Formulating conservation targets for biodiversity pattern and process in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa

Biological Conservation

Volumn 112, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 99-127

  Pressey, R L ^a   Cowling, R M ^b   Rouget, M ^c  

^a NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service   (Australia)

^b NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTION PLAN; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION PLANNING; FAUNISTICS; FLORISTICS; HABITAT CONSERVATION; HOT SPOT;

CAPE FLORISTIC REGION; SOUTH AFRICA;

AMPHIBIA; MAMMALIA; PROTEACEAE; REPTILIA;

EID: 0037724273     PISSN: 00063207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00424-X     Document Type: Article

References (187)

1. Anon., 1992. National Forest Policy Statement. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
2. Anon., 1995. National Forest Conservation Reserves: Commonwealth Proposed Criteria. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
3. Anon., 2000. Endangered Spaces: the Wilderness Campaign that Changed the Canadian Landscape, 1989-2000. World Wildlife Fund Canada, Toronto.
4. Anon., 2001. National Objectives and Targets for Biodiversity Conservation 2001-2005. Environment Australia, Canberra.
5. Araújo, M.B., Williams, P.H., 2001. The bias of complementarity hotspots toward marginal populations. Conservation Biology 15, 1710-1720.
6. Armesto, J.J., Rozzi, R., Ramirez, C., Arroyo, M.T.K., 1998. Conservation targets in South American temperate forests. Science 282, 1271-1272.
7. Baker, W.L., 1989. Landscape ecology and nature reserve design in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Ecology 70, 23-35.
8. Bakker, F.T., Calham, A., Gibby, M., 1999. Phylogenetics and diversification of Pelargonium. In: Hollingsworth, P.M., Bateman, R.M., Gornal, R.Y. (Eds.), Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 353-374.
9. Balmford, A., Mace, G.M., Ginsberg, J.R., 1998. The challenges to conservation in a changing world: putting processes on the map. In: Mace, G.M., Balmford, A., Ginsberg, J.R. (Eds.), Conservation in a Changing World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-28.
10. Barnard, P., Brown, C.J., Jarvis, A.M., Robertson, A., van Rooyen, L., 1998. Extending the Namibian protected area network to safeguard hotspots of endemism and diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 7, 531-547.
11. Basset, Y., 2001. Invertebrates in the canopy of tropical rain forests - how much do we really know? Plant Ecology 153, 87-107.
12. Bayer, B., 1999. Haworthia Revisited: A Revision of the Genus. Umdaus Press, Pretoria.
13. Beckett, P.H.T., Burrough, P.A., 1974. The relation between cost and utility in soil survey. IV. Comparison of the utilities of soil maps produced by different procedures, and to different scales. Journal of Soil Science 22, 466-480.
14. Bedward, M., Keith, D.A., Pressey, R.L., 1992a. Homogeneity analysis: assessing the utility of classifications and maps of natural resources. Australian Journal of Ecology 17, 133-139.
15. Bedward, M., Pressey, R.L., Keith, D.A., 1992b. A new approach to selecting fully representative reserve networks: addressing efficiency, reserve design and land suitability with an iterative analysis. Biological Conservation 62, 115-125.
16. Bennett, A.F., 1999. Linkages in the Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation. IUCN, Cambridge.
17. Bernard, E., Fenton, M.B., 2002. Species diversity of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in forest fragments, primary forests, and savannas in central Amazonia, Brazil. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, 1124-1140.
18. Berry, M.G., Robertson, B.L., Campbell, E.E., 1994. Impacts of informal settlements on south-eastern Cape coastal vegetation (South Africa). Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 4, 129-139.
19. Bond, W.J., Midgley, J., Vlok, J., 1988. When is an island not an island? Insular effects and their causes in fynbos shrublands. Oecologia 77, 515-521.
20. Bond, W.J., Vlok, J., Viviers, M., 1984. Variations in seedling recruitment of Cape Proteaceae after fire. Journal of Ecology 72, 209-221.
21. Boshoff, A.F., Kerley, G.I.H., 1999. Conservation Planning in the Cape Floristic Region: Distribution, Conservation Status and Spatial Population Requirements of the Medium- to Large-sized Mammals (Terrestrial Ecology Research Unit Report No. 26). University of Port Elizabeth.
