메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1, Issue 3-4, 2002, Pages 294-321

Contested ownership: TRIPs, CBD, and implications for Southern African biodiversity

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIOTECHNOLOGY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS; LEGISLATION;

EID: 0037727811     PISSN: 15691500     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/156915002100419853     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (9)

References (77)
  • 2
    • 0010290998 scopus 로고
    • Diversity and compensation systems: Ways to compensate developing nations for providing genetic material
    • edited by J. Kloppenburg. Durham: University of North Carolina Press
    • BARTON, J. AND E. CHRISTENSEN 1988 "Diversity and Compensation Systems: Ways to Compensate Developing Nations for Providing Genetic Material." In Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources, edited by J. Kloppenburg. Durham: University of North Carolina Press.
    • (1988) Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources
    • Barton, J.1    Christensen, E.2
  • 4
    • 0042725394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A politics of intellectual property: Environmentalism for the net?
    • BOYLE, J. 1997 "A Politics of Intellectual Property: Environmentalism for the Net?" Duke Law Journal 47(1): 87-116.
    • (1997) Duke Law Journal , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-116
    • Boyle, J.1
  • 6
    • 0037997557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with author. Harare: 2 April 2001
    • CHITSIKE, L. 2001a Interview with author. Harare: 2 April 2001.
    • (2001)
    • Chitsike, L.1
  • 7
    • 0037659762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property rights and genetic resources: Guidelines for developing Sui Generis national policies and legislation to promote community and farmers' interests in Southern Africa
    • Compiler 29 October - 1 November 2000. Nyanga, Zimbabwe. Harare: IUCN and FAO LinKS Project
    • CHITSIKE, L. COMPILER 2001b "Intellectual Property Rights and Genetic Resources: Guidelines for Developing Sui Generis National Policies and Legislation to Promote Community and Farmers' Interests in Southern Africa." Results from Regional Workshop of SADC Countries, 29 October - 1 November 2000. Nyanga, Zimbabwe. Harare: IUCN and FAO LinKS Project.
    • (2001) Results from Regional Workshop of SADC Countries
    • Chitsike, L.1
  • 8
    • 0038335426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the African model legislation for the protection of the rights of local communities, farmers and breeders, and for the regulation of access to biological resources
    • Nyanga, Zimbabwe, October 2000
    • CHITSIKE, L. 2000 "An Analysis of the African Model Legislation for the Protection of the Rights of Local Communities, Farmers and Breeders, and for the Regulation of Access to Biological Resources." Paper presented to the SADC Regional Workshop held at Montclair, Nyanga, Zimbabwe, October 2000.
    • (2000) The SADC Regional Workshop Held at Montclair
    • Chitsike, L.1
  • 9
    • 0038335423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National workshop on biodiversity, modern biotechnology and networking initiative
    • Community Technology Development Trust (CTDT) Harare: 18-20 August
    • COMMUNITY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT TRUST (CTDT) 1999 "National Workshop on Biodiversity, Modern Biotechnology and Networking Initiative." Proceedings from Third National Workshop. Harare: 18-20 August.
    • (1999) Proceedings from Third National Workshop
  • 10
    • 0037997555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National workshop on biodiversity, modern biotechnology and networking initiative
    • CTDT Harare: 14-16 December
    • CTDT 1998a "National Workshop on Biodiversity, Modern Biotechnology and Networking Initiative." Proceedings from Second National Workshop. Harare: 14-16 December.
    • (1998) Proceedings from Second National Workshop
  • 11
    • 0038335420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National workshop on biodiversity, modern biotechnology and networking initiative
    • CTDT Harare: 26-27 August
    • CTDT 1998b "National Workshop on Biodiversity, Modern Biotechnology and Networking Initiative." Proceedings from First National Workshop. Harare: 26-27 August.
    • (1998) Proceedings from First National Workshop
  • 12
    • 0038673964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convention On Biological Diversity (CBD) Final Text Draft Available online
    • CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD) Final text draft. Available online (www.cbd.org).
  • 14
    • 0037997518 scopus 로고
    • 447 U.S. 303, 309, 206 USPQ. 193, 197
    • Diamond v. Chakrabarty 1980 447 U.S. 303, 309, 206 USPQ. 193, 197.
