메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 67, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 339-351

Impacts after four years of experimental trampling on alpine/sub-alpine environments in western Tasmania

Author keywords

Alpine; Australia; Environmental management; Recreational trampling; Soils; Sub alpine; Tasmania; Walker impacts

Indexed keywords

ALPINE ENVIRONMENT; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; PLANT COMMUNITY; RECREATIONAL MANAGEMENT; TRAMPLING;

EID: 0037648917     PISSN: 03014797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-4797(02)00218-9     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (78)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 0038639399 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation within the Tasmanian World Heritage Area
    • Balmer, J., Whinam, J., 1991. Vegetation within the Tasmanian World Heritage Area. Tasforests 3, 63-73.
    • (1991) Tasforests , vol.3 , pp. 63-73
    • Balmer, J.1    Whinam, J.2
  • 2
    • 0006243904 scopus 로고
    • Recovery of four montane heath communities on Cairngorm, Scotland, from disturbance by trampling
    • Bayfield, N.G., 1979. Recovery of four montane heath communities on Cairngorm, Scotland, from disturbance by trampling. Biological Conservation 15, 165-179.
    • (1979) Conservation Biological , vol.15 , pp. 165-179
    • Bayfield, N.G.1
  • 3
    • 0003130120 scopus 로고
    • Alpine disturbance studies: Olympic National Park USA
    • Bell, K.L., Bliss, L.C., 1973. Alpine disturbance studies: Olympic National Park USA. Biological Conservation 5 (1), 25-32.
    • (1973) Biological Conservation , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-32
    • Bell, K.L.1    Bliss, L.C.2
  • 4
    • 0032127945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of nature trails on ground vegetation and understory colonization of a patchy remnant forest in an urban domain
    • Bhuju, D.R., Ohsawa, M., 1998. Effects of nature trails on ground vegetation and understory colonization of a patchy remnant forest in an urban domain. Biological Conservation 85, 123-135.
    • (1998) Biological Conservation , vol.85 , pp. 123-135
    • Bhuju, D.R.1    Ohsawa, M.2
  • 5
    • 0001847069 scopus 로고
    • The influence of soil properties on degradation of mountain hiking trails at Groevelsjoen
    • Bryan, R.B., 1977. The influence of soil properties on degradation of mountain hiking trails at Groevelsjoen. Geografiska Annaler 59A, 49-65.
    • (1977) Geografiska Annaler , vol.59A , pp. 49-65
    • Bryan, R.B.1
  • 6
    • 0004187588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Third ed, Tasmanian Herbarium Occasional Publication No. 6, 6. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart
    • Buchanan, A.M., 1999. A census of the vascular plants of Tasmania, Third ed, Tasmanian Herbarium Occasional Publication No. 6, 6. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart.
    • (1999) A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania
    • Buchanan, A.M.1
  • 7
    • 0037624973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilderness in Australia: What's happening in a world context
    • McCool, S.F., Cole, D.N., Borrie, W.T., O's Loughlin, J. (Eds.), Proceedings RMRS-P-15, 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, May 23-27, 1999; Misoula MT
    • Buckley, R., 2000. Wilderness in Australia: what's happening in a world context. In: McCool, S.F., Cole, D.N., Borrie, W.T., O's Loughlin, J. (Eds.), Wilderness Science in a time of change conference-Volume 2: wilderness within the context of larger systems, Proceedings RMRS-P-15, 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, pp. 190-193, May 23-27, 1999; Misoula MT.
    • (2000) Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference-Volume 2: Wilderness Within the Context of Larger Systems , pp. 190-193
    • Buckley, R.1
  • 8
    • 0019898401 scopus 로고
    • Recreational opportunity spectrum approach to resource planning
    • Buist, J.L., Hoots, T.A., 1982. Recreational opportunity spectrum approach to resource planning. Journal of Forestry 80, 84-86.
    • (1982) Journal of Forestry , vol.80 , pp. 84-86
    • Buist, J.L.1    Hoots, T.A.2
  • 9
    • 0002260191 scopus 로고
    • Impact of trampling on natural ecosystems in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park
    • Calais, S.S., Kirkpatrick, J.B., 1986. Impact of trampling on natural ecosystems in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park. Australian Geographer 17, 6-14.