22. Boshoff, A.F., Kerley, G.I.H., 2001. Potential distributions of the medium- to large-sized mammals in the Cape Floristic Region, based on historical accounts and habitat requirements. African Zoology 36, 245-273.
23. Boshoff, A.F., Kerley, G.I.H., Cowling, R.M., 2001. A pragmatic approach to estimating the distributions and spatial requirements of the medium- to large-sized mammals in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Diversity and Distributions 7, 29-43.
24. Boshoff, A.F., Kerley, G.I.H., Cowling, R.M., 2002. Estimated spatial requirements of the medium- to large-sized mammals, according to broad habitat units, in the Cape Floristic Region. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 19, 29-44.
25. Brooks, T.M., Pimm, S.L., Oyugi, J.O., 1999. Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments. Conservation Biology 13, 1140-1150.
26. Bruyns, P., Linder, H.P., 1991. A revision of Microloma R. Br. (Asclepiadeae-Asclepiadeae). Botaniske Jahrboek Systematiek 112, 453-527.
27. Burgman, M.A., Possingham, H.P., Lynch, A.J.J., Keith, D.A., McCarthy, M.A., Hopper, S.D., Drury, W.L., Passioura, J.A., Devries, R.J., 2001. A method for setting the size of plant conservation target areas. Conservation Biology 15, 603-616.
28. Cabeza, M., Moilanen, A., 2001. Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16, 242-248.
29. Campbell, B.M., 1983. Montane plant environments in the fynbos biome. Bothalia 14, 283-298.
30. Caughley, G., 1994. Directions in conservation biology. Journal of Animal Ecology 63, 215-244.
31. Coe, M.J., Skinner, J.D., 1993. Connections, disjunctions and endemisms in the eastern and southern African mammal faunas. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 48, 233-254.
32. Colville, J., Picker, M.D., Cowling, R.M., 2002. Species turnover of monkey beetles (Scarabaenidae: Hoplini) along environmental and disturbance gradients in the Namaqualand region of the Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation 11, 243-264.
33. Cowling, R.M., 1983. Phytochorology and vegetation history in the south-eastern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Biogeography 10, 393-419.
34. Cowling, R.M., Bond, W.J., 1991. How small can reserves be? An empirical approach in Cape Fynbos, South Africa. Biological Conservation 58, 243-256.
35. Cowling, R.M., Eggenberg, S., 2000. Accommodating problems of rarity definition and phylogeny in assessing common-rare differences in reproductive effort: opportunities provided by the Cape flora. South African Journal of Science 96, 381-384.
36. Cowling, R.M., Heijnis, C.E., 2001. The identification of Broad Habitat Units as biodiversity entities for systematic conservation planning in the Cape Floristic Region. South African Journal of Botany 67, 15-38.
37. Cowling, R.M., Holmes, P.M., 1992. Endemism and speciation in a lowland flora from the Cape Floristic Region. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 47, 367-383.
38. Cowling, R.M., Holmes, P.M., Rebelo, A.G., 1992. Plant diversity and endemism. In: Cowling, R.M. (Ed.), The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 62-112.
39. Cowling, R.M., Lombard, A.T., 2002. Heterogeneity, speciation/extinction history and climate: explaining regional plant diversity patterns in the Cape Floristic Region. Diversity and Distributions 8, 163-179.
40. Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., 2001. Rapid plant diversification: planning for an evolutionary future. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98, 5452-5457.
41. Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., 2003. Introduction to systematic conservation planning in the Cape Floristic Region. Biological Conservation 112, 1-3.
42. Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Lombard, A.T., Desmet, P.G., Ellis, A.G., 1999. From representation to persistence: requirements for a sustainable reserve system in the species-rich mediterranean-climate deserts of southern Africa. Diversity and Distributions 5, 51-71.
43. Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Rouget, M., Lombard, A.T., 2003. A conservation plan for a global biodiversity hotspot the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Biological Conservation 112, 191-216.
44. Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M., Schulze, R.J., Hoffman, M.T., Midgley, J.J., Hilton-Taylor, C., 1997. Species diversity at the regional scale. In: Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M., Pierce, S.M. (Eds.), Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 447-473.
45. Davis, F.W., Stoms, D.M., Andelman, S., 1999. Systematic reserve selection in the USA: an example from the Columbia Plateau ecoregion. Parks 9, 31-41.
