-
3
-
-
0000584479
-
Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention
-
National Bureau of Economic Research (ed.), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
-
Arrow, K. J. (1962) "Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention", in National Bureau of Economic Research (ed.) The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, pp. 609-26. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
-
(1962)
The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors
, pp. 609-626
-
-
Arrow, K.J.1
-
5
-
-
0010074439
-
The political economy of R&D taxonomies
-
Averch, H. A. (1991) "The Political Economy of R&D Taxonomies", Research Policy 20: 179-94.
-
(1991)
Research Policy
, vol.2
, pp. 179-194
-
-
Averch, H.A.1
-
8
-
-
0038708363
-
Science and public policy: The Steelman report and the politics of post-world war II science policy
-
Washington, DC: AAAS
-
Blanpied, W. A. (1999) "Science and Public Policy: The Steelman Report and the Politics of Post-World War II Science Policy", in AAAS Science and Technology Policy Yearbook, pp. 305-20. Washington, DC: AAAS.
-
(1999)
AAAS Science and Technology Policy Yearbook
, pp. 305-320
-
-
Blanpied, W.A.1
-
9
-
-
0038031716
-
Targeting critical technologies
-
L. M. Branscomb (ed.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
-
Branscomb, L. M. (1993) "Targeting Critical Technologies", in L. M. Branscomb (ed.) Empowering Technology: Implementing a US Strategy, pp. 36-63. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
-
(1993)
Empowering Technology: Implementing a US Strategy
, pp. 36-63
-
-
Branscomb, L.M.1
-
10
-
-
0038708276
-
From science policy to research policy
-
L. M. Branscomb and J. H. Keller (eds), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
-
Branscomb, L. M. (1998) "From Science Policy to Research Policy", in L. M. Branscomb and J. H. Keller (eds) Investing in Innovation: Creating a Research Innovation Policy That Works, pp. 112-39. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
-
(1998)
Investing in Innovation: Creating a Research Innovation Policy That Works
, pp. 112-139
-
-
Branscomb, L.M.1
-
11
-
-
0039776430
-
The False Dichotomy: Scientific Creativity and Utility
-
Branscomb, L. M. (1999) "The False Dichotomy: Scientific Creativity and Utility", Issues in Science and Technology (Fall) 66-72.
-
(1999)
Issues in Science and Technology
, Issue.FALL
, pp. 66-72
-
-
Branscomb, L.M.1
-
12
-
-
0038031713
-
Basic research and potentials of relevance
-
Brooks, H. (1963) "Basic Research and Potentials of Relevance", American Behavioral Scientist 6 (May): 86-90.
-
(1963)
American Behavioral Scientist
, vol.6
, Issue.MAY
, pp. 86-90
-
-
Brooks, H.1
-
13
-
-
0038708270
-
Applied research: Definitions, concepts, themes
-
Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences
-
Brooks, H. (1967) "Applied Research: Definitions, Concepts, Themes", in National Academy of Sciences Applied Science and Technological Progress, pp. 21-55. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
-
(1967)
National Academy of Sciences Applied Science and Technological Progress
, pp. 21-55
-
-
Brooks, H.1
-
15
-
-
0000102773
-
The relationship between science and technology
-
Brooks, H. (1994) "The Relationship Between Science and Technology", Research Policy 23: 477-86.
-
(1994)
Research Policy
, vol.23
, pp. 477-486
-
-
Brooks, H.1
-
16
-
-
0038369914
-
New definitions for industrial R&D
-
Brown, A. E. (1972) "New Definitions for Industrial R&D", Research Management (September) 55-7.
-
(1972)
Research Management
, Issue.SEPTEMBER
, pp. 55-57
-
-
Brown, A.E.1
-
19
-
-
0035055640
-
The American research university system as America's de facto technology policy
-
Crow, M. and Tucker, C. (2001) "The American Research University System as America's de facto Technology Policy", Science and Public Policy 28(1): 2-10.
-
(2001)
Science and Public Policy
, vol.28
, Issue.1
, pp. 2-10
-
-
Crow, M.1
Tucker, C.2
-
20
-
-
0038031710
-
The pure-science ideal and democratic culture
-
Daniels, G. H. (1967) "The Pure-Science Ideal and Democratic Culture", Science 156: 1699-1705.
-
(1967)
Science
, vol.156
, pp. 1699-1705
-
-
Daniels, G.H.1
-
21
-
-
0038369915
-
Some comments on research definitions
-
Washington, DC: NSF
-
David, E. E. (1980) "Some Comments on Research Definitions", in NSF Categories of Scientific Research, pp. 40-2. Washington, DC: NSF.
