Repopulations from Cretaceous mass extinctions: Environmental and/or evolutionary controls?

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 332, Issue , 1999, Pages 345-364

  Harries, Peter J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RECOVERY;

CENOMANIAN-TURONIAN; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL DISRUPTION; ENVIRONMENTAL PERTURBATIONS; EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS; GENERAL PATTERNS; MACROINVERTEBRATES; MASS EXTINCTION;

GEOLOGY;

CENOMANIAN-TURONIAN BOUNDARY; CRETACEOUS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; LONGEVITY; MACROINVERTEBRATE; MASS EXTINCTION; REPRODUCTION; SPECIES DIVERSITY;

EID: 0037691245     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2332-9.345     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Arthur, M. A., and Sageman, B. B., 1994, Marine black shales: Depositional mechanisms and environments of ancient deposits: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, v. 22, p. 499-551.
2. Arthur, M. A., Schlanger, S. O., and Jenkyns, M. C., 1987, The Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event, II. Palaeoceanographic controls on organic-matter production and preservation, in Brooks, J., and Fleet, A. J., eds., Marine petroleum source rocks: Geological Society of London Special Publication 26, p. 401-420.
3. Barrera, E., 1994, Global environmental changes preceding the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: early-late Maastrichtian transition: Geology, v. 22, p. 877-880.
4. Barrera, E., and Keller, G., 1990, Stable isotope evidence for gradual environmental changes and species survivorship across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Paleoceanography, v. 5, p. 867-890.
5. Barron, E. J., Arthur, M. A., and Kauffman, E. G., 1985, Cretaceous rhythmic bedding sequences: A plausible link between orbital variations and climate: Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, v. 72, p. 327-340.
6. Batt, R. J., 1989, Ammonite shell morphotype distributions in the Western Interior Greenhorn Sea and some paleoecological implications: Palaios, v. 4, p. 32-42.
7. Batt, R. J., 1993, Ammonite morphotypes as indicators of oxygenation in a Cretaceous epicontinental sea: Lethaia, v. 26, p. 49-63.
8. Berner, R. A., 1994, GEOCARB II: A revised model for atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time: American Journal of Science, v. 294, p. 56-91.
9. Boucot, A. J., 1986, Ecostratigraphic criteria for evaluating the magnitude, character and duration of bioevents, in Walliser, O. H., ed., Global bioevents: Berlin, Springer Verlag, Lecture Notes in Earth History, p. 25-45.
10. Bryan, J. R., and Jones, D. S., 1989, Fabric of the Cretaceous-Tertiary marine macrofaunal transition at Braggs, Alabama: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 69, p. 279-301.
11. Corfield, R. M., 1994, Palaeocene oceans and climate: an isotopic perspective: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 37, p. 225-252.
12. Crowley, T. J., and North, G. R., 1991, Paleoclimatology: Oxford, Oxford University Press, 339 p.
13. Davenport, S. A., Wdowiak, T. J., Jones, D. D., and Wdowiak, P., 1990, Chondritic metal toxicity as a seed stock kill mechanism in impact-caused mass extinctions, in Sharpton, V. L., and Ward, P. D., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: An interdisciplinary conference on impacts, volcanism, and mass mortality: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 71-76.
14. D'Hondt, S., Herbert, T. D., King, J., and Gibson, C., 1996, Planktic foraminifera, asteroids, and marine production: Death and recovery at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, in Ryder, G., Fastovsky, D., and Gartner, S., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary event and other catastrophes in Earth history: Geological Society of America Special Paper 307, p. 303-317.
15. Eicher, D. L., and Diner, R., 1985, Foraminifera as indicators of water mass in the Cretaceous Greenhorn Sea, Western Interior, in Pratt, L. M., Kauffman, E. G., and Zelt, F. B., eds., Fine-grained deposits and biofacies of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: Evidence of cyclic sedimentary processes: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 1985 Midyear Meeting, Golden, Colorado, Fieldtrip Guidebook 4, p. 60-71.
16. Elder, W. P., 1985, Biotic patterns across the Cenomanian-Turonian extinction boundary near Pueblo, Colorado, in Pratt, L. M., Kauffman, E. G., and Zelt, F. B., eds., Fine-grained deposits and biofacies of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: Evidence of cyclic sedimentary processes: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 1985 Midyear Meeting, Golden, Colorado, Fieldtrip Guidebook 4, p. 157-169.