46. Dennis, R.H.L., Sparks, T.H., Hardy, P.B., 1999. Bias in butterfly distribution maps: the effects of sampling effort. Journal of Insect Conservation 3, 33-42.
47. Dent, M.C., Lynch, S.D., Tarboton, H., 1990. Detailed delimitation of rainfall regions in southern Africa. Water SA 16, 1-4.
48. Diamond, J.M., 1975. The island dilemma: lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biological Conservation 7, 129-146.
49. Dinerstein, E., Powell, G., Olson, D., Wikramanayake, E., Abell, R., Loucks, C., Underwood, E., Allnutt, T., Wettengel, W., Ricketts, T., Strand, H., O'Connor, S., Burgess, N., 2000. A Workbook for Conducting Biological Assessments and Developing Biodiversity Visions for Ecoregion-based Conservation. Part 1: Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund, Washington DC.
50. Donaldson, J., Nänni, I., Zachariades, C., Kemper, J., 2002. Effects of habitat fragmentation on pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success in renosterveld shrublands of South Africa. Conservation Biology 16, 1267-1276.
51. Enrödy-Younga, S., 1988. Evidence for the low-altitiude origin of the Cape Mountain Biome derived from the systematic revision of the genus Colophon Gray (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). Annals of the South African Museum 96, 359-424.
52. Euston-Brown, D., 1995. Environmental and Dynamic Determinants of Vegetation Distribution in the Kouga and Baviaanskloof Mountains, Eastern Cape. MSc Thesis, University of Cape Town.
53. Ferrier, S., 2002. Mapping spatial pattern in biodiversity for regional conservation planning: where to from here? Systematic Biology 51, 331-363.
54. Ferrier, S., Gray, M.R., Cassis, G.A., Wilkie, L., 1999. Spatial turnover in species composition of ground-dwelling arthropods, vertebrates and vascular plants in north-east New South Wales: implications for selection of forest reserves. In: Ponder, W., Lunney, D. (Eds.), The Other 90%: The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 68-76.
55. Ferrier, S., Pressey, R.L., Barrett, T.W., 2000. A new predictor of the irreplaceability of areas for achieving a conservation goal, its application to real-world planning, and a research agenda for further refinement. Biological Conservation 93, 303-325.
56. Fjeldså, J., Ehrlich, D., Lambin, E., Prins, E., 1997. Are biodiversity 'hotspots' correlated with current ecoclimatic stability? A pilot study using the NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data. Biodiversity and Conservation 6, 401-422.
57. Forshaw, N., 2002. Protea atlas project. Available from 〈http://protea.worldonline.co.za〉.
58. Fraser, M.W., McMahon, L., Underhill, L.G., Underhill, G.D., Rebelo, A.G., 1989. Nectarivore ringing in the southwestern Cape. Safring News 18, 3-18.
59. Freitag, S., Nicholls, A.O., van Jaarsveld, A.S., 1996. Nature reserve selection in the Transvaal, South Africa: what data should we be using? Biodiversity and Conservation 5, 685-698.
60. Geldenhuys, C.J., 1997. Composition and biogeography of forest patches on the inland mountains of the southern Cape. Bothalia 27, 57-74.
61. Gelderblom, C.M., van Wilgen, B.W., Nel, J., Sandwith, T., Botha, M.A., Hauck, M., 2003. Turning strategy into action: implementing a conservation action plan in the Cape Floristic Region. Biological Conservation 112, 291-297.
62. Goldblatt, P., 1979. Biology and systematics of Galaxia (Iridaceae). Journal of South African Botany 45, 385-423.
63. Goldblatt, P., 1982. Systematics of Freesia Klatt (Iridaceae). Journal of South African Botany 48, 39-91.
64. Goldblatt, P., Manning, J., 2000. Plants of the Cape flora. Strelitzia 9, 1-744.
65. Goldblatt, P., Manning, J.C., 2002. Plant diversity of the Cape Region of southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89, 281-302.
66. Goldblatt, P., Bernhardt, P., Manning, J.C., 1998. Pollination of petaloid geophytes by monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae: Rulelinae: Hoplini) in southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85, 215-230.
