Perceptions of hate crime perpetrators and victims as influenced by race, political orientation, and peer group

American Behavioral Scientist

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2002, Pages

  Marcus Newhall, Amy ^a   Blake, Laura Palucki ^b   Baumann, Julia ^a  

^a SCRIPPS COLLEGE   (United States)

^b CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037600682     PISSN: 00027642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002764202046001008     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Agnew, R. (1991). The interactive effects of peer variables on delinquency. Criminology, 29, 47-72.
2. Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. (1999). 1999 hate crimes laws. New York: Author.
3. Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1981). Conceptual approaches to stereotypes and stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 1-35). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
4. BarNir, A. (1998). Can group-and issue-related factors predict choice shift? A meta-analysis of group decisions on life dilemmas. Small Group Research, 29, 308-338.
5. Beirnat, M., Manis, M., & Nelson, T. (1991). Stereotypes and standards of judgement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 485-499.
6. Berk, R. A. (1990). Thinking about hate-motivated crimes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 334-349.
7. Brewer, M. B. (1979). Ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
8. Brewer, M. B. (1986). The role of ethnocentrism in intergroup conflict. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 88-102). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
9. Bridges, G. S., & Steen, S. (1998). Racial disparities in official assessments of juvenile offenders: Attributional stereotypes as mediating mechanisms. American Sociological Review, 63, 554-570.
10. Craig, K. M. (1998, April). Payback or distress? African American and white responses to racist hate crimes. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Albuquerque, NM.
11. Craig, K. M. (1999). Retaliation, fear, or rage: An investigation of African American and white reactions to racist hate crimes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 138-151.
12. Craig, K. M., & Waldo, C. R. (1996). "So what's a hate crime anyway?" Young adults' perceptions of hate crimes, victims and perpetrators. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 113-129.
13. DeSantis, A., & Kayson, W. A. (1997). Defendants characteristics of attractiveness, race, and sense and sentencing decisions. Psychological Reports, 81, 679-683.
14. Deschamps, J. C., & Doise, W. (1978). Crossed category membership in intergroup relations. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.
15. Doise, W., Csepeli, G., Dann, H. D., Gouge, C., Larsen, K., & Ostell. A. (1972). An experimental investigation into the formation of intergroup representations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 202-204.
16. Dovidio, J. F., Evans, N., & Tyler, R. B. (1986). Racial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive perceptions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 22-37.
17. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
18. Forgas, J. P. (1980). Images of crime: A multidimensional analysis of individual differences in crime perceptions. International Journal of Psychology, 15, 287-299.
19. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-90). New York: Academic Press.
20. Gordon, R. A. (1990). Attribution for blue-collar and white-collar crime: The effects of subject and defendant race on simulated juror decisions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 971-983.
21. Gordon, R. A., Bindrim, T. A., McNichols, M. L., & Walden, T. L. (1988). Perceptions of blue-collar and white-collar crime: The effect of defendant race on simulated juror decisions. Journal of Social Psychology, 128, 191-197.
22. Gray, D. B., & Ashmore, R. D. (1976). Biasing influence of defendants' characteristics on simulated sentencing. Psychological Reports, 38, 727-738.
23. Hamilton, D. L., Stroessner, S. J., & Driscoll, D. M. (1994). Social cognition and the study of stereo-typing. In P. G. Devine, D. L. Hamilton, & T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Social cognition; Impact on social psychology (pp. 291-321). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
24. Hamilton, H. J., & Trolier, T. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism. New York: Academic Press.
25. Herek, G. M. (1989). Hate crimes against lesbians and gay men: Issues for research and policy. American Psychologist, 44, 948-955.
26. Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (1999). Psychological sequelae of hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 945-951.
27. Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R. Cogan, J. C., & Glunt, E. K. (1997). Hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: Prevalence, psychological correlates, and methodological issues. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 195-215.
28. Hymes, R. W., Leinart, M., Rowe, S., & Rogers, W. (1993). Acquaintance rape: The effect of race of defendant and race of victim on white juror decisions. Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 627-634.
29. Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
30. Kaplan, M. F., & Miller, L. E. (1978). Reducing the effects of juror bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1443-1455.
31. Kim, T. E., & Goto, S. G. (2000). Peer delinquency and parental social support as predictors of Asian American adolescent delinquency. Deviant Behavior, 21, 331-347.
