The illusion of improved physical fitness and reduced mortality

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 736-740

  Williams, Paul T ^a  

^a LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Measurement error; Morbidity; Public health policy; Regression to the mean; Statistical artifact

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; AEROBIC METABOLISM; ANALYTICAL ERROR; ARTICLE; ARTIFACT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EVALUATION; FITNESS; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MEASUREMENT; MORTALITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PUBLICATION; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TIME; TREADMILL;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICAL FITNESS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0037695140     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000064995.89335.40     Document Type: Article

References (17)

1. BLAIR, S. N., H. W. KOHL III, R. S. PAFFENBARGER, Jr., D. G. CLARK, K. H. COOPER, and L. W. GIBBONS. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA 262:2395-2401, 1989.
2. BLAIR, S. N., H. W. KOHL III, C. E. BARLOW, R. S. PAFFENBARGER, Jr., L. W. GIBBONS, and C. A. MACERA. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. JAMA 273:1093-1098, 1995.
3. 2max in the sedentary state: the HERITAGE family study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc 30:252-258, 1998.
4. ERIKSSEN, G., K. LIESTOL, J. BJORNHOLT, E. THAULOW, L. SANDVIK, and J. ERIKSSEN. Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality. Lancet 352:759-762, 1998.
5. FLETCHER, G. F., G. BALADY, S. N. BLAIR, et al. Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans: a statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 94:857-862, 1996.
6. LISSNER, L., C. BENGTSSON, C. BJORKELUND, and H. WEDEL. Physical activity levels and changes in relation to longevity: a prospective study of Swedish women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 143:54-62, 1996.
7. PAFFENBARGER, R. S., R. T. HYDE, A. L. WING, I. M. LEE, D. L. JUNG, and J. B. KAMPERT. The association of changes in physicalactivity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N. Engl. J. Med. 328:538-545, 1993.
8. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. NIH Consensus Statement, 13:1-33, 1995.
9. PLEWIS, I. Analyzing Change: Measurement and Explanation Using Longitudinal Data. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985, pp. 73-88.
10. SCIENCE CITATION INDEX. January through December, 2000. Philadelphia: ISI, 2001.
11. SNEDICOR, G. W., and W. G. COCHRAN. Statistical Methods, 6th Ed. Ames IA: Iowa State University Press, 1967, pp. 552.
12. STEFFEN-BATEY, L., M. Z. NICHAMAN, D. C. GOFF, Jr., et al. Change in level of physical activity and risk of all-cause mortality or reinfarction: the Corpus Christi Heart Project. Circulation 102:2204-2209, 2000.
13. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1996, pp. 81-172.
14. WANNAMETHEE, S. G., A. G. SHAPER, and M. WALKER. Changes in physical activity, mortality, and incidence of coronary heart disease in older men. Lancet 351:1603-1608, 1998.
15. WILLIAMS, P. T. Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors, a meta analysis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33:754-761, 2001.
16. WILLIAMS, P. T. Dose of exercise and health benefit. Arch. Intern. Med. 157:1774-1776, 1997.
17. WOOD, P. D., W. L. HASKELL, S. N. BLAIR, et al. Increased exercise level and plasma lipoprotein concentrations: a one-year, randomized, controlled study in sedentary, middle-aged men. Metabolism 32:31-39, 1983.