67. Groves, C., Valutis, L., Vosick, D., Neely, B., Wheaton, K., Touval, J., Runnels, B., 2000. Designing a Geography of Hope: A Practitioner's Handbook to Ecoregional Conservation Planning, Vol. I. The Nature Conservancy. Arlington, VA.
68. Hannah, L., Midgley, G.F., Lovejoy, T., Bond, W.J., Bush, M., Lovett, J.C., Scott, D., Woodward, F.I., 2002. Conservation of biodiversity in a changing climate. Conservation Biology 16, 264-268.
69. Harner, R.F., Harper, K.T., 1976. The role of area, heterogeneity, and favorability in plant species diversity of pinyon-juniper ecosystems. Ecology 57, 1254-1263.
70. Harris, R., Olson, C., 1997. Two-stage system for prioritizing riparian restoration at the stream reach and community scales. Restoration Ecology 5, 34-42.
71. Harrison, J., Miller, K., McNeely, J., 1982. The world coverage of protected areas: development goals and environmental needs. Ambio 11, 238-245.
72. Harrison, J.A., Allan, D.G., Underhill, L.G., Herremans, M., Tree, A.J., Parker, V., Brown, C.J., 1997. The Atlas of South African Birds. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg.
73. Higgins, S.I., Richardson, D.M., Cowling, R.M., 2000. Using a dynamic landscape model for planning the management of alien plant invasions. Ecological Applications 10, 1833-1848.
74. Howard, P.C., Viskanic, P., Davenport, T.R.B., Kigenyi, F.W., Baltzer, M., Dickinson, C.J., Lwanga, J.S., Matthews, R.A., Balmford, A., 1998. Complementarity and the use of indicator groups for reserve selection in Uganda. Nature 394, 472-475.
75. Hunter, M.L., Webb, S.L., 2002. Enlisting taxonomists to survey poorly known taxa for biodiversity conservation: a lichen case study. Conservation Biology 16, 660-665.
76. Kemper, J., Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M., 1999. Fragmentation of South African renosterveld shrublands: effects on plant community structure and conservation implications. Biological Conservation 90, 103-111.
77. Kerley, G.I.H., McLachlan, A., Castley, J.G., 1996. Diversity and dynamics of bushpockets in the Alexandria coastal dunefield, South Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning 34, 255-266.
78. Kerley, G.I.H., Pressey, R.L., Cowling, R.M., Boshoff, A.E.F., Sims-Castley, R., 2003. Options for the conservation of large and medium-sized mammals in the Cape Floristic Region. Biological Conservation 112, 169-190.
79. Kirkpatrick, J.B., Brown, M.J., 1994. A comparison of direct and environmental domain approaches to planning reservation of forest higher plant communities and species in Tasmania. Conservation Biology 8, 217-224.
80. Kruger, F.J., 1977. Ecological reserves in the Cape fynbos: toward a strategy for conservation. South African Journal of Science 73, 81-85.
81. Kurzweil, H., Linder, H.P., Chesselet, P., 1991. The phylogeny and evolution of the Pterygodium-Corycium complex (Coryciinae: Orchidaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 175, 161-223.
82. Lacy, R.C., 1997. Importance of genetic variation to the viability of mammalian populations. Journal of Mammalogy 78, 320-335.
83. Lambeck, R.J., 1997. Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conservation Biology 11, 849-856.
84. Lawes, M.J., Piper, S.E., 1998. There is less to binary maps than meets the eye: the use of species distribution data in the southern African sub-region. South African Journal of Science 94, 207-210.
85. le Maitre, D.C., van Wilgen, B.W., 1993. A computer system for catchment management: background concepts and development. Journal of Environmental Management 39, 121-142.
86. Linder, H.P., 1991. Environmental correlates of patterns of species richness in the south-western Cape Province of South Africa. Journal of Biogeography 18, 509-518.
87. Linder, H.P., 1995. Setting conservation priorities: the importance of endemism and phylogeny in the southern African orchid genus Herschelia. Conservation Biology 9, 585-595.
88. Linder, H.P. The Cape flora. Biological Reviews (in press).
89. Linder, H.P., Ellis, R.P., 1990. Vegetative morphology and interfire survival strategies in the Cape Fynbos grasses. Bothalia 20, 91-103.
90. Linder, H.P., Mann, D.M., 1998. The phylogeny and biogeography of Thamnochortus (Restionaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 128, 319-357.