32. Landy, D., & Aronson, E. (1969). The influence of the character of the criminal and his victim on the decisions of simulated jurors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 141-152.
33. Levin, J., & McDevitt, J. (1993). Hate crimes: The rising tide of bigotry and bloodshed. New York: Plenum.
34. Lichtenstein, K. R. (1982). Extra-legal variables affecting sentencing decisions. Psychological Reports, 50, 611-619.
35. Madray, H., & Van Hulst, Y. (2000). Reducing HIV/AIDS high-risk behavior among injection drug users: Peers vs. education. Journal of Drug Education, 30, 205-211.
36. Marcus-Newhall, A., Miller, N., Holtz, R., & Brewer, M. B. (1993). Cross-cutting category membership with role assignment: A means of reducing intergroup bias. British Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 125-146.
37. Mazzella, R., & Feingold, A. (1994). The effects of physical attractiveness, race, socioeconomic status, and gender of defendants and victims on judgements of mock jurors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 315-1344.
38. Miller, A. G. (1982). In the eye of the beholder: Contemporary issues in stereotyping. New York: Praeger.
39. Myers, D. G., & Lamm, H. (1976). The group polarization phenomenon. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 602-627.
40. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. (2001). Anti-gay violence, victimization, and defamation in 2000. Washington, DC: Author.
41. Nemeth, C., & Sosis, R. H. (1973). A simulated jury study: Characteristics of the defendant and the jurors. Journal of Social Psychology. 90, 221-229.
42. Nickerson, S., Mayo, C., & Smith, A. (1986). Racism in the courtroom. In J. Dovidio & S. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism (pp. 255-278). New York: Academic Press.
43. Noelle, M. (2002). The ripple effect of the Matthew Shephard murder: Impact on the assumptive worlds of members of the targeted group. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(1), 27-50.
44. Nolan, J., III, Akiyama, Y., & Berhanu, S. (2002). The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990: Developing a method for measuring the occurrence of hate violence. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(1), 136-153.
45. Pellegrini, R. J., Queirolo, S. S., Monarrez, V. E., & Valensuela, D. M. (1997). Political identification and perceptions of homelessness: Attributed causality and attitudes on public policy. Psychological Reports, 80, 1139-1148.
46. Petersilia, J. (1983). Racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
47. Rabbie, J. M., Benoist, F., Oosterbaan, H., & Visser, L. (1974). Differential power and effects of expected competitive and cooperative intergroup interaction upon intra- and outgroup attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 46-56.
48. Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1985). Social categorization and power differentials in group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 415-434.
49. Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1987). Status differentials and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 277-293.
50. Sigall, H., & Ostrove, N. (1975). Beautiful but dangerous: Effects of offender attractiveness and nature of the crime on juridic judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 410-414.
51. Sommers, S. R., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2000). Race in the courtroom: Perceptions of guilt and dispositional attributions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1367-1379.
52. Southern Poverty Law Center. (2000). Enraged black man targets whites. Klanwatch Intelligence Report, 98, 4.
53. Stangor, C. (1988). Stereotype accessibility and information processing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 694-708.
54. Sunnafrank, M., & Fontes, N. E. (1983). General and crime related racial stereotypes and influence on juridic decisions. Cornell Journal of Social Relations, 17, 1-15.
55. Sweeney, L. T., & Haney, C. (1992). The influence of race on sentencing: A meta-analytic review of experimental studies. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 10, 179-195.
56. Tajfel, H. (1978). Social comparison, similarity, and ingroup favouritism. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Cambridge University Press.
57. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. London: Cambridge University Press.
58. Tajfel, H., Billig, M., Bundy, R., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178.
59. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson Hall.
60. Turner, J. C. (1981). The experimental social psychology of intergroup behavior. In J. C. Turner & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behavior (pp. 66-101). Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell.
61. Ugwuegbu, D.C.E. (1979). Racial and evidential factors in juror attribution of legal responsibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 133-146.
62. U.S. Department of Justice. (2000). Hate crime statistics 1999. Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
63. Vanbeselaere, N. (1987). The effects of dichotomous and crossed social categorizations upon intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 143-156.
64. Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2000). Influence of deviant friends on delinquency: Searching for moderator variables. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 313-325.
65. Winton, R. (2001, December 21). Hate crimes soar following attacks. The Los Angeles Times, p. B1.