ironmaking, in: P.R. Schmidt (Ed.). The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production, University Press of Florida. Gainesville, 1996, pp. 40-57.
    • (1996) The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production , pp. 40-57
    • Goucher, C.L.1    Herbert, E.W.2
  • 19
    • 23544467351 scopus 로고
    • Les métallurgies du cuivre et du fer autour d'Agadez (Niger) des origines au début de la période médiévale: Vues générales
    • N. Echard (Ed.), Société des Africanistes, Paris
    • D. Grébénart, Les métallurgies du cuivre et du fer autour d'Agadez (Niger) des origines au début de la période médiévale: vues générales, in: N. Echard (Ed.), Métallurgies Africaines: Nouvelles Contributions, Société des Africanistes, Paris, 1983, pp. 109-125.
    • (1983) Métallurgies Africaines: Nouvelles Contributions , pp. 109-125
    • Grébénart, D.1
  • 21
    • 0038470805 scopus 로고
    • Transition from Late Stone Age to Iron Age in the Sudano-Sahelian zone: A case study from the Perichadian plain
    • T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), Routledge, London
    • A. Holl, Transition from Late Stone Age to Iron Age in the Sudano-Sahelian zone: a case study from the Perichadian plain. in: T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, London, 1993, pp. 330-343.
    • (1993) The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns , pp. 330-343
    • Holl, A.1
  • 23
    • 0038808610 scopus 로고
    • Settlement and livelihood in Mampurugu, Northern Ghana: Some archaeological reflections
    • J. Sterner, N. David (Eds.), University of Calgary, Calgary
    • F. Kense, Settlement and livelihood in Mampurugu, Northern Ghana: some archaeological reflections, in: J. Sterner, N. David (Eds.), An African Commitment: Paper in Honour of Peter Lewis Shinnie, University of Calgary, Calgary, 1992, pp. 143-155.
    • (1992) an African Commitment: Paper in Honour of Peter Lewis Shinnie , pp. 143-155
    • Kense, F.1
  • 24
    • 0038470792 scopus 로고
    • Changing perspectives on traditional iron production in West Africa
    • T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), Routledge, London
    • F.J. Kense, J.A. Okoro, Changing perspectives on traditional iron production in West Africa, in: T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, London, 1993, pp. 449-458.
    • (1993) The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns , pp. 449-458
    • Kense, F.J.1    Okoro, J.A.2
  • 26
    • 0038131718 scopus 로고
    • The iron-using communities in Kenya
    • T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.). Routledge, London
    • H.O. Kiriama, The iron-using communities in Kenya, in: T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.). The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, London, 1993, pp. 484-498.
    • (1993) The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns , pp. 484-498
    • Kiriama, H.O.1
  • 27
    • 0038808609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • West African iron age
    • J.O. Vogel (Ed.). Altamira, Walnut Creek
    • S. MacEachern, West African Iron Age, in: J.O. Vogel (Ed.). Encyclopedia of African Archaeology, Altamira, Walnut Creek, 1998, pp. 425-429.
    • (1998) Encyclopedia of African Archaeology , pp. 425-429
    • MacEachern, S.1
  • 31
    • 0038131721 scopus 로고
    • From stone to metal: New perspectives on the later prehistory of West Africa
    • S.K. McIntosh, R.J. McIntosh, From Stone to Metal: New perspectives on the later prehistory of West Africa, Journal of World Prehistory 2 (1988) 89-133.
    • (1988) Journal of World Prehistory , vol.2 , pp. 89-133
    • McIntosh, S.K.1    McIntosh, R.J.2
  • 32
    • 84974249377 scopus 로고
    • Early metal working in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of recent research
    • D.E. Miller, N. van der Merwe, Early metal working in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of recent research, Journal of African Prehistory 35 (1994) 1-23.