17. Elder, W. P., 1987a, The Cenomanian-Turonian (Cretaceous) stage boundary extinctions in the Western Interior of the United States [Ph.D. thesis]: Boulder, University of Colorado, 620 p.
18. Elder, W. P., 1987b, The paleoecology of the Cenomanian-Turonian (Cretaceous) stage boundary extinction at Black Mesa, Arizona: Palaios, v. 2, p. 24-40.
19. Elder, W. P., 1989, Molluscan extinction patterns across the Cenomanian-Turonian stage boundary in the Western Interior of the United States: Paleobiology, v. 15, p. 299-320.
20. Elder, W. P., and Kirkland, J. I., 1985, Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Bridge Creek Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Limestone at Rock Canyon anticline near Pueblo, Colorado, in Pratt, L. M., Kauffman, E. G., and Zelt, F. B., eds., Fine-grained deposits and biofacies of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: Evidence of cyclic sedimentary processes: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 1985 Midyear Meeting, Golden, Colorado, Fieldtrip Guidebook 4, p. 122-134.
21. Elder, W. P., Gustason, E. R., and Sageman, B. B., 1994, Correlation of basinal carbonate cycles to nearshore parasequences in the Late Cretaceous Greenhorn seaway, Western Interior U.S.A.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 892-902.
22. Ernst, G., Schmid, F., and Seibertz, E., 1983, Event-Stratigraphie im Cenoman und Turon von NW-Deutschland (Cenomanian and Turonian stratigraphic event of NW Germany): Zitteliana, v. 10, p. 531-554.
23. Fischer, A. G., and Arthur, M. A., 1977, Secular variations in the pelagic realm, in Cook, H. E., and Enos, P., eds., Deep-water carbonate environments: Society Economic of Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication No. 25, p. 19-50.
24. Fischer, A. G., Herbert, T., and Premoli-Silva, I., 1985, Carbonate bedding cycles in Cretaceous pelagic and hemipelagic sequences, in Pratt, L. M., Kauffman, E. G., and Zelt, F. B., eds., Fine-grained deposits and biofacies of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: Evidence of cyclic sedimentary processes: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 1985 Midyear Meeting, Golden, Colorado, Fieldtrip Guidebook 4, p. 1-10.
25. Fischer, A. G., Herbert, T. D., Napoleone, G., Premoli-Silva, I., and Ripepe, M., 1991, Albian pelagic rhythms (Piobbico core): Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 61, p. 1164-1172.
26. Flessa, K.W., and Jablonski, D., 1983, Extinction is here to stay: Paleobiology, v. 9, p. 315-321.
27. Frakes, L. A., Francis, J. E., and Syktus, J. I., 1992, Climate modes of the Phanerozoic: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 274 p.
28. Gale, A. S., 1996, Turonian correlation and sequence stratigraphy of the chalk in southern England, in Hesselbo, H. E., and Parkinson, D. N., eds., Sequence stratigraphy in British geology: Geological Society of London Special Publication 103, p. 177-195.
29. Gilbert, G. K., 1895, Sedimentary measurement of geologic time: Journal of Geology, v. 3, p. 121-127.
30. Hansen, T. A., 1988, Early Tertiary radiation of marine molluscs and the longterm effects of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction: Paleobiology, v. 14, p. 37-51.
31. Hansen, T. A., and Upshaw, B., 1990, Aftermath of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction: Rate and nature of the early Paleocene molluscan rebound, in Kauffman, E. G., and Walliser, O. H., eds., Extinction events in Earth history: Berlin, Springer Verlag, Lecture Notes in Earth History 30, p. 401-409.
32. Hansen, T. A., Farrand, R., Montgomery, H., and Billman, H., 1987, Sedimentology and extinction patterns across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary interval in east Texas: Cretaceous Research, v. 8, p. 229-252.
33. Hansen, T. A., Farrell, B. R., and Upshaw, B., 1993a, The first 2 million years after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in east Texas: rate and paleoecology: Paleobiology, v. 19, p. 251-265.