-
(1980)
NSF Categories of Scientific Research
, pp. 40-42
-
-
David, E.E.1
-
22
-
-
0002326803
-
How to make things which hold together: Social science, statistics and the state
-
P. Wagner, B. Wittrock and R. Whitley (eds), Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
-
Desrosières, A. (1990) "How to Make Things Which Hold Together: Social Science, Statistics and the State", in P. Wagner, B. Wittrock and R. Whitley (eds) Discourses on Society, pp. 195-218. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
-
(1990)
Discourses on Society
, pp. 195-218
-
-
Desrosières, A.1
-
28
-
-
0038369922
-
-
European Union (2001) Statistics in Focus 2: 4.
-
(2001)
Statistics in Focus
, vol.2
, pp. 4
-
-
-
29
-
-
0015677277
-
An operational, policy-oriented research categorization scheme
-
Falk, C. (1973) "An Operational, Policy-Oriented Research Categorization Scheme", Research Policy 2: 186-202.
-
(1973)
Research Policy
, vol.2
, pp. 186-202
-
-
Falk, C.1
-
32
-
-
0038708214
-
The relationship between technology and science: Some historical and philosophical reflections, part I
-
Gardner, P. L. (1994) "The Relationship Between Technology and Science: Some Historical and Philosophical Reflections, Part I", International Journal of Technology and Design Education 4: 123-53.
-
(1994)
International Journal of Technology and Design Education
, vol.4
, pp. 123-153
-
-
Gardner, P.L.1
-
33
-
-
0037693793
-
The relationship between technology and science: Some historical and philosophical reflections, part II
-
Gardner, P. L. (1995) "The Relationship Between Technology and Science: Some Historical and Philosophical Reflections, Part II", International Journal of Technology and Design Education 5: 1-33.
-
(1995)
International Journal of Technology and Design Education
, vol.5
, pp. 1-33
-
-
Gardner, P.L.1
-
34
-
-
84908576142
-
Boundary-Work and the demarcation of science from non-science: Strains and interests in professional ideologies of scientists
-
Gieryn, T. F. (1983) "Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science From Non-Science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists", American Sociological Review 48: 781-95.
-
(1983)
American Sociological Review
, vol.48
, pp. 781-795
-
-
Gieryn, T.F.1
-
35
-
-
66749109708
-
Defining research: Is research always systematic?
-
Montreal: OST
-
Godin, Benoît (2001a) Defining Research: Is Research Always Systematic? Project on the History and Sociology of S&T Statistics. Montreal: OST. (Available at: http:// www.ost.qc.ca/OSTE/Document/Defining_Research.pdf)
-
(2001)
Project on the History and Sociology of S&T Statistics
-
-
Godin, B.1
-
36
-
-
0036108995
-
Outlines for a history of science measurement
-
Godin, Benoît (2001b) "Outlines for a History of Science Measurement", Science, Technology and Human Values 27(1): 3-27.
-
(2001)
Science, Technology and Human Values
, vol.27
, Issue.1
, pp. 3-27
-
-
Godin, B.1
-
37
-
-
0038031726
-
Memorandum on program for the national science foundation
-
W. A. Blanpied (ed.), Washington, DC: AAAS
-
Golden, W. T. (1951) "Memorandum on Program for the National Science Foundation", in W. A. Blanpied (ed.) Impacts of the Early Cold War on the Formulation of US Science Policy, pp. 68-72. Washington, DC: AAAS.
-
(1951)
Impacts of the Early Cold War on the Formulation of US Science Policy
, pp. 68-72
-
-
Golden, W.T.1
-
39
-
-
85050838317
-
On distinguishing science and technology
-
Gruender, C. D. (1971) "On Distinguishing Science and Technology", Technology and Culture 12(3): 456-63.
-
(1971)
Technology and Culture
, vol.12
, Issue.3
, pp. 456-463
-
-
Gruender, C.D.1
-
41
-
-
0038708280
-
What did the industrial revolution in Britain Owe to science?
-
M. McKendrick (ed.), London: Europa
-
Hall, A. R. (1974) "What Did the Industrial Revolution in Britain Owe to Science?", in M. McKendrick (ed.) Historical Perspectives: Studies in English Thought and Society, pp. 129-51. London: Europa.
-
(1974)
Historical Perspectives: Studies in English Thought and Society
, pp. 129-151
-
-
Hall, A.R.1
-
45
-
-
0038369917
-
-
HMSO. London: Office of the Minister of Science
-
HMSO (1961) The Management and Control of R&D. London: Office of the Minister of Science.