    • (1994) Journal of African Prehistory , vol.35 , pp. 1-23
    • Miller, D.E.1    van der Merwe, N.2
  • 33
    • 0037794022 scopus 로고
    • Iron technology in the middle Sahel/Savanna: With emphasis on central Darfur
    • T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), Routledge, London
    • I.M. Muhammed, Iron technology in the middle Sahel/Savanna: with emphasis on central Darfur, in: T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, London, 1993, pp. 459-467.
    • (1993) The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns , pp. 459-467
    • Muhammed, I.M.1
  • 34
    • 0033895553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol
    • A.S. Murray, A.G. Wintle, Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol, Radiation Measurements 32 (2000) 57-73.
    • (2000) Radiation Measurements , vol.32 , pp. 57-73
    • Murray, A.S.1    Wintle, A.G.2
  • 35
    • 0037794007 scopus 로고
    • New evidence on early iron-smelting from south-eastern Nigeria
    • T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), Routledge, London
    • E.E. Okafor, New evidence on early iron-smelting from south-eastern Nigeria, in: T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, London, 1993, pp. 432-448.
    • (1993) The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns , pp. 432-448
    • Okafor, E.E.1
  • 36
    • 84971995833 scopus 로고
    • 14C ages from Nsukka, Nigeria, and the origins of African metallurgy
    • 14C ages from Nsukka, Nigeria. and the origins of African metallurgy. Antiquity 66 (1992) 686-689.
    • (1992) Antiquity , vol.66 , pp. 686-689
    • Okafor, E.E.1    Phillips, P.2
  • 39
    • 0037794010 scopus 로고
    • Account of an iron smelting operation at Lawra, Upper Region, Ghana
    • L. Pole, Account of an iron smelting operation at Lawra. Upper Region, Ghana, Ghana Journal of Science 14 (1974) 127-136.
    • (1974) Ghana Journal of Science , vol.14 , pp. 127-136
    • Pole, L.1
  • 40
    • 0037794008 scopus 로고
    • Iron smelting procedure in the Upper Region of Ghana
    • L. Pole, Iron smelting procedure in the Upper Region of Ghana, Bulletin of the Historical Metallurgy Group 8 (1975) 21-31.
    • (1975) Bulletin of the Historical Metallurgy Group , vol.8 , pp. 21-31
    • Pole, L.1
  • 41
    • 0038131730 scopus 로고
    • Iron working apparatus and techniques: Upper Region of Ghana, West African
    • L. Pole, Iron working apparatus and techniques: Upper Region of Ghana, West African Journal of Archaeology 5 (1975) 11-39.
    • (1975) Journal of Archaeology , vol.5 , pp. 11-39
    • Pole, L.1
  • 42
    • 84972443010 scopus 로고
    • New radiocarbon dates from northern and western Africa
    • M. Posnansky, R.J. McIntosh, New radiocarbon dates from northern and western Africa, Journal of African History 17 (1976) 161-195.
    • (1976) Journal of African History , vol.17 , pp. 161-195
    • Posnansky, M.1    McIntosh, R.J.2
  • 45
    • 0037507387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optically and thermally stimulated chronology of Middle Stone Age and Kintampo bearing sediments at Birimi, a multi-component archaeological site in Ghana, Africa
    • in press
    • N.A. Quickert, D.I. Godfrey-Smith, J.L. Casey, Optically and thermally stimulated chronology of Middle Stone Age and Kintampo bearing sediments at Birimi, a multi-component archaeological site in Ghana, Africa, Quaternary Science Reviews (2003), in press.
    • (2003) Quaternary Science Reviews
    • Quickert, N.A.1    Godfrey-Smith, D.I.2    Casey, J.L.3
  • 46
    • 0037794016 scopus 로고
    • Hoes and metal templates in northern Cameroon
    • J. Sterner, N. David (Eds.), University of Calgary Press, Calgary
    • I.G. Robertson, Hoes and metal templates in northern Cameroon, in: J. Sterner, N. David (Eds.), An African Commitment: Essays in Honour of Peter Lewis Shinnie, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, 1992, pp. 231-240.