34. Hansen, T. A., Upshaw, B., Kauffman, E. G., and Gose, W., 1993b, Patterns of molluscan extinction and recovery across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in east Texas; report on new outcrops: Cretaceous Research, v. 14, p. 685-706.
35. Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J., and Vail, P. R., 1989, Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and eustatic cycles, in Wilgus, C. K., Hastings, B. S., Kendall, C. G. S. C., Posamentier, H. W., Ross, C. A., and Van Wagnoner, V. C., eds., Sea-level changes: An integrated approach: Tulsa, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 42, p. 71-108.
36. Harries, P. J., 1993a, Dynamics of survival following the Cenomanian-Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) mass extinction event: Cretaceous Research, v. 14, p. 563-583.
37. Harries, P. J., 1993b, Patterns of repopulation following the Cenomanian-Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) mass extinction [Ph.D. thesis]: Boulder, University of Colorado, 356 p.
38. Harries, P. J., 1995, Onshore-offshore trends in macrofaunal repopulation data from the Cenomanian-Turonian (mid-Cretaceous) mass extinction: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 27, p. 163.
39. Harries, P. J., and Kauffman, E. G., 1990, Patterns of survival and recovery following the Cenomanian-Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinction in the Western Interior Basin, United States, in Kauffman, E. G., and Walliser, O. H., eds., Extinction events in Earth history: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, Lecture Notes in Earth History 30, p. 277-298.
40. Harries, P. J., Kauffman, E. G., and Hansen, T. A., 1996, Models for biotic survival following mass extinction, in Hart, M. B., ed., Biotic recovery from mass extinction events: Geological Society of London Special Publication 102, p. 41-60.
41. Hart, M. B., and Leary, P. N., 1989, The stratigraphic and palaeogeographic setting of the late Cenomanian "anoxic" event: The Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 146, p. 305-310.
42. Hattin, D. E., 1971, Widespread, synchronously deposited, burrow-mottled limestone beds in the Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas and southeastern Colorado: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 55, p. 412-431.
43. Hattin, D. E., 1975, Stratigraphy and depositional environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 209, p. 1-128.
44. Hattin, D. E., 1987, Pelagic/hemipelagic rhythmites of the Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of northeastern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado: New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 38th Field Conference, p. 237-247.
45. Heinberg, C., 1979, Bivalves from the latest Maastrichtian of Stevns Klint and their stratigraphic affinities, in Birkelund, T., and Bromley, R. G., eds., Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary events I. The Maastrichtian and Danian of Denmark: Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, p. 58-64.
46. Heinberg, C., 1992, Ecology of the latest Maastrichtian bivalve fauna - Denmark, in Walliser, O. H., ed., Phanerozoic global bio-events and eventstratigraphy: International Conference on Bio-Events, 5th: Göttingen, Germany, Abstract Volume, p. 49.
47. Herbert, T. D., and D'Hondt, S. L., 1990, Precessional climate cyclicity in Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary marine sediments: a high resolution chronometer of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary events: Earth & Planetary Science Letters, v. 99, p. 263-275.
48. Holser, W. T., and Magaritz, M., 1992, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Permian/Triassic boundary events compared: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 3297-3309.
49. Hsü, K. J., and McKenzie, J. A., 1985, A "Strangelove" ocean in the earliest Tertiary, in Sundquist, E. T., and Broecker, W. S., eds., The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2: Natural variations Archean to Present: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 32, p. 487-492.
50. Hsü, K. J., and McKenzie, J. A., 1990, Carbon-isotope anomalies at era boundaries; Global catastrophes and their ultimate causes, in Sharpton, V. L., and Ward, P. D., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: An interdisciplinary conference on impacts, volcanism, and mass mortality: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 71-76.
51. Huber, B., 1996, Evidence for planktonic foraminifer reworking versus survivorship across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at high latitudes, in Ryder, G., Fastovsky, D., and Gartner, S., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary event and other catastrophes in Earth history: Geological Society of America Special Paper 307, p. 319-334.
52. Hut, P., Alvarez, W., Elder, W. P., Hansen, T., Kauffman, E. G., Keller, G., Shoemaker, E. M., and Weissman, P., 1987, Comet showers as a cause of mass extinctions: Nature, v. 329, p. 118-126.