    • (1980) Diamond V. Chakrabarty
  • 17
    • 0038335425 scopus 로고
    • International undertaking on plant genetic resources. Annex to resolution 8/83
    • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Rome: FAO
    • nd Session. Rome: FAO.
    • (1983) nd Session
  • 18
    • 0037659736 scopus 로고
    • Resolution 4/89
    • FAO FAO: Rome
    • FAO 1989 Resolution 4/89. In Report of FAO Conference. FAO: Rome.
    • (1989) Report of FAO Conference
  • 20
    • 0032047265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The convention on biological diversity and agriculture: Implications and unresolved debates
    • FRISVOLD, G. AND P. CONDON 1998 "The Convention on Biological Diversity and Agriculture: Implications and Unresolved Debates." World Development 26(4): 551-70.
    • (1998) World Development , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 551-570
    • Frisvold, G.1    Condon, P.2
  • 21
    • 0003835112 scopus 로고
    • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (TRIPS Agreement). Available online
    • GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). Available online (www.wto.org).
    • (1994) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
  • 23
    • 0037659733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TRIPs versus CBD: Conflicts between the WTO regime of intellectual property rights and sustainable diversity management
    • Grain Available online
    • GRAIN 1998 "TRIPs versus CBD: Conflicts Between the WTO Regime of Intellectual Property Rights and Sustainable Diversity Management." Global Trade and Biodiversity in Conflict (1): 1-16. Available online (www.grain.org).
    • (1998) Global Trade and Biodiversity in Conflict , vol.1 , pp. 1-16
  • 26
    • 0038673934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inventing the commons: Theories and practices of the common's professionals
    • edited by M. Goldman, London: Pluto Press
    • GOLDMAN, M. 1998a "Inventing the Commons: Theories and Practices of the Common's Professionals." Pp. 20-53 in Privatizing Nature: Political Struggles for the Global Commons, edited by M. Goldman, London: Pluto Press.
    • (1998) Privatizing Nature: Political Struggles for the Global Commons , pp. 20-53
    • Goldman, M.1
  • 29
    • 0014413249 scopus 로고
    • The tragedy of the commons
    • HARDIN, G. 1968 "The Tragedy of the Commons." Science 162(3859): 1243-1248.
    • (1968) Science , vol.162 , Issue.3859 , pp. 1243-1248
    • Hardin, G.1
  • 30
    • 0004260323 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • HEGEL, G. 1967 Philosophy of Right. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (1967) Philosophy of Right
    • Hegel, G.1
  • 31
    • 0000334523 scopus 로고
    • Innovation, imitation and intellectual property rights
    • HELPMAN, E. 1993 "Innovation, Imitation and Intellectual Property Rights." Econometrica 61(6): 1247-80.
    • (1993) Econometrica , vol.61 , Issue.6 , pp. 1247-1280
    • Helpman, E.1
  • 32
    • 0009112686 scopus 로고
    • Rousseau on life, liberty and property: A comment on MacAdam
    • edited by C.B. Macpherson. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press
    • KEOHANE, N. 1979 "Rousseau on Life, Liberty and Property: A Comment on MacAdam." Pp. 203-217 in Theories of Property: Aristotle to the Present, edited by C.B. Macpherson. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
    • (1979) Theories of Property: Aristotle to the Present , pp. 203-217
    • Keohane, N.1
  • 33
    • 0008764868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diamond v. Chakrabarty and beyond: The political economy of patenting life
    • edited by A. Thakray. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
    • KEVLES, D. 1998 "Diamond v. Chakrabarty and Beyond: The Political Economy of Patenting Life." In Private Science: Biotechnology and the Rise of the Molecular Sciences, edited by A. Thakray. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    • (1998) Private Science: Biotechnology and the Rise of the Molecular Sciences
    • Kevles, D.1
  • 35
    • 0037997524 scopus 로고
    • Rousseau on property
    • edited by C.B. Macpherson. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press
    • MACADAM, J. 1979 "Rousseau on Property." Pp. 180-202 in Theories of Property: Aristotle to the Present, edited by C.B. Macpherson. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
    • (1979) Theories of Property: Aristotle to the Present , pp. 180-202
    • MacAdam, J.1
  • 36
    • 0038335410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Southern Africa's indigenous resources fall prey to biopiracy
    • 30 March 2001. Available online
    • MADAVA, T. 2000 "Southern Africa's Indigenous Resources Fall Prey to Biopiracy." Southern African News Feature, 30 March 2001. Available online (www.sardc.net).