    • (1986) Australian Geographer , vol.17 , pp. 6-14
    • Calais, S.S.1    Kirkpatrick, J.B.2
  • 10
    • 0023467218 scopus 로고
    • Effects of three seasons of experimental trampling on five montane forest communities and a grassland in Western Montana, USA
    • Cole, D.N., 1987. Effects of three seasons of experimental trampling on five montane forest communities and a grassland in Western Montana, USA. Biological Conservation 40, 219-244.
    • (1987) Biological Conservation , vol.40 , pp. 219-244
    • Cole, D.N.1
  • 11
    • 0028973791 scopus 로고
    • Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Predictors of resistance and resilience
    • Cole, D.N., 1993. Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Predictors of resistance and resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology 32 (1), 215-224.
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 215-224
    • Cole, D.N.1
  • 12
    • 0002097590 scopus 로고
    • Backcountry impact management: Lessons from research
    • Cole, D.N., 1994. Backcountry impact management: lessons from research. TRENDS/Wilderness Research 31 (3), 10-14.
    • (1994) TRENDS/Wilderness Research , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 10-14
    • Cole, D.N.1
  • 13
    • 0028973791 scopus 로고
    • Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Predictors of resistance and resilience
    • Cole, D.N., 1995. Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Predictors of resistance and resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology 32, 215-224.
    • (1995) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.32 , pp. 215-224
    • Cole, D.N.1
  • 14
    • 0027388374 scopus 로고
    • Recreational trampling of vegetation: Standard experimental procedures
    • Cole, D.N., Bayfield, N.G., 1993. Recreational trampling of vegetation: standard experimental procedures. Biological Conservation 63, 209-215.
    • (1993) Biological Conservation , vol.63 , pp. 209-215
    • Cole, D.N.1    Bayfield, N.G.2
  • 15
    • 0005893936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limits of acceptable change and natural resources planning: When is LAC useful, when is it not?
    • McCool, S.F., Cole, D.N. (Eds.), General Technical Report INT-GTR-371, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, May 20-22, 1997; Missoula MT
    • Cole, D.N., McCool, S., 1998. Limits of acceptable change and natural resources planning: when is LAC useful, when is it not?. In: McCool, S.F., Cole, D.N. (Eds.), Proceedings-Limits of Acceptable Change and related planning processes: progress and future directions, General Technical Report INT-GTR-371, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, pp. 69-71, May 20-22, 1997; Missoula MT.
    • (1998) Proceedings-Limits of Acceptable Change and Related Planning Processes: Progress and Future Directions , pp. 69-71
    • Cole, D.N.1    McCool, S.2
  • 16
    • 85007653580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management
    • Cole, D.N., McCool, S.F., Borrie, W.T., O's Loughlin, J. (Eds.), Proceedings RMRS-P-15, 5. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, May 23-27, 1999; Misoula MT
    • Cole, D.N., McCool, S., 2000. Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management. In: Cole, D.N., McCool, S.F., Borrie, W.T., O's Loughlin, J. (Eds.), Wilderness science in a time of change conference-Volume 5: wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management, Proceedings RMRS-P-15, 5. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, pp. 1-2, May 23-27, 1999; Misoula MT.
    • (2000) Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference-Volume 5: Wilderness Ecosystems, Threats, and Management , pp. 1-2
    • Cole, D.N.1    McCool, S.2
  • 17
    • 0032077798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hiker, horse and llama trampling effects on native vegetation in Montana, USA
    • Cole, D.N., Spildie, D.R., 1998. Hiker, horse and llama trampling effects on native vegetation in Montana, USA. Journal of Environmental Management 53, 61-71.
    • (1998) Journal of Environmental Management , vol.53 , pp. 61-71
    • Cole, D.N.1    Spildie, D.R.2
  • 18
    • 0007855503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical development of limits of acceptable change: Conceptual clarifications and possible extensions
    • McCool, S.F., Cole, D.N. (Eds.), General Technical Report. INT-GTR-371, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT
    • Cole, D.N., Stankey, G.H., 1997. Historical development of limits of acceptable change: conceptual clarifications and possible extensions. In: McCool, S.F., Cole, D.N. (Eds.), Proceedings, Limits of Acceptable Change and related planning processes: progress and future directions, General Technical Report. INT-GTR-371, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, pp. 5-9.
    • (1997) Proceedings, Limits of Acceptable Change and Related Planning Processes: Progress and Future Directions , pp. 5-9
    • Cole, D.N.1    Stankey, G.H.2
  • 19
    • 0027029471 scopus 로고
    • Quantifying vegetation response to recreational disturbance in the North Cascades, Washington
    • Cole, D.N., Trull, S.J., 1992. Quantifying vegetation response to recreational disturbance in the North Cascades, Washington. Northwest Science 66, 229-236.