53. Jarvis, I., Carson, G. A., Cooper, M. K. E., Hart, M. B., Leary, P. N., Tocher, B. A., Horne, D., and Rosenfeld, A., 1988, Microfossil assemblages and the Cenomanian-Turonian (Late Cretaceous) oceanic anoxic event: Cretaceous Research, v. 9, p. 3-103.
54. Johnson, C. C., and Kauffman, E. G., 1990, Originations, radiations and extinctions of Cretaceous rudistid bivalve species in the Caribbean Province, in Kauffman, E. G., and Walliser, O. H., eds., Extinction events in Earth history: Berlin, Springer Verlag, Lecture Notes in Earth History 30, p. 305-324.
55. Johnson, C. C., and Kauffman, E. G., 1996, Maastrichtian extinction patterns of Caribbean province rudistids, in MacLeod, N., and Keller, G., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction: Biotic and environmental events: New York, W.W. Norton & Co., p. 231-273.
56. Johnson, C. C., Barron, E. J., Kauffman, E. G., Arthur, M. A., Fawcett, P. J., and Yasuda, M. K., 1996, Middle Cretaceous reef collapse linked to ocean heat transport: Geology, v. 24, p. 376-380.
57. Johnson, K. R., and Hickey, L. J., 1990, Megafloral change across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., in Sharpton, V. L., and Ward, P. W., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: An interdisciplinary conference on impacts, volcanism, and mass mortality: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 433-444.
58. Kaplan, U., 1986, Ammonite stratigraphy of the Turonian of NW-Germany: Newsletter on Stratigraphy, v. 17, p. 9-20.
59. Kaplan, U., 1992a, Das tiefe Turon von Allagen-Westendorf (Westfalen) (The lowest Turonian in Allagen-Westendorf [Westfalia]): Geologie und Paläontologie Westfalen, v. 21, p. 115-129.
60. Kaplan, U., 1992b, Die Oberkriede-Aufschlüsse im Raum Lengerich/Westfalen (Upper Cretaceous outcrops in the Lengerich/Westfalian region): Geologie und Paläontologie Westfalen, v. 21, p. 7-37.
61. Kauffman, E. G., 1973, Cretaceous Bivalvia, in Hallam, A., ed., Atlas of paleobiology: New York, Elsevier, p. 351-383.
62. Kauffman, E. G., 1984, The fabric of Cretaceous marine extinctions, in Berggren, W. A., and Van Couvering, J. A., eds., Catastrophes in Earth history: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, p. 151-246.
63. Kauffman, E. G., 1995, Global change leading to biodiversity crisis in a greenhouse world: The Cenomanian-Turonian (Cretaceous) mass extinction, in Stanley, S. M., and Usselmann, T., eds., The effects of past global change on life: Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, Studies in Geophysics p. 47-71.
64. Kauffman, E. G., and Erwin, D. H., 1995, Surviving mass extinctions: Geotimes, v. 14, p. 14-17.
65. Kauffman, E. G., and Fagerstrom, J. A., 1993, The Phanerozoic evolution of reef diversity, in Ricklefs, R. E., and Schluter, D., eds., Species diversity in ecological communities: Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 315-329.
66. Kauffman, E. G., and Harries, P. J., 1996, The importance of crisis progenitors in recovery from mass extinction, in Hart, M. B., ed., Biotic recovery from mass extinction events: Geological Society of London Special Publication 102, p. 15-39.
67. Kauffman, E. G., and Johnson, C. C., 1995, Temporal and spatial gradients to Cretaceous mass extinction and recovery intervals in North America and the Caribbean Province: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 27, p. 163.
68. Keller, G., 1988, Extinction, survivorship and evolution of planktic foraminifera across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at El Kef, Tunisia: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 13, p. 239-263.
69. Keller, G., 1989, Extended Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary extinctions and delayed population change in planktonic foraminifera from Brazos River, Texas: Paleoceanography, v. 4, p. 287-332.
70. Kennedy, W. J., and Cobban, W. A., 1991, Stratigraphy and interregional correlation of the Cenomanian-Turonian transition in the Western Interior of the United States near Pueblo, Colorado, a potential boundary stratotype for the base of the Turonian stage: Newsletters on Stratigraphy, v. 24, p. 1-33.
