Modelling microtopography in boreal peatlands: Hummocks and hollows

Ecological Modelling

Volumn 165, Issue 2-3, 2003, Pages 175-207

  Nungesser, Martha K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b SOUTH FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT   (United States)

Author keywords

Bogs; Boreal wetlands; Ecosystem model; Hummocks and hollows; Microtopography; Peatland hydrology; Peatlands; Sphagnum mosses

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES; BOG; ECOSYSTEM MODELING; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; MICROTOPOGRAPHY; PEATLAND;

BRYOPHYTA; SPHAGNUM;

EID: 0037744856     PISSN: 03043800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00067-X     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Alexandrov, G.A., 1988. A spatially distributed model of raised bog relief. In: Mitsch, W.J., Straskraba, M., Jorgensen, S.E. (Eds.), Wetland Modelling. Developments in Environmental Modelling, vol. 12. Elsevier, New York, pp. 41-66.
2. Andrus, R.E., 1986. Some aspects of Sphagnum ecology. Can. J. Bot. 64, 416-426.
3. Andrus, R.E., Wagner, D.J., Titus, J.E., 1983. Vertical zonation of Sphagnum mosses along hummock-hollow gradients. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3128-3139.
4. Backeus, I., 1988. Weather variables as predictors of Sphagnum growth on a bog. Holarc. Ecol. 11, 146-150.
5. Barber, K.E., 1981. Peat Stratigraphy and Climatic Change; a Palaeoecological Test of the Theory of Cyclic Peat Bog Regeneration. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
6. Bellamy, D.J., Rieley, J., 1967. Some ecological statistics of a "miniature bog". Oikos 18, 33-40.
7. Belotserkovskaya, O.A., Largin, I.F., Romanov, V.V., 1969. Investigation of surface and internal evaporation on highmoor bogs. Sov. Hydr.: Selected Papers 6, 540-553.
8. Boelter, D.H., 1964. Water storage characteristics of several peats in situ. Soil Sci. Soc. Proc., 433-435.
9. Bonan, G.B., 1989. A computer model of the solar radiation soil moisture, and soil thermal regimes in boreal forests. Ecol. Model. 45, 275-306.
10. Brock, T.C.M., Bregman, R., 1989. Periodicity in growth, productivity, nutrient content and decomposition of Sphagnum recurvum var. macronutum in a fen woodland. Oecologia 80, 44-52.
11. Chapman, S.B., 1965. The ecology of Coom Rigg Moss, Northumberland. III. Some water relations of the bog system. J. Ecol. 53, 371-384.
12. Charman, D.J., Aravena, R., Warner, B.G., 1994. Carbon dynamics in a forested peatland in north-eastern Ontario, Canada. J. Ecol. 82, 55-62.
13. Clymo, R.S., 1965. Experiments on breakdown of Sphagnum in two bogs. J. Ecol. 53, 747-758.
14. Clymo, R.S., 1970. The growth of Sphagnum: methods of measurement. J. Ecol. 58, 13-49.
15. Clymo, R.S., 1978. A model of peat bog growth. In: Heal, O.W., Perkins, D.F. (Eds.), Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands. Ecological Studies, vol. 27. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 187-223.
16. Clymo, R.S., 1983. Peat. In: Gore, A.J.P. (Ed.), Ecosystems of the World 4A: Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor. Elsevier, New York, pp. 67-158.
17. Clymo, R.S., 1984. The limits to peat bog growth. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Ser. B: Biol. Sci. B303, 605-654.
18. Clymo, R.S., Hayward, P.M., 1982. The ecology of Sphagnum. In: Smith, A.J.E. (Ed.), Bryophyte Ecology. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 229-289.
19. Clymo, R.S., Reddaway, E.J.F., 1971. Productivity of Sphagnum (bog-moss) and peat accumulation. Hydrobiologia 12, 181-192.
20. Conway, V.M., 1948. Von Post's work on climatic rhythms. New Phytol. 47, 220-237.
21. Coulson, J.C., Butterfield, J., 1978. An investigation of the biotic factors determining the rates of plant decomposition on blanket bog. J. Ecol. 66, 631-650.
22. Cowell, D.W., Jeglum, J.K., Merriman, J.C., 1978. Preservation of seasonal frost in peatlands, Konoje Lakes, southern Hudson Bay Lowlands. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Permafrost, Edmonton, vol. 1, Alta., Canada, 10-13 July 1978. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, pp. 454-459.