-
(1961)
The Management and Control of R&D
-
-
-
49
-
-
0038708281
-
Definitions of R&D
-
HMSO, HL Paper 44. London: HMSO
-
HMSO (1990) Definitions of R&D, Select Committee on Science and Technology, HL Paper 44. London: HMSO.
-
(1990)
Select Committee on Science and Technology
-
-
-
51
-
-
0038708282
-
On the Jeffersonian research program
-
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
-
Holton, G. (1993) "On the Jeffersonian Research Program", in G. Holton Science and Anti-Science, pp. 109-25. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
-
(1993)
Science and Anti-Science
, pp. 109-125
-
-
Holton, G.1
-
52
-
-
0038369921
-
Edison and the pure science ideal in 19th century America
-
Hounshell, D. A. (1980) "Edison and the Pure Science Ideal in 19th Century America", Science 207: 612-17.
-
(1980)
Science
, vol.207
, pp. 612-617
-
-
Hounshell, D.A.1
-
56
-
-
0037693795
-
Communication engineering
-
Jewett, F. B. (1937) "Communication Engineering", Science 85: 591-4.
-
(1937)
Science
, vol.85
, pp. 591-594
-
-
Jewett, F.B.1
-
57
-
-
0038031724
-
Has science created technology?
-
Keller, A. (1984) "Has Science Created Technology?", Minerva 22(2): 160-82.
-
(1984)
Minerva
, vol.22
, Issue.2
, pp. 160-182
-
-
Keller, A.1
-
58
-
-
0037693802
-
Basic research: Description versus definition
-
Kidd, C. V. (1959) "Basic Research: Description versus Definition", Science 129: 368-71.
-
(1959)
Science
, vol.129
, pp. 368-371
-
-
Kidd, C.V.1
-
59
-
-
0009257557
-
Construing technology as applied science: Public rhetoric of scientists and engineers in the United States, 1880-1945
-
Kline, R. (1995) "Construing Technology as Applied Science: Public Rhetoric of Scientists and Engineers in the United States, 1880-1945", ISIS 86: 194-221.
-
(1995)
ISIS
, vol.86
, pp. 194-221
-
-
Kline, R.1
-
61
-
-
0037693801
-
Technology, industry, and scientific development
-
T. Frangsmyr (ed.), Canton, MA: Science History Publications
-
Kranakis, E. (1990) "Technology, Industry, and Scientific Development", in T. Frangsmyr (ed.) Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, pp. 133-59. Canton, MA: Science History Publications.
-
(1990)
Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science
, pp. 133-159
-
-
Kranakis, E.1
-
65
-
-
11244333073
-
Technology as knowledge
-
Layton, E. T. (1974) "Technology as Knowledge", Technology and Culture 15(1): 31-41.
-
(1974)
Technology and Culture
, vol.15
, Issue.1
, pp. 31-41
-
-
Layton, E.T.1
-
66
-
-
0038212647
-
American ideologies of science and engineering
-
Layton, E. T. (1976) "American Ideologies of Science and Engineering", Technology and Culture 17(4): 688-700.
-
(1976)
Technology and Culture
, vol.17
, Issue.4
, pp. 688-700
-
-
Layton, E.T.1
-
69
-
-
0038031730
-
-
Washington, DC: NAS
-
NAS (National Academy of Sciences) (1965) Basic Research and National Goals. Washington, DC: NAS.
-
(1965)
Basic Research and National Goals
-
-
-
70
-
-
0038369927
-
Distinctions between basic and applied in industrial research
-
Nason, H. K. (1981) "Distinctions Between Basic and Applied in Industrial Research", Research Management (May) 23-8.
-
(1981)
Research Management
, Issue.MAY
, pp. 23-28
-
-
Nason, H.K.1
-
71
-
-
84913061403
-
-
New York: Arno Press. (Orig. published 1938.)
-
National Resources Committee (1980) Research: A National Resource. New York: Arno Press. (Orig. published 1938.)
-
(1980)
Research: A National Resource
-
-
-
72
-
-
0001230081
-
The simple economics of basic scientific research
-
Nelson, R. R. (1959) "The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research", Journal of Political Economy 67: 297-306.
-
(1959)
Journal of Political Economy
, vol.67
, pp. 297-306
-
-
Nelson, R.R.1
-
104
-
-
0038708306
-
-
DSTI/STII(91)27. Paris: OECD
-
OECD (1991b) The Pure and Transfer Sciences, DSTI/STII(91)27. Paris: OECD.
-
(1991)
The Pure and Transfer Sciences
-
-
-
105
-
-
0037503281
-
-
DSTI/STP(92)16. Paris: OECD
-
OECD (1992) Frascati Manual - 1992, DSTI/STP(92)16. Paris: OECD.