    • (1992) Northwest Science , vol.66 , pp. 229-236
    • Cole, D.N.1    Trull, S.J.2
  • 20
    • 0000869305 scopus 로고
    • Ecological impacts of wilderness recreation and their management
    • Cole, D.N., Hendee, J.C., Stankey, G.H., Lucas, R.C. (Eds.), North American Press, Golden, CO
    • Cole, D.N., Hendee, J.C., Stankey, G.H., Lucas, R.C., 1990. Ecological impacts of wilderness recreation and their management. In: Cole, D.N., Hendee, J.C., Stankey, G.H., Lucas, R.C. (Eds.), Wilderness Management, North American Press, Golden, CO, pp. 425-466.
    • (1990) Wilderness Management , pp. 425-466
    • Cole, D.N.1    Hendee, J.C.2    Stankey, G.H.3    Lucas, R.C.4
  • 21
    • 0001366243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threats to wilderness ecosystems: Impacts and research needs
    • Cole, D.N., Landres, P.B., 1996. Threats to wilderness ecosystems: impacts and research needs. Ecological Applications 6 (1), 168-184.
    • (1996) Ecological Applications , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 168-184
    • Cole, D.N.1    Landres, P.B.2
  • 22
    • 0004246965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-use destinations in wilderness: Social and biophysical impacts, visitor responses, and management options
    • Research Paper INT-RP-496, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT
    • Cole, D.N., Watson, A.E., Hall, T.E., Spildie, D.R., 1997. High-use destinations in wilderness: social and biophysical impacts, visitor responses, and management options, Research Paper INT-RP-496, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, pp. 1-30.
    • (1997) , pp. 1-30
    • Cole, D.N.1    Watson, A.E.2    Hall, T.E.3    Spildie, D.R.4
  • 23
    • 85007647171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilderness science in a time of change: A conference
    • Cole, D.N., McCool, S.F., Freimund, W.A., O'Loughlin, J. (Eds.), Proceedings RMRS-P-15, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT May 23-27, 2000. Missoula, MT
    • Cole, D.N., McCool, S.F., Parsons, D.J., Brown, P.J., 2000. Wilderness science in a time of change: a conference. In: Cole, D.N., McCool, S.F., Freimund, W.A., O'Loughlin, J. (Eds.), Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference-Volume 1: Change Perspectives and Future directions, Proceedings RMRS-P-15, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, pp. 1-4, May 23-27, 2000. Missoula, MT.
    • (2000) Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference-Volume 1: Change Perspectives and Future Directions , pp. 1-4
    • Cole, D.N.1    McCool, S.F.2    Parsons, D.J.3    Brown, P.J.4
  • 24
    • 0038300459 scopus 로고
    • Department of Lands, Parks and Wildlife, Department of Lands Parks and Wildlife Tasmania, Hobart
    • Department of Lands, Parks and Wildlife, 1988. Walking the Wilderness: Minimal Impact Bushwalking, Department of Lands Parks and Wildlife Tasmania, Hobart.
    • (1988) Walking the Wilderness: Minimal Impact Bushwalking
  • 25
    • 0030460553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A walking track management strategy for the Tasmanian wilderness world heritage area
    • Hawes, M., 1996. A walking track management strategy for the Tasmanian wilderness world heritage area. Australian Parks and Recreation 32 (2), 18-26.
    • (1996) Australian Parks and Recreation , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 18-26
    • Hawes, M.1
  • 26
    • 0020461960 scopus 로고
    • Impact of trampling upon the vegetation of Andean areas in Central Chile
    • Hoffman, A.J., Alliende, C., 1982. Impact of trampling upon the vegetation of Andean areas in Central Chile. Mountain Research and Development 2 (2), 189-194.
    • (1982) Mountain Research and Development , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 189-194
    • Hoffman, A.J.1    Alliende, C.2
  • 27
    • 0000279018 scopus 로고
    • The effect of human trampling on a sand dune ecosystem dominated by Empetrum nigrum
    • Hylgaard, T., Liddle, M.J., 1981. The effect of human trampling on a sand dune ecosystem dominated by Empetrum nigrum. Journal of Applied Ecology 18, 559-569.