91. Linder, H.P., Vlok, J.H., 1991. The morphology, taxonomy and evolution of Rhodocoma (Restionaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 175, 139-160.
92. Lloyd, J.W., van den Berg, E.C., van Wyk, E., 1999. The Mapping of Threats to Biodiversity in the Cape Floristic Region with the Aid of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (Climate and Soil Report No. GW/A1999/54). Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Soil, Pretoria.
93. Lochner, P., Weaver, A., Gelderblom, C., Paert, R., Sandwith, T., Fowkes, S., 2003. Aligning the diverse: the development of a biodiversity conservation strategy for the Cape Floristic Region. Biological Conservation 112, 29-43.
94. Lombard, A.T., Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Mustart, P.J., 1997. Reserve selection in a species-rich and fragmented landscape on the Agulhas Plain, South Africa. Conservation Biology 11, 1101-1116.
95. Lombard, A.T., Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Rebelo, A.G., 2003. Effectiveness of land classes as surrogates for species in conservation planning for the Cape Floristic Region. Biological Conservation 112, 45-62.
96. Lomolino, M.V., 2000. Ecology's most general, yet protean pattern: the species-area relationship. Journal of Biogeography 27, 17-26.
97. Low, A.B., Rebelo, A.G. (Eds.), 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.
98. Macdonald, I.A.W., Midgley, G.F., 1996. Impacts and implications for nature conservation. In: Shackleton, L.Y., Lennon, S.J., Tosen, G.R. (Eds.), Global Climate Change and South Africa. Environmental Scientific Association, Cleveland, pp. 83-86.
99. Maddock, A., Benn, G.A., 2000. Identification of conservation-worthy areas in northern Zululand, South Africa. Conservation Biology 14, 155-166.
100. Manning, J.C., Linder, H.P., 1992. Pollinators and evolution in Disperis (Orchidaceae), or why are there so many species? South African Journal of Science 88, 38-49.
101. Margules, C.R., Austin, M.P., 1994. Biological models for monitoring species decline: the construction and use of data bases. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 344, 69-75.
102. Margules, C.R., Pressey, R.L., 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405, 243-253.
103. May, R.M., 1999. The dimensions of life on Earth. In: Raven, P.H., Williams, T. (Eds.), Nature and Human Society: the Quest for a Sustainable World. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 30-45.
104. McDonald, D.J., 1995. Vegetation Patterns, Diversity and Endemism in the Southern Langeberg Mountains, Fynbos Biome, South Africa. PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town.
105. McLachlan, A., Ascaray, C., Du Toit, P., 1984. Sand movement, vegetation succession and biomass spectrum in a coastal dune slack in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 12, 9-25.
106. McLachlan, A., Burns, M., 1992. Headland bypass dunes on the South African coast: 100 years of (mis)management. In: Carter, R.W.G., Curtis, T.G.F., Sheehy-Skeffington, M.J. (Eds.), Coastal Dunes: Geomorphology, Ecology and Management for Conservation. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 71-79.
107. McNeely, J.A., 1993. Parks for Life: Report of the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
108. McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., 1984. National Parks, Conservation, and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
109. Midgley, G., Hannah, L., Millar, D., Thuiller, W., Booth, A., 2003. Developing regional and species-level assessments of climate change impacts on biodiversity: the Cape Floristic Region. Biological Conservation 112, 87-97.
110. Miller, K.R., 1984. The Bali Action Plan: a framework for the future of protected areas. In: McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R. (Eds.), National Parks, Conservation, and Development: the Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 756-764.
111. Milton, S.J., Bond, W.J., du Plessis, M.A., Gibbs, D., Hilton-Taylor, C., Linder, H.P., Raitt, L., Wood, J., Donaldson, J.S., 1999. A protocol for plant conservation by translocation in threatened lowland Fynbos. Conservation Biology 13, 735-743.
112. Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Thomsen, J.B., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Olivieri, S., 1998. Biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness areas: approaches to setting conservation priorities. Conservation Biology 12, 516-520.
113. Moritz, C., 2002. Strategies to protect biological diversity and the evolutionary processes that sustain it. Systematic Biology 51, 238-254.