71. Kirkland, J. I., 1996, Paleontology of the Greenhorn Cyclothem (Cretaceous: Late Cenomanian to middle Turonian) at Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, v. 9, p. 1-131.
72. Koch, C. F., 1991, Species extinction across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Observed patterns versus predicted sampling effects, stepwise or otherwise?: Historical Biology, v. 5, p. 355-361.
73. Koch, C. F., 1992, Bivalve species similarities in the uppermost Cretaceous of Europe and North America, Few or many? in Walliser, O. H., ed., 5th International Conference on Bio-events: Phanerozoic global bio-events and event stratigraphy: Göttingen, Germany, Abstracts, p. 66-67.
74. Koch, C. F., 1994, Latest Cretaceous mollusc species "fabrics" of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: A baseline for measuring biotic recovery: Biotic Recovery from Mass Extinction Events, Plymouth, England, Abstracts, p. 21.
75. Kowallis, B. J., Christiansen, E. H., and Deino, A., 1988, Multi-characteristic correlation of Upper Cretaceous volcanic ash beds from southwestern Utah to central Colorado: Utah Geology and Mineralogy Survey Miscellaneous Publication, v. 89, no. 5, p. 1-21.
76. Larson, R. L., 1991, Latest pulse of Earth; evidence for a mid-Cretaceous super plume: Geology, v. 19, p. 547-550.
77. Levinton, J. S., 1996, Trophic group and the end-Cretaceous extinction: did deposit feeders have it made in the shade?: Paleobiology, v. 22, p. 104-112.
78. MacLeod, K. G., and Ward, P. D., 1990, Extinction pattern of Inoceramus (Bivalvia) based on shell fragment biostratigraphy, in Sharpton, V. L., and Ward, P. D., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: An interdisciplinary conference on impacts, volcanism, and mass mortality: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 335-342.
79. MacLeod, K. G., Huber, B. T., and Ward, P. D., 1996, The biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of Maastrichtian inoceramids, in Ryder, G., Fastovsky, D., and Gartner, S., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary event and other catastrophes in Earth history: Geological Society of America Special Paper 307, p. 361-373.
80. MacLeod, N., 1996, Testing patterns of Cretaceous-Tertiary planktonic foraminiferal extinction at El Kef (Tunisia), in Ryder, G., Fastovsky, D., and Gartner, S., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary event and other catastrophes in Earth history: Geological Society of America Special Paper 307, p. 287-302.
81. MacLeod, N., and Keller, G., 1991, Hiatus distribution and mass extinctions at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Geology, v. 19, p. 497-501.
82. Marincovich, L., 1993, Danian mollusks from Prince Creek Formation, northern Alaska, and implications for Arctic Ocean paleogeography: Journal of Paleontology [supplement], Memoir, v. 67, p. 1-35.
83. Marshall, C. R., 1995, Distinguishing between sudden and gradual extinctions in the fossil record; predicting the position of the Cretaceous-Tertiary iridium anomaly using the ammonite fossil record on Seymour Island, Antarctica: Geology, v. 23, p. 731-734.
84. Marshall, C. R., Harries, P. J., Kauffman, E. G., and Elder, W. P., 1996, Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges based on discrete sampling, and the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary extinctions in the Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A., in Repetski, J. E., ed., Sixth North American Paleontological Convention, Washington, D.C.: The Paleontological Society Special Publication 8, p. 261.
85. Meister, C., 1989, Les ammonites du crétacé supérieur d'Ashaka, Nigéria: analyse taxonomique, ontogenetique, biostratigraphique et evolutive (Upper Cretaceous ammonites of Ashaka, Nigeria: taxonomic, ontogenetic, biostratigraphic, and evolution analysis): Bulletin des Centres de Recherche Exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, v. 13 (Supplément), p. 1-84.
86. Mortimore, R. N., 1983, The stratigraphy and sedimentation of the Turonian-Campanian in the southern province of England: Zitteliana, v. 10, p. 27-41.
87. Nevesskaya, L. A., and Solovyov, A. N., eds., 1981, Development and change of molluscs at the Mesozoic-Cenozoic boundary: Moscow, Nauka, 185 p.