    • (1981) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.18 , pp. 559-569
    • Hylgaard, T.1    Liddle, M.J.2
  • 28
    • 0038639388 scopus 로고
    • Tasmanian high mountain vegetation. I. A reconnaissance survey of the Eastern Arthur Range and Mt. Picton
    • Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
    • Kirkpatrick, J.B., 1980. Tasmanian high mountain vegetation. I. A reconnaissance survey of the Eastern Arthur Range and Mt. Picton. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 114, 1-20.
    • (1980) , vol.114 , pp. 1-20
    • Kirkpatrick, J.B.1
  • 30
    • 0030301180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining a sharp transition from sedgeland to alpine vegetation on Mount Sprent, southwest Tasmania
    • Kirkpatrick, J.B., Nunex, M., Bridle, K., Chladil, M.A., 1996. Explaining a sharp transition from sedgeland to alpine vegetation on Mount Sprent, southwest Tasmania. Journal of Vegetation Science 7, 763-768.
    • (1996) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.7 , pp. 763-768
    • Kirkpatrick, J.B.1    Nunex, M.2    Bridle, K.3    Chladil, M.A.4
  • 32
    • 0024783987 scopus 로고
    • Continued footpath widening in the Cairngorm mountains, Scotland
    • Lance, A.N., Baugh, I.D., Love, J.A., 1989. Continued footpath widening in the Cairngorm mountains, Scotland. Biological Conservation 49, 201-214.
    • (1989) Biological Conservation , vol.49 , pp. 201-214
    • Lance, A.N.1    Baugh, I.D.2    Love, J.A.3
  • 33
    • 0038639389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naturalness and wildness: The dilemma and irony of managing wilderness
    • Cole, D.N., McCool, S.F., Borrie, W.T., O'Loughlin, J. (Eds.), Proceedings RMRS-P-15, 5. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT May, 23-27, 1999; Misoula MT
    • Landres, P.B., Brunson, M.W., Merigliano, L., Sydoriak, C., Morton, S., 2000. Naturalness and wildness: the dilemma and irony of managing wilderness. In: Cole, D.N., McCool, S.F., Borrie, W.T., O'Loughlin, J. (Eds.), Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference-Volume 5: Wilderness Ecosystems, Threats, and Management, Proceedings RMRS-P-15, 5. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, pp. 377-381, May, 23-27, 1999; Misoula MT.
    • (2000) Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference-Volume 5: Wilderness Ecosystems, Threats, and Management , pp. 377-381
    • Landres, P.B.1    Brunson, M.W.2    Merigliano, L.3    Sydoriak, C.4    Morton, S.5
  • 35
    • 0003516322 scopus 로고
    • Developing a natural resource inventory and monitoring program for visitor impacts on recreation sites: A procedural manual
    • Natural Resources Report NPS/NRVT/NRR-91/06, USDI National Park Service, Natural Resources Publication Office, Denver, CO
    • Marion, J.L., 1991. Developing a natural resource inventory and monitoring program for visitor impacts on recreation sites: a procedural manual, Natural Resources Report NPS/NRVT/NRR-91/06, USDI National Park Service, Natural Resources Publication Office, Denver, CO.
    • (1991)
    • Marion, J.L.1
  • 36
    • 0030412081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variation in soil and vegetation impacts on campsites
    • Marion, J.L., Cole, D.N., 1996. Spatial and temporal variation in soil and vegetation impacts on campsites. Ecological Applications 6 (2), 520-530.
    • (1996) Ecological Applications , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 520-530
    • Marion, J.L.1    Cole, D.N.2
  • 38
    • 0036487169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The response of two arctic tundra plant communities to human trampling disturbance
    • Monz, C., 2002. The response of two arctic tundra plant communities to human trampling disturbance. Journal of Environmental Management 64, 207-217.
    • (2002) Journal of Environmental Management , vol.64 , pp. 207-217
    • Monz, C.1
  • 39
    • 0022825116 scopus 로고
    • A note on air temperature lapse rates on Mount Wellington, Tasmania
    • Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
    • Nunez, M., Colhoun, E.A., 1986. A note on air temperature lapse rates on Mount Wellington, Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 120, 11-15.
    • (1986) , vol.120 , pp. 11-15
    • Nunez, M.1    Colhoun, E.A.2
  • 40
    • 0010258343 scopus 로고
    • Walking Track Management Strategy for the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
    • Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart
    • Parks and Wildlife Service, 1994. Walking Track Management Strategy for the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.
    • (1994)
  • 41
    • 0038300460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walking the Fine Line: Tasmania's Bold Blueprint for Walking Track Management
    • Parks and Wildlife Service, Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart
    • Parks and Wildlife Service, 1996. Walking the Fine Line: Tasmania's Bold Blueprint for Walking Track Management, Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.