-
(1992)
Frascati Manual - 1992
-
-
-
106
-
-
0038708301
-
-
DSTI/EAS/STP/NESTI/M(93) 1. Paris: OECD
-
OECD (1993a) Summary Record of the NESTI Meeting, DSTI/EAS/STP/NESTI/M(93) 1. Paris: OECD.
-
(1993)
Summary Record of the NESTI Meeting
-
-
-
112
-
-
0037693832
-
-
DSTI/EAS/STP/NESTI/M (2000) 1. Paris: OECD
-
OECD (2000c) Summary Record, DSTI/EAS/STP/NESTI/M (2000) 1. Paris: OECD.
-
(2000)
Summary Record
-
-
-
117
-
-
84959846107
-
The objectives of technology policy
-
Pavitt, K. (1987) "The Objectives of Technology Policy", Science and Public Policy 14(4): 182-8.
-
(1987)
Science and Public Policy
, vol.14
, Issue.4
, pp. 182-188
-
-
Pavitt, K.1
-
118
-
-
0038708305
-
What do we know about the usefulness of science? The case for diversity
-
Brighton: University of Sussex
-
Pavitt, K. (1989) What Do We Know About the Usefulness of Science? The Case for Diversity, Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) Discussion Paper no. 65. Brighton: University of Sussex.
-
(1989)
Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) Discussion Paper
, vol.65
-
-
Pavitt, K.1
-
119
-
-
0000763725
-
What makes basic research economically useful?
-
Pavitt, K. (1991) "What Makes Basic Research Economically Useful?", Research Policy 20: 109-19.
-
(1991)
Research Policy
, vol.20
, pp. 109-119
-
-
Pavitt, K.1
-
121
-
-
0014209222
-
Basic and applied research: A meaningful distinction?
-
Reagan, M. D. (1967) "Basic and Applied Research: A Meaningful Distinction?", Science 155: 1383-6.
-
(1967)
Science
, vol.155
, pp. 1383-1386
-
-
Reagan, M.D.1
-
123
-
-
0042379837
-
American indifference to basic research: A reappraisal
-
New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press. (Orig. published 1971.)
-
Reingold, N. (1991) "American Indifference to Basic Research: A Reappraisal", in Science: American Style, pp. 54-75. New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press. (Orig. published 1971.)
-
(1991)
Science: American Style
, pp. 54-75
-
-
Reingold, N.1
-
124
-
-
0038369928
-
Marie Curie and the radium industry: A preliminary sketch
-
Roqué, X. (1997) "Marie Curie and the Radium Industry: A Preliminary Sketch", History and Technology 13(4): 267-91.
-
(1997)
History and Technology
, vol.13
, Issue.4
, pp. 267-291
-
-
Roqué, X.1
-
125
-
-
0013042477
-
How exogenous is science?
-
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
-
Rosenberg, N. (1982) "How Exogenous is Science?", in Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics, pp. 141-59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-
(1982)
Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics
, pp. 141-159
-
-
Rosenberg, N.1
-
126
-
-
84936103687
-
Critical issues in science policy research
-
Rosenberg, N. (1991) "Critical Issues in Science Policy Research", Science and Public Policy 18(6): 335-46.
-
(1991)
Science and Public Policy
, vol.18
, Issue.6
, pp. 335-346
-
-
Rosenberg, N.1
-
127
-
-
1842462016
-
American universities and technical advance in industry
-
Rosenberg, N. and Nelson, R. R. (1994) "American Universities and Technical Advance in Industry", Research Policy 3: 323-48.
-
(1994)
Research Policy
, vol.3
, pp. 323-348
-
-
Rosenberg, N.1
Nelson, R.R.2
-
128
-
-
0015505071
-
Forty-Five varieties of research (and development)
-
Rothschild, L. (1972) "Forty-Five Varieties of Research (and Development)", Nature 239: 373-8.
-
(1972)
Nature
, vol.239
, pp. 373-378
-
-
Rothschild, L.1
-
129
-
-
0038031750
-
A plea for pure science
-
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Orig. published 1883.)
-
Rowland, H. (1902) "A Plea for Pure Science", in The Physical Papers of Henry Augustus Rowland, pp. 593-613. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Orig. published 1883.)
-
(1902)
The Physical Papers of Henry Augustus Rowland
, pp. 593-613
-
-
Rowland, H.1
-
131
-
-
0003581668
-
Catastrophe and utilitarianism in the development of basic science
-
R. A. Tybout (ed.), Colombus: Ohio State University Press
-
Schmookler, J. (1962) "Catastrophe and Utilitarianism in the Development of Basic Science", in R. A. Tybout (ed.) Economics of R&D, pp. 19-33. Colombus: Ohio State University Press.