    • (2000) Southern African News Feature
    • Madava, T.1
  • 38
    • 0002020587 scopus 로고
    • The German ideology
    • edited by R. Tucker. New York: WW Norton
    • MARX, K. 1978 "The German Ideology." In The Marx-Engels Reader, edited by R. Tucker. New York: WW Norton.
    • (1978) The Marx-Engels Reader
    • Marx, K.1
  • 40
    • 0038335412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General Manager, Seed Co Zimbabwe. Interview with author. Harare: 24 May 2001
    • MCCARTER, B. 2001 General Manager, Seed Co Zimbabwe. Interview with author. Harare: 24 May 2001.
    • (2001)
    • McCarter, B.1
  • 41
  • 42
    • 0038335409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a Lockean theory of intellectual property
    • edited by A. Moore. Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield
    • MOORE, A. 1997 "Towards a Lockean Theory of Intellectual Property." Pp. 81-106 in Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal and International Dilemmas, edited by A. Moore. Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield.
    • (1997) Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal and International Dilemmas , pp. 81-106
    • Moore, A.1
  • 43
    • 0037659729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sui Generis options: The way forward
    • edited by BIOTHAI/GRAIN. Available online
    • NIJAR, G. 1998 "Sui Generis Options: The Way Forward." In Signposts to Sui Generis Rights, edited by BIOTHAI/GRAIN. Available online (www.grain.org).
    • (1998) Signposts to Sui Generis Rights
    • Nijar, G.1
  • 45
    • 0037643022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmaceutical, Manufacturers' Association of America Available online
    • PHARMACEUTICAL, MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA 2001 Pharmaceutical Industry Profile, 2001. Available online (www.phrma.org).
    • (2001) Pharmaceutical Industry Profile, 2001
  • 47
    • 0037997513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a synergy between biodiversity and intellectual property rights
    • PRAKASH, S. 1999 "Towards a Synergy Between Biodiversity and Intellectual Property Rights." Journal of World Intellectual Property 2(5).
    • (1999) Journal of World Intellectual Property , vol.2 , Issue.5
    • Prakash, S.1
  • 48
    • 0029507487 scopus 로고
    • Hegemonic TRIPs: World trade, intellectual property and biodiversity
    • PURUDE, D. 1995 "Hegemonic TRIPs: World Trade, Intellectual Property and Biodiversity." Environmental Politics 4(1): 88-107.
    • (1995) Environmental Politics , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 88-107
    • Purude, D.1
  • 50
    • 10044225461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North-South disputes over the protection of intellectual property
    • RICHARDSON, R. AND J. GAISFORD 1996 "North-South Disputes over the Protection of Intellectual Property." Canadian Journal of Economics (29): S376-81.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Economics , vol.29
    • Richardson, R.1    Gaisford, J.2
  • 51
    • 0039059482 scopus 로고
    • A discourse on political economy
    • edited by J. Rousseau. London: Orion Publishers
    • ROUSSEAU, J. 1993a "A Discourse on Political Economy." Pp. 127-168 in The Social Contract and Discourses, edited by J. Rousseau. London: Orion Publishers.
    • (1993) The Social Contract and Discourses , pp. 127-168
    • Rousseau, J.1
  • 52
    • 84932857036 scopus 로고
    • A dissertation on the origin and foundation of the inequality of mankind
    • edited by J. Rousseau. London: Orion Publishers
    • ROUSSEAU, J. 1993b "A Dissertation on the Origin and Foundation of the Inequality of Mankind." Pp. 31-126 in The Social Contract and Discourses, edited by J. Rousseau. London: Orion Publishers.
    • (1993) The Social Contract and Discourses , pp. 31-126
    • Rousseau, J.1
  • 53
    • 0037659724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biopiracy
    • Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI) 11 May 2000. Available online
    • RURAL ADVANCEMENT FOUNDATION INTERNATIONAL (RAFI) 2000 "Biopiracy." RAFI Communiqué. 11 May 2000. Available online (www.rafi.org).
    • (2000) RAFI Communiqué
  • 54
    • 0037997519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biopiracy update: The inequitable sharing of benefits
    • RAFI 30 Sept. 1997. Available online
    • RAFI 1997 "Biopiracy Update: The Inequitable Sharing of Benefits." RAFI Communiqué, 30 Sept. 1997. Available online (www.rafi.org).
