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Since the reaction occurs in a single liquid phase, the term "dual catalyst" was introduced to differentiate the role of Triton-X from that of a conventional phase transfer catalyst (PTC), where the reaction takes place in the aqueous/organic interface. Triton-X is also differentiated from traditional crown ethers, since crown ethers do not act as a surfactant. In this case, although KOH is the active catalyst, the presence of Triton-X is imperative. Control experiments performed in absence of Triton-X showed decomposition of both nitroalkanes and aldehyde under otherwise identical conditions. For references on a similar dual catalytic effect by Triton-X type suffactants in a chiral PTC system, see: Dolling, U.-H.; Hughes, D. L.; Bhattacharya, A.; Ryan, K. M.; Karady, S.; Weinstock. L. M.; Grenda, V. J.; Grabowski, E. J. J. Efficient Asymmetric Alkylations via Chiral Phase-Transfer Catalysis. In A Novel Dual Catalysis. Catalysis of Organic Reactions; Paul N. Rylander, P. N., Greenfield, H., Augustine, R. L., Eds.; 1988; Vol. 33, pp 65-86.
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-
We did not perform any extensive safety studies. In general, nitroalkanes have low flammability, but they are often chemically unstable. Since the reactions are conducted in the liquid phase, safety should be less of an issue. Also, these reactions could potentially be conducted in a continuous or semicontinuous mode in a flow reactor where only small amount of substrate comes in contact with the reagent at any given time, instead of a batch mode, to make the process even safer. The following EPA web page is a source of excellent information about the safety of reactive groups including nitro compounds. [http://www.epa.gov/ceppo/cameo/help/chaptera.htm#913100].
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