-
(1962)
Economics of R&D
, pp. 19-33
-
-
Schmookler, J.1
-
132
-
-
85050834258
-
Basic research and the social system of pure science
-
Shepard, H. A. (1956) "Basic Research and the Social System of Pure Science", Philosophy of Science 23(1): 48-57.
-
(1956)
Philosophy of Science
, vol.23
, Issue.1
, pp. 48-57
-
-
Shepard, H.A.1
-
133
-
-
0041377837
-
American indifference to basic research during the nineteenth century
-
Shryock, R. H. (1948) "American Indifference to Basic Research During the Nineteenth Century", Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences 28: 50-65.
-
(1948)
Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences
, vol.28
, pp. 50-65
-
-
Shryock, R.H.1
-
136
-
-
0008807919
-
-
New York: Arno Press. (Orig. published 1947.)
-
Steelman, J. R. (1980) Science and Public Policy, New York: Arno Press. (Orig. published 1947.)
-
(1980)
Science and Public Policy
-
-
Steelman, J.R.1
-
138
-
-
0038369943
-
Making sense of the basic/applied distinction: Lessons from public policy programs
-
Washington, DC: NSF
-
Stokes, D. E. (1980) "Making Sense of the Basic/Applied Distinction: Lessons From Public Policy Programs", in NSF Categories of Scientific Research, pp. 24-7. Washington, DC: NSF.
-
(1980)
NSF Categories of Scientific Research
, pp. 24-27
-
-
Stokes, D.E.1
-
139
-
-
0038708308
-
Perceptions of the nature of basic and applied science in the United States
-
A. Gerstenfeld (ed.), New York: Academic Press
-
Stokes, D. E. (1982) "Perceptions of the Nature of Basic and Applied Science in the United States", in A. Gerstenfeld (ed.) Science Policy Perspectives: USA-Japan, pp. 1-18. New York: Academic Press.
-
(1982)
Science Policy Perspectives: USA-Japan
, pp. 1-18
-
-
Stokes, D.E.1
-
141
-
-
85055899486
-
Basic versus applied research: The conflict between means and ends in science
-
Storer, N. W. (1964) "Basic Versus Applied Research: The Conflict Between Means and Ends in Science", Indian Sociological Bulletin 2(1): 34-42.
-
(1964)
Indian Sociological Bulletin
, vol.2
, Issue.1
, pp. 34-42
-
-
Storer, N.W.1
-
142
-
-
0003984012
-
-
Garden City, NY: Doubleday. (Orig. published 1845.)
-
Tocqueville, A. de (1975) Democracy in America. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. (Orig. published 1845.)
-
(1975)
Democracy in America
-
-
Tocqueville, A.D.1
-
144
-
-
84909278415
-
Address to the centennial anniversary
-
Washington, DC: AAAS
-
Truman, H. S. (1948) Address to the Centennial Anniversary, AAAS Annual Meeting. Washington, DC: AAAS.
-
(1948)
AAAS Annual Meeting
-
-
Truman, H.S.1
-
145
-
-
0011665657
-
Public science in Britain, 1880-1919
-
Turner, F. M. (1980) "Public Science in Britain, 1880-1919", ISIS 71: 589-608.
-
(1980)
ISIS
, vol.71
, pp. 589-608
-
-
Turner, F.M.1
-
147
-
-
0038708310
-
The changing environment of science
-
Waterman, A. T. (1965) "The Changing Environment of Science", Science 147(3653): 13-18.
-
(1965)
Science
, vol.147
, Issue.3653
, pp. 13-18
-
-
Waterman, A.T.1
-
148
-
-
84987221234
-
A great age for science
-
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
-
Weaver, W. (1960) "A Great Age for Science", in President's Commission on National Goals, pp. 101-24. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
-
(1960)
President's Commission on National Goals
, pp. 101-124
-
-
Weaver, W.1
-
150
-
-
0037693864
-
Science and technology
-
Wise, G. (1985) "Science and Technology", OSIRIS 1: 229-46.
-
(1985)
OSIRIS
, vol.1
, pp. 229-246
-
-
Wise, G.1
-
151
-
-
0038369989
-
The support of basic research: Summary of the symposium
-
Washington: AAAS
-
Wolfe, D. (1959) "The Support of Basic Research: Summary of the Symposium", in NSF Symposium on Basic Research, pp. 249-80. Washington: AAAS.
-
(1959)
NSF Symposium on Basic Research
, pp. 249-280
-
-
Wolfe, D.1
|