88. Orth, C. J., 1989, Geochemistry of the bio-event horizons, in Donovan, S. K., ed., Mass extinctions: Processes and evidence: New York, Columbia University Press, p. 37-72.
89. Orth, C. J., Attrep, M., Jr., Quintana, L. R., Elder, W. P., Kauffman, E. G., Diner, R., and Villamil, T., 1993, Elemental abundance anomalies in the late Cenomanian extinction interval: A search for the source(s): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 117, p. 189-204.
90. Park, J., and Oglesby, R. J., 1994, The effect of orbital cycles on Late and middle Cretaceous climate: a comparative general circulation model study, in De Boer, P. L., and Smith, D. G., eds., Orbital forcing and cyclic sequences: Blackwell Scientific, International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 19, p. 509-529.
91. Pope, K. O., Baines, K. H., Ocampo, A. C., and Ivanov, B. A., 1994, Impact winter and the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions: results of a Chicxulub asteroid impact model: Earth & Planetary Science Letters, v. 128, p. 719-725.
92. Pospichal, J. J., 1994, Calcareous nannofossils at the K-T boundary, El Kef: no evidence for stepwise, gradual, or sequential extinctions: Geology, v. 22, p. 99-102.
93. Pratt, L. M., 1985, Isotopic studies of organic matter and carbonate in rocks of the Greenhorn marine cycles, in Pratt, L. M., Kauffman, E. G., and Zelt, F. B., eds., Fine-grained deposits and biofacies of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: Evidence of cyclic sedimentary processes: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 1985 Midyear Meeting, Golden, Colorado, Fieldtrip Guidebook 4, p. 38-48.
94. Raup, D. M., 1984, Evolutionary radiations and extinctions, in Holland, H. D., and Trendall, A. F., eds., Report of the Dahlem Conference Workshop on Patterns of Change in Earth Evolution: Berlin, Springer Verlag, p. 5-14.
95. Raup, D. M., and Jablonski, D., 1993, Geography of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions: Science, v. 260, p. 971-973.
96. Raup, D. M., and Sepkoski, J. J., Jr., 1984, Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past: Science Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 81, p. 801-805.
97. Robaszynski, F., Amedro, F., and Caron, M., 1993, La limite cenomanienturonien et la formation Bahloul dans quelques localites de Tunisie centrale (The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary and the Bahloul Formation from several central Tunisian localities): Cretaceous Research, v. 14, p. 477-486.
98. Russell, D. A., 1996, The significance of the extinction of the dinosaurs, in Ryder, G., Fastovsky, D., and Gartner, S., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary event and other catastrophes in Earth history: Geological Society of America Special Paper 307, p. 381-388.
99. Sageman, B. B., 1989, The benthic boundary biofacies model: Hartland Shale Member, Greenhorn Formation (Cenomanian) Western Interior, North America: Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, v. 74, p. 87-110.
100. Sageman, B. B., Kaufman, E. G., Harries, P. J., and Elder, W. P., 1997., Cenomian-Turonian bioevents and ecostratigraphy: contrasting scales of local, regional, and global events, in Brett, C., and Baird, G., eds., Paleontologic events: stratigraphic, ecological, and evolutionary implications: New York, Columbia University Press, p. 520-570.
101. Schlanger, S. O., and Jenkyns, H. C., 1976, Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: Causes and consequences: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 55, p. 179-184.
102. Scholle, P. A., and Arthur, M. A., 1980, Carbon isotope fluctuations in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: Potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, p. 67-87.
103. Schopf, T. J. M., Raup, D. M., Gould, S. J., and Simberloff, D. S., 1975, Genomic versus morphologic rates of evolution; influence of morphologic complexity: Paleobiology, v. 1, p. 63-70.
104. Schubert, J. K., and Bottjer, D. J., 1995, Aftermath of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event; paleoecology of Lower Triassic carbonates in the Western USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 116, p. 1-39.
105. Seibertz, E., 1979a, Biostratigraphie im Turon des SE-Muensterlandes und Anpassung an die internationale Gleiderung aufgrund von Vergleichen mit anderen Oberkreibe-Gebieken (Turonian biostratigraphy of southern Muensterland and its international correlation to other Upper Cretaceous sequences): Newsletter Stratigraphy, v. 8, p. 111-123.