    • (1992) an African Commitment: Essays in Honour of Peter Lewis Shinnie , pp. 231-240
    • Robertson, I.G.1
  • 47
    • 0011043075 scopus 로고
    • The magical production of iron in the Cameroon grassfields
    • T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), Routledge, London
    • M. Rowlands, J.-P. Warnier, The magical production of iron in the Cameroon grassfields, in: T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, London, 1993, pp. 512-550.
    • (1993) The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns , pp. 512-550
    • Rowlands, M.1    Warnier, J.-P.2
  • 49
    • 0011027359 scopus 로고
    • Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania
    • P.R. Schmidt, D.H. Avery, Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania, Science 201 (1978) 1085-1089.
    • (1978) Science , vol.201 , pp. 1085-1089
    • Schmidt, P.R.1    Avery, D.H.2
  • 51
    • 0038131729 scopus 로고
    • Excavations at Asantemanso 1987
    • P.L. Shinnie, Excavations at Asantemanso, 1987. Nyame Akuma 30 (1988) 11-12.
    • (1988) Nyame Akuma , vol.30 , pp. 11-12
    • Shinnie, P.L.1
  • 52
    • 0038808597 scopus 로고
    • Radiocarbon dates from Asante (Ghana) sites
    • P.L. Shinnie, Radiocarbon dates from Asante (Ghana) sites. Nyame Akuma 38 (1992) 28-29.
    • (1992) Nyame Akuma , vol.38 , pp. 28-29
    • Shinnie, P.L.1
  • 54
    • 0028034662 scopus 로고
    • Innovation, diffusion and culture contact: The holocene archaeology of Ghana
    • A.B. Stahl, Innovation, diffusion and culture contact: the holocene archaeology of Ghana, Journal of World Prehistory 8 (1994) 51-112.
    • (1994) Journal of World Prehistory , vol.8 , pp. 51-112
    • Stahl, A.B.1
  • 56
    • 84971896267 scopus 로고
    • Archaeology in West Africa: A review of recent work and a further list of radiocarbon dates
    • J.E.G. Sutton, Archaeology in west Africa: a review of recent work and a further list of radiocarbon dates. Journal of African History 23 (1982) 291-313.
    • (1982) Journal of African History , vol.23 , pp. 291-313
    • Sutton, J.E.G.1
  • 57
    • 0037794019 scopus 로고
    • Early copper slags and copper-base metal from the Agadez region of Niger
    • R.F. Tylecote, Early copper slags and copper-base metal from the Agadez region of Niger. Journal of the Historical Metallurgical Society 16 (1982) 58-64.
    • (1982) Journal of the Historical Metallurgical Society , vol.16 , pp. 58-64
    • Tylecote, R.F.1
  • 59
    • 0038808605 scopus 로고
    • The advent of iron in Africa
    • T.A. Wertime, J.D. Muhly (Eds.), Yale University Press. New Haven
    • N.J. Van der Merwe, The advent of iron in Africa, in: T.A. Wertime, J.D. Muhly (Eds.), The Coming of the Age of Iron, Yale University Press. New Haven, 1980, pp. 463 506.
    • (1980) The Coming of the Age of Iron , pp. 463-506
    • Van der Merwe, N.J.1
  • 61
    • 0023483048 scopus 로고
    • Science and magic in African technology: Traditional iron smelting in Malawi
    • N.J. Van der Merwe, D.H. Avery, Science and magic in African technology: traditional iron smelting in Malawi, Africa 57 (1987) 143 172.
    • (1987) Africa , vol.57 , pp. 143-172
    • Van der Merwe, N.J.1    Avery, D.H.2
  • 62
    • 0037794018 scopus 로고
    • Early iron smelting in central Africa
    • F. Van Noten, J. Raymaekers, Early iron smelting in central Africa, Scientific American 258 (1988) 104-112.
    • (1988) Scientific American , vol.258 , pp. 104-112
    • Van Noten, F.1    Raymaekers, J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.