114. Moritz, C., Richardson, K.S., Ferrier, S., Monteith, G.B., Stanisic, J., Williams, S.E., Whiffin, T., 2001. Biogeographical concordance and efficiency of taxon indicators for establishing conservation priority in a tropical rainforest biota. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268, 1875-1881.
115. Morton, S.R., Stafford Smith, D.M., Friedel, M.H., Griffin, G.F., Pickup, G., 1995. The stewardship of arid Australia: ecology and landscape management. Journal of Environmental Management 43, 195-217.
116. Muir, J., 1929. The vegetation of the Riversdale area, Cape Province. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 13.
117. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Kent, J., 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853-858.
118. Naiman, R.J., Décamps, H., Pollock, M., 1993. The role of riparian corridors in maintaining regional biodiversity. Ecological Applications 3, 209-212.
119. Nicholls, A.O., Margules, C.R., 1993. An upgraded reserve selection algorithm. Biological Conservation 64, 165-169.
120. Nordenstam, B., 1969. Phytogeography of the genus Europs (Compositae): a contribution to the phytogeography of Southern Africa. Opera Botanica 23, 1-77.
121. Noss, R.F., 1996. Protected areas: how much is enough? In: Wright, R.G. (Ed.), National Parks and Protected Areas. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, pp. 91-120.
122. Noss, R.F., 2001. Beyond Kyoto: forest management in a time of rapid climate change. Conservation Biology 15, 578-590.
123. Noss, R.F., Cooperrider, A., 1994. Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, DC.
124. Noss, R.F., O'Connell, M.A., Murphy, D.D., 1997. The Science of Conservation Planning: Habitat Conservation under the Endangered Species Act. Island Press, Washington, DC.
125. Noss, R.F., Carroll, C., Vance-Borland, K., Wuerthner, G., 2002. A multicriteria assessment of the irreplaceability and vulnerability of sites in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Conservation Biology 16, 895-908.
126. Noss, R.F., Strittholt, J.R., Vance-Borland, K., Carroll, C., Frost, P., 1999. A conservation plan for the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion. Natural Areas Journal 19, 392-411.
127. Odegaard, F., 2000. How many species of arthropods? Erwin's estimate revised. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71, 583-597.
128. Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., 1998. The global 200: a representation approach to conserving the Earth's most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biology 12, 502-515.
129. Patterson, B.D., 2001. Fathoming tropical biodiversity: the continuing discovery of Neotropical mammals. Diversity and Distributions 7, 191-196.
130. Peterson, A.T., 1998. New species and new species limits in birds. Auk 115, 555-558.
131. Picker, M.D, Midgley, J.J., 1996. Pollination by monkey beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Hopliini): flower and colour preferences. African Entomology 4, 7-14.
132. Pickett, S.T.A., Thompson, J.N., 1978. Patch dynamics and the design of nature reserves. Biological Conservation 13, 27-37.
133. Prance, G.T., Beentje, H., Dransfield, J., Johns, R., 2000. The tropical flora remains undercollected. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 87, 67-71.
134. Pressey, R.L., 1998. Algorithms, politics and timber: an example of the role of science in a public, political negotiation process over new conservation areas in production forests. In: Wills, R., Hobbs, R. (Eds.), Ecology for Everyone: Communicating Ecology to Scientists, the Public and the Politicians. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney, pp. 73-87.
135. Pressey, R.L., 1999. Applications of irreplaceability analysis to planning and management problems. Parks 9, 42-51.
136. Pressey, R.L., Cowling, R.M., 2001. Reserve selection algorithms and the real world. Conservation Biology 15, 275-277.
137. Pressey, R.L., Logan, V.S., 1995. Reserve coverage and requirements in relation to partitioning and generalization of land classes: analyses for western New South Wales. Conservation Biology 9, 1506-1517.
138. Pressey, R.L., Logan, V.S., 1997. Inside looking out: findings of research on reserve selection relevant to "off-reserve" nature conservation. In: Hale, P., Lamb, D. (Eds.), Conservation Outside Nature Reserves. University of Queensland, Centre for Conservation Biology, Brisbane, pp. 407-418.
139. Pressey, R.L., Logan, V.S., 1998. Size of selection units for future reserves and its influence on actual vs. targeted representation of features: a case study in western New South Wales. Biological Conservation 85, 305-319.