106. Seibertz, E., 1979b, Stratigraphie, Fazies und Paleogeographie der "Mittel"- Kreide zwischen Ruthen und Erwitte (Alb-Coniac, SE-Munsterland) (Stratigraphy, facies, and paleogeography of the mid-Cretaceous between Ruthen and Erwitte [Albian-Coniacian, SE Munsterland]): Aufschluss, v. 29, p. 85-92.
107. Sepkoski, J. J., Jr., 1989, Periodicity in extinction and the problem of catastrophism in the history of life: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 146, p. 7-19.
108. Sepkoski, J. J., Jr., 1992, A compendium of fossil marine families: Milwaukee Public Museum Contribution to Biology and Geology, v. 83, p. 156.
109. Sepkoski, J. J., Jr., 1993, Ten years in the library: New data confirm paleontological patterns: Paleobiology, v. 146, p. 43-51.
110. Shaw, A. B., 1964, Time in stratigraphy: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 365 p.
111. Sheehan, P. M., and Hansen, T. A., 1986, Detritus feeding as a buffer to extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: Geology, v. 14, p. 868-870.
112. Signor, P. W., III, and Lipps, J. H., 1982, Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns and catastrophes in the fossil record, in Silver, L. T., and Schultz, P. H., eds., Geological implications of large asteroid and comets on the Earth: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 190, p. 291-303.
113. Simpson, G. G., 1944, Tempo and mode in evolution: New York, Columbia University Press, 237 p.
114. Stanley, S. M., 1988, Climatic cooling and mass extinction of Paleozoic reef communities: Palaios, v. 3, p. 228-232.
115. Stott, L. D., and Kennett, J. P., 1990, The paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic signature of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in the Antarctic: Stable isotopic results from ODP Leg 113, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results: College Station, Texas A & M University, Ocean Drilling Program, v. 113, p. 829-848.
116. Van Valen, L. M., 1985, A theory of origination and extinction: Evolutionary Theory, v. 7, p. 133-142.
117. Villamil, T., 1995, High-resolution stratigraphy, chronology, and relative sea level of the Albian-Santonian (Cretaceous) of Colombia [Ph.D. thesis]: Boulder, University of Colorado, 462 p.
118. Villamil, T., 1996, Paleobiology of two new species of the bivalve Anomia from Colombia and Venezuela and the importance of the genus in recognition of the base of the Turonian: Cretaceous Research, v. 17, p. 607-632.
119. Ward, P., 1995, The K/T Trial: Paleobiology, v. 21, p. 245-247.
120. Ward, P. D., 1990, A review of Maastrichtian ammonite ranges, in Sharpton, V. L., and Ward, P. D., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: An interdisciplinary conference on impacts, volcanism, and mass mortality: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 519-530.
121. Ward, P. D., Kennedy, W. J., MacLeod, K. G., and Mount, J. F., 1991, Ammonite and inoceramid bivalve extinction patterns in Cretaceous/Tertiary: Geology, v. 19, p. 1181-1184.
122. Ward, P. D., and Marshall, C. R., 1995, The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction in the Tethyan region of Europe: Three distinct extinction patterns indicated by confidence intervals: Geological Society of America, 1995 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, Abstracts with Programs 27, p. 407.
123. Zaborski, P. M. P., 1990, The Cenomanian and Turonian (mid-Cretaceous) ammonite biostratigraphy of north-eastern Nigeria: The Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Geology Series, v. 46, p. 1-18.
124. Zachos, J. C., Arthur, M. A., and Dean, W. E., 1989a, Geochemical and paleoenvironmental variations across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at Braggs, Alabama: Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, v. 69, p. 245-266.
125. Zachos, J. C., Arthur, M. A., and Dean, W. E., 1989b, Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Nature, v. 337, p. 61-64.
126. Zahnle, K. J., 1990, Atmospheric chemistry by large impacts, in Sharpton, V. L., and Ward, P. D., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: An interdisciplinary conference on impacts, volcanism, and mass mortality: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 271-288.
127. Zinsmeister, W. J., Feldmann, R. M., Woodburne, M. O., and Elliot, D. H., 1989, Latest Cretaceous/earliest Tertiary transition on Seymour Island, Antarctica: Journal of Paleontology, v. 63, p. 731-738.