Why ecology fails at application: Should we consider variability more than regularity?

Oikos

Volumn 100, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 624-627

  Hansson, L ^a  

^a SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY ECOLOGY; ECOLOGICAL THEORY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENETIC VARIATION; HETEROGENEITY;

EID: 0037648863     PISSN: 00301299     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12479.x     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Aarssen, L. W. 1997. On the progress of ecology. - Oikos 80: 158-177.
2. Abrams, P. A. 1989. The contribution of ecological theory. - Trends Ecol. Evol. 4: 220-221.
3. Abrams, P. A. 2001. Describing and quantifying interspecific interactions: a commentary on recent approaches. - Oikos 94: 209-218.
4. Berryman, A. A. 1996. What causes population cycles of forest Lepidoptera? - Trends Ecol. Evol. 11: 28-32.
5. Drechsler, M. 1998. Sensitivity analysis of complex models. - Biol. Conserv. 86: 401-412.
6. Ebensperger, L. A. 2001. A review of the evolutionary causes of rodent group-living. - Acta Theriol. 46: 115-144.
7. Fahrig, L. 1988. Nature of ecological theories. - Ecol. Model. 43: 129-132.
8. Hall, C. A. S. 1988. An assessment of several of the historically most influential theoretical models used in ecology and of the data provided in their support. - Ecol. Model. 43: 5-31.
9. Hansson, L. 1986. Geographic differences in the sociability of voles in relation to cyclicity. - Anim. Behav. 34: 1215-1221.
10. Hansson, L. 1988. Empiricism and modelling in small rodent research: how to partition efforts? - Oikos 52: 150-155.
11. Hansson, L. 1999. Intraspecific variation in dynamics: small rodents between food and predation in changing landscapes. - Oikos 86: 159-169.
12. Hansson, L. and Henttonen, H. 1985. Gradients in density variation of small rodents: the importance of latitude and snow cover. - Oecologia 67: 394-402.
13. Hansson, L., Jedrzejewska, B. and Jedrzejewski, W. 2000. Regional differences in dynamics of bank vole populations in Europe. - Polish J. Ecol. 48, Suppl.: 163-77.
14. Hill, J. K., Thomas, C. D. and Lewis, O. T. 1999. Flight morphology in fragmented populations of a rare British butterfly, Hesperia comma. - Biol. Conserv. 87: 277-283.
15. Ims, R. A. 1997. Determinants of geographic variation in growth and reproductive traits in the root vole. - Ecology 78: 461-470.
16. Lawton, J. H. 1991. Ecology as she is done, and should be done. - Oikos 61: 289-290.
17. Lawton, J. H. 1992. There are not 10 million kinds of population dynamics. - Oikos 63: 337-338.
18. Lawton, J. H. 1999. Are there general rules in ecology? - Oikos 84: 177-192.
19. Loehle, C. 1987. Errors of construction, evaluation, and interference: a classification of sources of error in ecological models. - Ecol. Model. 36: 297-314.
20. Lott, D. F. 1991. Intraspecific variation in the social systems of wild vertebrates. - Cambridge Univ. Press.
21. Magurran, A. E. 1999. Population differentiation without speciation. - In: Magurran, A. E. and May, R. M. (eds), Evolution of biological diversity. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 160-183.
22. Maret, T. J. and Collins, J. P. 1997. Ecological origin of morphological diversity: a study of alternative trophic phenotypes in larval salamanders. - Evolution 51: 898-905.
23. Meiners, S. J. and Picket, S. T. A. 1999. Changes in community and population responses across a forest-field gradient. - Ecography 22: 261-267.
24. Mentis, M. T. 1988. Hypothetico-deductive and inductive approaches in ecology. - Funct. Ecol. 2: 5-14.
25. Möller, A. P. 1989. Parasites, predators and next boxes: facts and artefacts in nest box studies of birds? - Oikos 56: 421-423.
26. Murray, B. G. 1992. Research methods in physics and biology. - Oikos 64: 594-596.
27. Murray, B. G. 2000. Universal laws and predictive theory in ecology and evolution. - Oikos 89: 403-408.
28. Myers, J. H. 2000. Population fluctuations of the western tent caterpillar in southwestern British Columbia. - Popul. Ecol. 42: 231-241.
29. Ohlson, M. 1989. Ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity in Saxifraga hirculus populations in central and northern Sweden. - Holarct. Ecol. 12: 46-53.
30. Peters, R. H. 1991. A critique for ecology. - Cambridge Univ. Press.
31. Ricklefs, R. E. 1987. Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. - Science 235: 167-171.
32. Shaver, G. R., Chapin, F. S. I.I.I. and Billings, W. D. 1979. Ecotypic differentiation in Carex aquatilis on ice-wedge polygons in the Alaskan coastal tundra. - J. Ecol. 67: 1025-1046.
33. Shrader-Frechette, K. S. and McCoy, E. D. 1993. Methods in ecology: strategies for conservation. - Cambridge Univ. Press.
34. Simberloff, D. 1981. The sick science of ecology: symptoms, diagnosis, and prescription. - Eidema 1: 49-54.
35. Skulason, S., Snorrason, S. S. and Jonsson, B. 1999. Sympatric morphs, populations and speciation in freshwater fish with emphasis on arctic charr. - In: Magurran, A. E. and May, R. M. (eds), Evolution of biological diversity. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 70-92.
36. Smith, T. B. and Skulason, S. 1996. Evolutionary significance of resource polymorphism in fishes, amphibians, and birds. - Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 111-133.
37. Southwood, T. R. E. 1977. Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies? - J. Anim. Ecol. 46: 337-366.
38. Strauss, S. Y. 1991. Indirect effects in community ecology: their definition, study and importance. - Trends Ecol. Evol. 6: 206-210.
39. Turchin, P. 2001. Does population ecology have general laws? - Oikos 94: 17-26.
40. Turchin, P. 2003. Complex population dynamics: a theoretical/empirical synthesis. - Princeton Univ. Press.
41. Turesson, G. 1922. The genotypic response of the plant species to the habitat. - Hereditas 3: 211-350.
42. West-Eberhard, M. J. 1989. Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. - Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 249-278.
43. Weiner, J. 1995. On the practice of ecology. - J. Ecol. 83: 153-158.
44. Wiens, J. A. 1989. The ecology of bird communities. - Cambridge Univ. Press.
45. Wiens, J. A., Rotenberry, J. T. and van Horne, B. 1987. Habitat occupancy, patterns of North American shrubsteppe birds: the effects of spatial scale. - Oikos 48: 132-147.
46. Yoccoz, N. G., Hansson, L. and Ims, R. A. 1997. Geographical differences in size, reproduction and behaviour of bank voles in relation to density variations. - Pol. J. Ecol. 48, Suppl.: 63-72.
47. Yodziz, P. 1988. The indeterminancy of ecological interactions as perceived through perturbation experiments. - Ecology 69: 508-515.
48. Zobel, M. 1992. Plant species coexistence: the role of historical, evolutionary and ecological factors. - Oikos 65: 314-320.