140. Pressey, R.L., Taffs, K.H., 2001. Scheduling conservation action in production landscapes: priority areas in western New South Wales defined by irreplaceability and vulnerability to vegetation loss. Biological Conservation 100, 355-376.
141. Pressey, R.L., Ferrier, S., Hager, T.C., Woods, C.A., Tully, S.L., Weinman, K.M., 1996. How well protected are the forests of northeastern New South Wales? Analyses of forest environments in relation to tenure, formal protection measures and vulnerability to clearing. Forest Ecology and Management 85, 311-333.
142. Pressey, R.L., Hager, T.C., Ryan, K.M., Schwarz, J., Wall, S., Ferrier, S., Creaser, P.M., 2000. Using abiotic data for conservation assessments over extensive regions: quantitative methods applied across New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation 96, 55-82.
143. Rebelo, A.G., 1991. Protea Atlas Manual: Instruction Booklet to the Protea Atlas Project. Protea Atlas Project, Kirstenbosch.
144. Rebelo, A.G., 1992a. Red Data book species in the Cape Floristic Region - threats priorities and target species. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 48, 55-85.
145. Rebelo, A.G., 1992b. Preservation of biotic diversity. In: Cowling, R.M. (Ed.), The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 309-344.
146. Redak, R.A., 2000. Arthropods and multispecies habitat conservation plans: are we missing something? Environmental Management 26, S97-S107.
147. Reeves, G., 2001. Radiation and Macroevolutionary Ecology of the African Genus Protea. PhD Thesis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London.
148. Richardson, D.M., Macdonald, I.A.W., Holmes, P.M., Cowling, R.M., 1992. Plant and animal invasions. In: Cowling, R.M. (Ed.), The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 271-308.
149. Richardson, D.M., van Wilgen, B.W., Higgins, S.I., Trinder Smith, T.H., Cowling, R.M., McKell, D.H., 1996. Current and future threats to plant biodiversity on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation 5, 607-647.
150. Rodrigues, A.S.L., Gaston, K.J., 2001. How large do reserve networks need to be? Ecology Letters 4, 602-609.
151. Rosenzweig, M.L., 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
152. Rouget, M., Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Richardson, D.M. Identifying spatial components of ecological and evolutionary processes for regional conservation planning in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Diversity and Distributions (in press).
153. Rouget, M., Richardson, D.M., Cowling, R.M., Lloyd, J.W., 2003b. Current patterns of habitat transformation and future threats to biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems of the Cape Floristic Region. Biological Conservation 112, 63-85.
154. Rourke, J.P., 1969. Taxonomic studies on Sorocephalus R.Br. and Spatalla Salisb. Journal of South African Botany 7 (Suppl.), 1-124.
155. Rourke, J.P., 1972. Taxonomic studies on Leucospermum R.Br. Journal of South African Botany 8 (Suppl.), 1-194.
156. Scott, J.M., Davis, F.W., McGhie, R.G., Wright, R.G., Groves, C., Estes, J., 2001. Nature reserves: do they capture the full range of America's biological diversity? Ecological Applications 11, 999-1007.
157. Schadt, S., Revilla, E., Wiegand, T., Knauer, F., Kaczensky, P., Breitenmoser, U., Bufka, L., Cerveny, J., Koubek, P., Huber, T., Stanisa, C., Trepl, L., 2002. Assessing the suitability of central European landscapes for the reintroduction of Eurasian lynx. Journal of Applied Ecology 39, 189-203.
158. Shafer, C.L., 1990. Nature Reserves: Island Theory and Practice. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
159. Sierra, R., Campos, F., Chamberlin, J., 2002. Assessing biodiversity conservation priorities: ecosystem risk and representativeness in continental Ecuador. Landscape and Urban Planning 59, 95-110.
160. Simmons, M.T., Cowling, R.M., 1996. Why is the Cape Peninsula so rich in plant species? An analysis of the independent diversity components. Biodiversity and Conservation 5, 551-573.
161. Smith, T.B., Bruford, M.W., Wayne, R.K., 1993. The preservation of process: the missing element of conservation programs. Biodiversity Letters 1, 164-167.
162. Smith, T.B., Kark, S., Schneider, C.J., Wayne, R.K., 2001. Biodiversity hotspots and beyond: the need for preserving environmental transitions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16, 431.