23. Damman, A.W.H., 1978. Distribution and movement of elements in ombrotrophic peat bogs. Oikos 30, 480-495.
24. Damman, A.W.H., 1979. Geographic patterns in peatland development in eastern North America. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Classification of Peat and Peatlands, Hyytiala, Finland, 17-21 September 1979. International Peat Society, pp. 42-57.
25. Davis, R.B., Anderson, D.S., 1991. The Eccentric Bogs of Maine: A Rare Wetland Type in the United States. Tech. Bull. 146, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maine.
26. ETAC (U.S.A.F. Environmental Technical Applications Center), 1967. Worldwide Airfield Climatic Data, vol. IV. Canada-Greenland-Iceland, Washington, DC.
27. Farrish, K.W., Grigal, D.F., 1985. Mass loss in a forested bog: relation to hummock and hollow microtopography. Can. J. Soil Sci. 65, 375-378.
28. Farrish, K.W., Grigal, D.F., 1988. Decomposition in an ombrotrophic bog and a minerotrophic fen in Minnesota. Soil Sci. 145 (5), 353-358.
29. FitzGibbon, J.E., 1981. Thawing of seasonally frozen ground in organic terrain in central Saskatchewan. Can. J. Earth Sci. 18, 1492-1496.
30. Forrest, G.I., Smith, R.A.H., 1975. The productivity of a range of blanket bog types in the Northern Pennines. J. Ecol. 63, 173-202.
31. Foster, D.R., King, G.A., 1984. Landscape features, vegetation and developmental history of a patterned fen in south-eastern Labrador, Canada: classification, distribution, vegetation and recent dynamics. J. Ecol. 74, 47-71.
32. Frolking, S., Roulet, N.T., Moore, T.R., Richard, P.J.H., Lavoie, M., Muller, S.D., 2001. Modeling northern peatland decomposition and peat accumulation. Ecosystems 4, 479-498.
33. Gignac, L.D., Vitt, D.H., Zoltai, S.C., Bayley, S.E., 1991. Bryophyte response surfaces along climatic, chemical, and physical gradients in peatlands of western Canada. Nova Hedwigia 53 (1/2), 27-71.
34. Glaser, P.H., 1992. Ecological development of patterned peatlands. In: Wright, H.E., Coffin, B.A., Aaseng, N.E. (Eds.), The Patterned Peatlands of Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, London, Ont., pp. 27-42.
35. Glaser, P.H., Janssens, J.A., 1986. Raised bogs in eastern North America: transitions in landforms and gross stratigraphy. Can. J. Bot. 64, 395-415.
36. Godwin, H., Conway, V.M., 1939. The ecology of a raised bog near Tregaron, Cardiganshire. J. Ecol. 27, 315-359.
37. Gorham, E., 1991. Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecol. Appl. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (Ser. B: Biol. Sci.) 1 (2), 182-195.
38. Grace, J., Marks, T.C., 1978. Physiological aspects of bog production at Moor House. In: Heal, O.W., Perkins, D.F. (Eds.), Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands. Ecological Studies, vol. 27. Springer-Verlag, New York.
39. Harley, P.C., Tenhunen, J.D., Murray, K.D., Beyers, J., 1989. Irradiance and temperature effects on photosynthesis of tussock tundra Sphagnum mosses from the foothills of the Philip Smith Mountains Alaska. Oecologia 79, 251-259.
40. Hayward, P.M., Clymo, R.S., 1982. Profiles of water content and pore size in Sphagnum and peat, and their relation to peat bog ecology. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (Ser. B: Biol. Sci.) 215, 299-325.
41. Hayward, P.M., Clymo, R.S., 1983. The growth of Sphagnum: experiments on, and simulation of, some effects of light flux and water-table depth. J. Ecol. 71, 845-863.
42. Heal, O.W., Smith, R.A.H., 1978. Introduction and site description. In: Heal, O.W., Perkins, D.F. (Eds.), Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands. Ecological Studies, vol. 27. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 3-16.
43. Heal, O.V., Latter, P.M., Howson, G., 1978. A study of the rates of decomposition of organic matter. In: Heal, O.W., Perkins, D.F. (Eds.), Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands. Ecological Studies, vol 27, Chapter 7. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 136-159.
44. Hilbert, D.W., Roulet, N., Moore, T., 2000. Modelling and analysis of peatlands as dynamical systems. J. Ecol. 88, 230-242.