    • (1996)
  • 42
    • 0038300462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Science Behind the Strategy: Monitoring Walker Impacts
    • Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Land Management, Hobart
    • Parks and Wildlife Service, 1997. The Science Behind the Strategy: Monitoring Walker Impacts, Department of Environment and Land Management, Hobart.
    • (1997)
  • 43
    • 1842550745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Management Plan 1999
    • Parks and Wildlife Service, Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Primary Industries Water and Environment, Hobart
    • Parks and Wildlife Service, 1999. Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Management Plan 1999, Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Primary Industries Water and Environment, Hobart.
    • (1999)
  • 44
    • 85007639551 scopus 로고
    • Land Systems of Tasmania: Region 7 South west, Department of Agriculture, Hobart
    • Pemberton, M., 1989. Land Systems of Tasmania: Region 7 South west, Department of Agriculture, Hobart.
    • (1989)
    • Pemberton, M.1
  • 46
    • 33645417725 scopus 로고
    • The recreation opportunity spectrum: An introduction
    • Proceedings of Applying the Recreational Opportunity Spectrum: A Workshop. Lincoln College
    • Stankey, G.H., Wood, J. The recreation opportunity spectrum: an introduction. Proceedings of Applying the Recreational Opportunity Spectrum: A Workshop. Lincoln College; 1982.
    • (1982)
    • Stankey, G.H.1    Wood, J.2
  • 47
    • 0027072588 scopus 로고
    • Trampling resistance, recovery and growth rate of eight plant species
    • Sun, D., 1992. Trampling resistance, recovery and growth rate of eight plant species. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 38, 265-273.
    • (1992) Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , vol.38 , pp. 265-273
    • Sun, D.1
  • 48
    • 0026272543 scopus 로고
    • Field occurrence, recovery and simulated trampling resistance and recovery of two grasses
    • Sun, D., Liddle, M.J., 1991. Field occurrence, recovery and simulated trampling resistance and recovery of two grasses. Biological Conservation 57, 187-203.
    • (1991) Biological Conservation , vol.57 , pp. 187-203
    • Sun, D.1    Liddle, M.J.2
  • 49
    • 0027335973 scopus 로고
    • Plant morphological characteristics and resistance to simulated trampling
    • Sun, D., Liddle, M.J., 1993. Plant morphological characteristics and resistance to simulated trampling. Environmental Management 17, 511-521.
    • (1993) Environmental Management , vol.17 , pp. 511-521
    • Sun, D.1    Liddle, M.J.2
  • 50
    • 0032143965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of studies on environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in Australia
    • Sun, D., Walsh, D., 1998. Review of studies on environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 53, 323-338.
    • (1998) Journal of Environmental Management , vol.53 , pp. 323-338
    • Sun, D.1    Walsh, D.2
  • 51
    • 0033399063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of trampling on alpine environments in central Tasmania
    • Whinam, J., Chilcott, N., 1999. Impacts of trampling on alpine environments in central Tasmania. Journal of Environmental Management. 57 (3), 205-220.
    • (1999) Journal of Environmental Management , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 205-220
    • Whinam, J.1    Chilcott, N.2
  • 52
    • 0029662511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of commercial horse riding on sub-alpine environments at Cradle Mountain, Tasmania, Australia
    • Whinam, J., Comfort, M., 1996. The impact of commercial horse riding on sub-alpine environments at Cradle Mountain, Tasmania, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 47, 61-70.
    • (1996) Journal of Environmental Management , vol.47 , pp. 61-70
    • Whinam, J.1    Comfort, M.2
  • 53
    • 0010262087 scopus 로고
    • Effects of human activities on alpine tundra ecosystems in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
    • Willard, B.E., Marr, J.W., 1970. Effects of human activities on alpine tundra ecosystems in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Biological Conservation 2 (4), 257-265.
    • (1970) Biological Conservation , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 257-265
    • Willard, B.E.1    Marr, J.W.2
  • 54
    • 0030613178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toleration of traffic by vegetation: Life form conclusions and summary extracts from a comprehensive database
    • Yorks, T.P., West, N.E., Mueller, R.J., Warren, S.D., 1997. Toleration of traffic by vegetation: life form conclusions and summary extracts from a comprehensive database. Environmental Management 21 (1), 121-131.
    • (1997) Environmental Management , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 121-131
    • Yorks, T.P.1    West, N.E.2    Mueller, R.J.3    Warren, S.D.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.