163. Smith, T.B., Wayne, R.K., Girman, D.J., Bruford, M.W., 1997. A role for ecotones in generating rainforest biodiversity. Science 276, 1855-1857.
164. Smithers, R.H.N., 1986. South African Red Data Book - Terrestrial Mammals. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 125. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria.
165. Soulé, M.E., Sanjayan, M.A., 1998. Conservation targets: do they help? Science 279, 2060-2061.
166. Soulé, M.E., Terborgh, J., 1999. Conserving nature at regional and continental scales - a scientific program for North America. BioScience 49, 809-817.
167. Stattersfield, A.J., Crosby, M.J., Long, A.J., Wedge, D.C., 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World. BirdLife Conservation Series 7. BirdLife International, Cambridge.
168. Steiner, K.E., 1998. Beetle pollination of peacock moraeas (Iridaceae) in South Africa. Plant Systematics and Evolution 209, 47-65.
169. Stohlgren, T.J., Quinn, J.F., Ruggiero, M., Waggoner, G.S., 1995. Status of biotic inventories in US National Parks. Biological Conservation 71, 97-106.
170. Stork, N.E., 1999. Estimating the number of species on earth. In: Ponder, W., Lunney, D. (Eds.), The Other 99%: the Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 1-7.
171. Tilman, D., May, R.M., Lehman, C.L., Nowak, M.A., 1994. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371, 65-66.
172. Tinley, K.L., 1985. Coastal Dunes of South Africa. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 109. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria.
173. Turner, A.M., Rubec, C.D.A., Wiken, E.B., 1992. Canadian ecosystems: a systems approach to their conservation. In: Willison, J.H.M., Bondrup-Nielsen, S., Drysdale, C., Herman, T.B., Munro, N.W.P., Pollock, T.L. (Eds.), Science and the Management of Protected Areas. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 117-127.
174. van Jaarsveld, A.S., Chown, S.L., 1996. Strategies and time-frames for implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity: biological requirements. South African Journal of Science 92, 459-464.
175. van Jaarsveld, A.S., Gaston, K.J., Chown, S.L., Freitag, S., 1998. Throwing biodiversity out with the binary data? South African Journal of Science 94, 210-214.
176. van Nieuwenhuizen, G., Archibald, S., Jones, G., Day, J., 2000. Priority Areas for the Conservation of Biodiversity Associated with Freshwater Ecosystems. Freshwater Research Unit, University of Cape Town.
177. van Wilgen, B.W., Bond, W.J., Richardson, D.M., 1992. Ecosystem management. In: Cowling, R.M. (Ed.), The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 345-371.
178. van Wilgen, B.W., Marias, C., Magadlela, D., Jezile, N., Stevens, D., 2002. Win-win-win: South Africa's Working for Water Programme. In: Pierce, S.M., Cowling, R.M., Sandwith, T., MacKinnon, K. (Eds.), Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Development: Case Studies from South Africa. World Bank, Washington, DC, pp. 5-20.
179. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), 1987. Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
180. Williams, I.J.M., 1972. A revision of the genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae). Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium 3, 1-425.
181. Williams, P., 2001. Complementarity. In: Levin, S.A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 813-829.
182. Woodroffe, R., Ginsberg, J., 1997. Country-by-country action plans for wild dog conservation. In: Woodroffe, R., Ginsberg, J., MacDonald, D.W. (Eds.), The African Wild Dog - Status, Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, pp. 118-123.
183. Wright, R.G., MacCracken, J.G., Hall, J., 1994. An ecological evaluation of proposed new conservation areas in Idaho: evaluating proposed Idaho national parks. Conservation Biology 8, 207-216.
184. WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and IUCN (the World Conservation Union), 1994. Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide for their Conservation. IUCN, Cambridge.
185. Young, A., Fowkes, S., 2003. The Cape Action Plan for the Environment: overview of an ecoregional planning process. Biological Conservation 112, 15-28.
186. Young, M., Howard, B., 1996. Can Australia afford a representative reserve network by 2000? Search 27, 22-26.
187. Zurlini, G., Grossi, L., Rossi, O., 2002. Spatial-accumulation pattern and extinction rates of Mediterranean flora as related to species confinement to habitats in preserves and larger areas. Conservation Biology 16, 948-963.