45. Hogg, E.H., 1993. Decay potential of hummock and hollow Sphagnum peats at different depths in a Swedish raised hog. Oikos 66, 269-278.
46. Hulme, P.D., Blyth, A.W., 1982. The annual growth period of some Sphagnum species on the Silver Flowe National Nature Reserve, south-west Scotland. J. Bryol. 12, 287-291.
47. Ingram, H.A.P., 1982. Size and shape in raised mire ecosystems: a geophysical model. Nature 297, 67-158.
48. Ingram, H.A.P., 1983. Hydrology. In: Gore, A.J.P. (Ed.), Ecosystems of the World 4A: Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor. Elsevier, New York, pp. 67-158.
49. Ivanov, K.E., 1981. Water Movement in Mirelands (Vodoobmen v bolotnykh landshaftakh). Trans. by Arthur Thomson and H.A.P. Ingram. Academic Press, London.
50. Johnson, C.W., 1985. Bogs of the Northeast. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH.
51. Johnson, L.C., Damman, A.W.H., 1991. Species-controlled Sphagnum decay on a South Swedish raised bog. Oikos 61, 234-242.
52. Johnson, L.C, Damman, A.W.H., 1993. Decay and its regulation in Sphagnum peatlands. Adv. Bryol. 5, 249-296.
53. Johnson, L.C., Damman, A.W.H., Malmer, N., 1990. Sphagnum macrostructure as an indicator of decay and compaction in peat cores from an ombrotrophic south Swedish peat-bog. J. Ecol. 78, 633-647.
54. Jones, H.E., Gore, A.J.P., 1978. A simulation of production and decay in a blanket bog. In: Heal, O.W., Perkins, D.F. (Eds.), Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands. Ecological Studies, vol. 27. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 160-186.
55. Kingsbury, C.M., Moore, T.R., 1987. The freeze-thaw cycle of a subarctic fen, northern Quebec, Canada. Arct. Alp. Res. 19 (3), 289-295.
56. Kivinen, E., Pakarinen, P., 1981. Geographical distribution of peat resources and major peatland complex types in the world. Annales Academie Scientifica Fennica A, III. Geolog. Geogr. 132, 5-28.
57. Klinger, L.F., Zimmerman, P.R., Greenberg, J.P., Heidt, L.E., Guenther, A.B., 1994. Carbon trace gas fluxes along a successional gradient in the Hudson Bay lowland. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (D1), 1469-1494.
58. Lieffers, V.J., Rothwell, R.L., 1987. Rooting of peatlands black spruce and tamarack in relation to depth of water table. Can. J. Bot. 65, 817-821.
59. Lindholm, T., 1990. Growth dynamics of the peat moss Sphagnum fuscum on hummocks on a raised bog in southern Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. Bot. Fennici 27, 67-78.
60. Lindholm, T., Markkula, I., 1984. Moisture conditions in hummocks and hollows in virgin and drained sites on the raised bog Laaviosuo, southern Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 21, 241-255.
61. Lindholm, T., Vasander, H., 1990. Production of eight species of Sphagnum at Suurisuo mire, southern Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 27, 145-157.
62. MacFarlane, I.C., Williams, G.P., 1974. Some engineering aspects of peat soils. In: Dinauer, R.C. (Ed.), Histosols, Their Characteristics, Classification, and Use. Number 6 in the SSSA Special Publication Series. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 79-93.
63. Madsen, B.J., 1987. Interaction of Vegetation and Physical Processes in Patterned Peatlands: A Comparison of Two Sites in Upper Michigan. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan.
64. Malmer, N., 1962. Studies on mire vegetation in the Archaean area of southwestern Gtaland (south Sweden) 1. Vegetation and habitat conditions on the Akhult Mire. Oper. Bot. Soc. Bot. Lund. 7 (1), 1-322.
65. Malmer, N., 1986. Vegetational gradients in relation to environmental conditions in northwestern European mires. Can. J. Bot. 64, 375-383.
66. 210Pb. Oikos 43, 171-182.
67. Malmer, N., Nihlgard, B., 1980. Supply and transport of mineral nutrients in a sub-arctic mire. In: Sonesson, M. (Ed.), Ecology of a Subarctic Mire. Ecol. Bull. 30, 63-95.
68. Malmer, N., Wallen, B., 1993. Accumulation and release of organic matter in ombrotrophic bog hummocks - processes and regional variation. Ecography 16, 193-211.
69. McQueen, C.B., 1990. Field Guide to the Peat Mosses of Boreal North America. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH.