    • (1997) RAFI Communiqué
  • 55
    • 0038673926 scopus 로고
    • Control of cotton: The patenting of transgenic cotton
    • RAFI 30 July 1993. Available online
    • RAFI 1993 "Control of Cotton: The Patenting of Transgenic Cotton." RAFI Communiqué, 30 July 1993. Available online (www.rafi.org).
    • (1993) RAFI Communiqué
  • 57
    • 0038673929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why the TRIPs agreement?
    • edited by D. Yong-d'Herve. Paris: International Chamber of Commerce
    • SAYLOR, L. AND J. BETON 1996 "Why the TRIPs Agreement?" In Intellectual Property and International Trade, edited by D. Yong-d'Herve. Paris: International Chamber of Commerce.
    • (1996) Intellectual Property and International Trade
    • Saylor, J.1    Beton, J.2
  • 58
    • 84972477304 scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property protection and antitrust in the developing world: Crisis, coercion and choice
    • SELL., S. 1995 "Intellectual Property Protection and Antitrust in the Developing World: Crisis, Coercion and Choice." International Organization 49(2): 215-49.
    • (1995) International Organization , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 215-249
    • Sell, S.1
  • 62
    • 0028591971 scopus 로고
    • TRIPs, trade and growth
    • TAYLOR, M. 1994 "TRIPs, Trade and Growth." International Economic Review 35(2): 361-81.
    • (1994) International Economic Review , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 361-381
    • Taylor, M.1
  • 65
    • 0038673922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Available online
    • US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA) 2001 Agricultural Research and Productivity. Available online (www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/AgResearch/).
    • (2001) Agricultural Research and Productivity
  • 66
    • 0039129293 scopus 로고
    • US Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) OTA-CIT-302. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office
    • US OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT (OTA) 1986 Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of Electronics Information. OTA-CIT-302. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
    • (1986) Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of Electronics Information
  • 68
    • 0037997521 scopus 로고
    • Commissioner's notice
    • USPTO Washington, DC: US PTO, 21 April 1987
    • USPTO 1987 "Commissioner's Notice." Official Gazette of the Patent and Trademark Office. Washington, DC: US PTO, 21 April 1987.
    • (1987) Official Gazette of the Patent and Trademark Office
  • 69
    • 0006578968 scopus 로고
    • US President's Commission on Industrial Competitiveness Washington, DC: Office of the President of the United States
    • US PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS 1985 Global Competition: The New Reality. Washington, DC: Office of the President of the United States.
    • (1985) Global Competition: The New Reality
  • 70
    • 0038673927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exclusive rights, enclosure and the patenting of life
    • edited by B. Tokar. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press
    • WILSON, K. 2001 "Exclusive Rights, Enclosure and the Patenting of Life." In Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering, edited by B. Tokar. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
    • (2001) Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering
    • Wilson, K.1
  • 71
    • 0038335414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indigenous knowledge and intellectual property rights
    • World Bank
    • WORLD BANK 2000 "Indigenous knowledge and intellectual property rights." IK Notes (19): 1-5.
    • (2000) IK Notes , vol.19 , pp. 1-5
  • 72
  • 73
    • 34250344290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Available online
    • WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (WIPO) 2001 Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Use and Law. Available online (www.wipo.org/about-ip/en/iprm).
    • (2001) Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Use and Law
  • 74
    • 0038335415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TRIPs: Background, principles and general provisions
    • edited by C. Correa and A. Yusuf. London: Kluwer Law International
    • YUSUF, A. 1998 "TRIPs: Background, Principles and General Provisions." In Intellectual Property and International Trade: The TRIPs Agreement, edited by C. Correa and A. Yusuf. London: Kluwer Law International.
    • (1998) Intellectual Property and International Trade: The TRIPs Agreement
    • Yusuf, A.1
  • 76
    • 0034863041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeds of hope, seeds of despair: Towards a political economy of the seed industry in Southern Africa
    • ZERBE, N. 2001 "Seeds of Hope, Seeds of Despair: Towards a Political Economy of the Seed Industry in Southern Africa." Third World Quarterly 22(4): 657-73.
    • (2001) Third World Quarterly , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 657-673
    • Zerbe, N.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.