70. Moore, T.R., 1988. Plant production, decomposition, and carbon efflux in a subarctic patterned fen. Arct. Alp. Res. 21 (2), 156-162.
71. Moore, P.D., 1991. Ups and downs in peatlands. Nature 353, 299-300.
72. Moore, P.D., Bellamy, D.J., 1974. Peatlands. Springer-Verlag, New York.
73. Moorhead, D., Reynolds, J.F., 1991. A general model of litter decomposition in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Ecol. Model. 56, 197-219.
74. Morris, J.T., Bowden, W.B., 1986. A mechanistic, numerical model of sedimentation, mineralization, and decomposition for marsh sediments. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50, 96-105.
75. Mortsch, L.D., 1994. Assessment of the temperature and precipitation of 1990 during the Northern Wetlands Study (NOWES). J. Geophys. Res. 99 (D1), 1429-1438.
76. Murray, K.J., Harley, P.C., Beyers, J., Walz, H., Tenhunen, J.D., 1989a. Water content effects on photosynthetic response of Sphagnum mosses from the foothills of the Philip Smith Mountains, Alaska. Oecologia 79, 244-250.
77. Murray, K.J., Tenhunen, J.D., Kummerow, J., 1989b. Limitations on Sphagnum growth and net primary production in the foothills of the Philip Smith Mountains, Alaska. Oecologia 80, 256-262.
78. National Wetlands Working Group, 1988. Wetlands of Canada. Ecological Land Classification Series, No. 24. Sustainable Development Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ont. Polyscience Publications Inc., Montreal, Que., 452 pp.
79. Neumann, H.H., den Hartog, G., King, K.M., Chipanshi, A.C., 1994. Carbon dioxide fluxes over a raised open bog at the Kinosheo Lake tower site during the Northern Wetlands Study (NOWES). J. Geophys. Res. 99 (D1), 1529-1538.
80. Nungesser, M.K., 1997. Stability and Resilience in Bog Hummocks and Hollows. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 140 pp.
81. Ohlson, M., Dahlberg, B., 1991. Rate of peat increment in hummock and lawn communities on Swedish mires during the last 150 years. Oikos 61, 369-378.
82. Okruszko, H., Szuniewicz, J., 1972. Differentiation of peat soils from the viewpoint of their physico-hydrological properties. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Peat Congress, Finland, pp. 311-321.
83. Overbeck, F., Happach, H., 1957. Uber das Wachstum und den Wasserhaushalt einiger Hochmoorsphagnen. Flora Jena 144, 335-402.
84. Paivanen, J., 1969. The bulk density of peat and its determination. Silva Fenn. 3, 11-12.
85. Pakarinen, P., 1978. Production and nutrient ecology of three Sphagnum species in southern Finnish raised bogs. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 15, 15-26.
86. Pakrinen, P., Gorham, E., 1983. Mineral element composition of Sphagnum fuscum peats collected from Minnesota, Manitoba, and Ontario. In: Fuchsman, C.H., Spigarelli, S.A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Peat Utilization. Bemidji State University, Bemidji, MN, pp. 417-429.
87. Parton, W.J., Schimel, D.S., Cole, C.V., Ojima, D.S., 1987. Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51, 1173-1179.
88. Pederson, A., 1975. Growth measurements of five Sphagnum species in South Norway. Norwegian J. Bot. 22, 277-284.
89. Reader, R.J., Stewart, J.M., 1972. The relationship between net primary production and accumulation for a peatland in southern Manitoba. Ecology 53, 1024-1037.
90. Rochefort, L., Vitt, D.H., Bayley, S.E., 1990. Growth, production, and decomposition dynamics of Sphagnum under natural and experimentally acidified conditions. Ecology 71 (5), 1986-2000.
91. Romanov, V.V., 1981. Water Movement in Mirelands (Vodoobmen v bolotnykh landschaftakh). Trans. by Arthur Thomson and H.A.P. Ingram. Academic Press, London, 276 pp.
92. Rosswall, T., 1973. Plant litter decomposition studies at the Swedish tundra site. International Biological Programme - Swedish Tundra Biome Project Tech. Report No. 14, May 1973, pp. 124-153.
93. Rosswall, T., Veum, A., Karenlampi, L., 1975. Plant litter decomposition at Fennoscandian tundra sites. In: Wielgolaski, F.E. (Ed.), Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems. I. Plant and Microorganisms. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 268-277.
94. Rudloff, W., 1981. World-Climates. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart.
95. Rycroft, D.W., Williams, D.J.A., Ingram, H.A.P., 1975. The transmission of water through peat. II. Field experiments. J. Ecol. 63, 557-568.
96. Ryden, B.E., Kostov, L., 1980. Thawing and freezing in tundra soils. In: Sonesson, M. (Ed.), Ecology of a Subarctic Mire. Ecol. Bull. 30, 251-281.
97. Rydin, H., McDonald, A.J.S., 1985a. Tolerance of Sphagnum to water level. J. Bryol. 13, 571-578.
98. Rydin, H., McDonald, A.J.S., 1985b. Photosynthesis in Sphagnum at different water contents. J. Bryol. 13, 579-584.
99. Santelman, M.V., 1992. Cellulose mass loss in ombrotrophic bogs of northeastern North America. Can. J. Bot. 70, 2378-2383.
100. Silvola, J., Aaltonen, H., 1984. Water content and photosynthesis in the peat mosses Sphagnum fuscum and S. angustifolium. Ann. Bot. Fenn. Bot. Fennici 21, 1-6.
101. Silvola, J., Hanski, I., 1979. Carbon accumulation in a raised bog. Oecologia 37, 285-295.
102. 2 exchange in the Empetrum nigrum-Sphagnum fuscum community. Oecologia 37, 273-283.
103. Skre, O., Oechel, W.C., 1981. Moss functioning in different taiga ecosystems in interior Alaska: I. Seasonal, phenotypic, and drought effects on photosynthesis and response patterns. Oecologia 48, 50-59.
104. Slack, N.G., 1982. Bryophytes in relation to ecological niche theory. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 52, 199-217.
105. Smith, R.A.H., Forrest, G.I., 1978. Field estimates of primary production. In: Heal, O.W., Perkins, D.F. (Eds.), Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands, Chapter 2. Ecological Studies, vol. 27. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, pp. 17-37.
106. Swanson, D.K., Grigal, D.F., 1988. A simulation model of mire patterning. Oikos 53, 309-314.
107. Titus, J.E., Wagner, D.J., Stephens, M.D., 1983. Contrasting relations of photosynthesis for two Sphagnum mosses. Ecology 64, 1109-1115.
108. Tolonen, K., 1971. On the regeneration of Northeuropean bogs. I. Klaukkalan Isusuo in S. Finland. Acta Agralia Fennici 123, 143-166.
109. Valentine, D.W., Holland, E.A., Schimel, D.S., 1994. Ecosystem and physiological controls over methane production in northern wetlands. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 1563-1571.
110. van Dierendonck, M.C., 1992. Simulation of peat accumulation: an aid in carbon cycling research? Suo 43 (4/5), 203-206.
111. Vasander, H., 1984. Effect of forest amelioration on diversity in an ombrotrophic bog. Ann. Bot. Fenn. Bot. Fennici 21, 7-15.
112. Virta, J., 1966. Measurement of evapotranspiration and computation of water budget in treeless peatlands in the natural state. Commentationes Physico-Mathematicae. Soc. Sci. Fennici 32 (11), 1-70.
113. Vitt, D.H., Slack, N.G., 1984. Niche diversification of Sphagnum relative to environmental factors in northern Minnesota peatlands. Can. J. Bot. 62, 1409-1430.
114. Wagner, D.J., Titus, J.E., 1984. Comparative desiccation tolerance of two Sphagnum mosses. Oecologia 47, 46-55.
115. Wallen, B., Falkengren-Grerup, U., Malmer, N., 1988. Biomass, productivity and relative rate of photosynthesis of Sphagnum at different water levels on a south Swedish peat bog. Holarc. Ecol. 11, 70-76.
116. Walmsley, M.E., 1977. Physical and chemical properties of peat. In: Radforth, N.W., Brawner, C.O. (Eds.), Muskeg and the Northern Environment in Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 82-129.
117. Weider, R.K., Lang, G.E., 1982. A critique of the analytical methods used in examining decomposition data obtained from litter bags. Ecology 63, 1636-1642.
118. Wieder, R.K., Novak, M., Schell, W.R., Rhodes, T., unpublished. Rates of peat accumulation over the past 200 years in five Sphagnum-dominated peatlands in the United States.
119. Wildi, O., 1978. Simulating the development of peat bogs. Vegetatio 37 (1), 1-17.
120. Zobel, M., 1986. Aeration and temperature conditions in hummock and depression peat in Kikepera Bog, south-western Estonia. Suo 37 (5), 99-106.