Introduction: Postcolonial technoscience

Social Studies of Science

Volumn 32, Issue 5-6, 2002, Pages 643-658

  Anderson, Warwick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037600603     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030631270203200502     Document Type: Editorial

References (120)

1. Vijay Mishra and Bob Hodge, 'What is Post(-)Colonialism?', Textual Practice, Vol. 5 (1991), 399-414; Anne McClintock, 'The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Post-Colonialism', Social Text, Nos 31/32 (Spring 1992), 1-15; Arif Dirlik, 'The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism', Critical Inquiry, Vol. 20 (1994), 329-56.
2. Vijay Mishra and Bob Hodge, 'What is Post(-)Colonialism?', Textual Practice, Vol. 5 (1991), 399-414; Anne McClintock, 'The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Post-Colonialism', Social Text, Nos 31/32 (Spring 1992), 1-15; Arif Dirlik, 'The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism', Critical Inquiry, Vol. 20 (1994), 329-56.
3. Vijay Mishra and Bob Hodge, 'What is Post(-)Colonialism?', Textual Practice, Vol. 5 (1991), 399-414; Anne McClintock, 'The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Post-Colonialism', Social Text, Nos 31/32 (Spring 1992), 1-15; Arif Dirlik, 'The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism', Critical Inquiry, Vol. 20 (1994), 329-56.
4. See for example, Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); Lisa Rofel, Other Modernities: Gendered Yearnings in China after Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Aihwa Ong, Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality (Durham, NC & London: Duke University Press, 1999).
5. See for example, Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); Lisa Rofel, Other Modernities: Gendered Yearnings in China after Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Aihwa Ong, Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality (Durham, NC & London: Duke University Press, 1999).
6. See for example, Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); Lisa Rofel, Other Modernities: Gendered Yearnings in China after Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Aihwa Ong, Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality (Durham, NC & London: Duke University Press, 1999).
7. Ann L. Stoler and Frederick Cooper, 'Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda', in F. Cooper and A.L. Stoler (eds), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 1-56, at 4.
8. See Dirlik, op. cit. note 1, and Simon During, 'Postcolonialism and Globalization: A Dialectical Relation After All?', Postcolonial Studies, Vol. 1 (1998), 31-48. In general, though not always, we have favoured the term 'technoscience' as a means to indicate the contemporary convergence and assemblage of scientific practice and technology development, and to avoid sterile classificatory debates. As Bruno Latour remarks in relation to technoscience: 'the name of the game will be to leave the boundaries open and to close them only when the people we follow close them' (Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society [Milton Keynes, Bucks., UK: Open University Press, 1987], 175).
9. See Dirlik, op. cit. note 1, and Simon During, 'Postcolonialism and Globalization: A Dialectical Relation After All?', Postcolonial Studies, Vol. 1 (1998), 31-48. In general, though not always, we have favoured the term 'technoscience' as a means to indicate the contemporary convergence and assemblage of scientific practice and technology development, and to avoid sterile classificatory debates. As Bruno Latour remarks in relation to technoscience: 'the name of the game will be to leave the boundaries open and to close them only when the people we follow close them' (Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society [Milton Keynes, Bucks., UK: Open University Press, 1987], 175).
10. Stacy Leigh Pigg, personal communication (April 2001). See Stacy Leigh Pigg, 'Inventing Social Categories through Place: Social Representations and Development in Nepal', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 34 (1992), 491-513.
11. Stacy Leigh Pigg, personal communication (April 2001). See Stacy Leigh Pigg, 'Inventing Social Categories through Place: Social Representations and Development in Nepal', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 34 (1992), 491-513.
12. Adele E. Clarke, Laura Mamo, Janet K. Schim, Jennifer R. Fishman and Jennifer Ruth Fosket, 'Technoscience and the New Biomedicalization: Western Roots, Global Rhizomes' (unpublished manuscript, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF), 34. A less programmatic variant of this quotation can be found in Adele E. Clarke, Jennifer R. Fishman, Jennifer Ruth Fosket, Laura Mamo and Janet K. Schim, 'Technosciences et nouvelle biomédicalisation: racines occidentales, rhizomes mondiaux', Sciences Sociales et Santé, Vol. 18 (2000), 11-42, at 32.
13. Adele E. Clarke, Laura Mamo, Janet K. Schim, Jennifer R. Fishman and Jennifer Ruth Fosket, 'Technoscience and the New Biomedicalization: Western Roots, Global Rhizomes' (unpublished manuscript, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF), 34. A less programmatic variant of this quotation can be found in Adele E. Clarke, Jennifer R. Fishman, Jennifer Ruth Fosket, Laura Mamo and Janet K. Schim, 'Technosciences et nouvelle biomédicalisation: racines occidentales, rhizomes mondiaux', Sciences Sociales et Santé, Vol. 18 (2000), 11-42, at 32.
14. Stuart Hall, 'When was "the Post-Colonial"? Thinking at the Limit', in Iain Chambers and Lidia Curti (eds), The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons (London: Routledge, 1996), 242-60, at 247, 250.
15. The phrase is from Akhil Gupta, Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India (Durham, NC & London: Duke University Press, 1998), 6.
16. Stuart Hall, 'Cultural Studies and its Theoretical Legacies', in Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson and Paula Treichler (eds), Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 1992), 277-94, at 293.
17. Roddey Reid and Sharon Traweek, 'Introduction: Researching Researchers', in R. Reid and S. Traweek (eds), Doing Science + Culture (New York & London: Routledge, 2000), 1-20, at 6.
18. Ashis Nandy, 'Shamans, Savages, and the Wilderness: On the Audibility of Dissent and the Future of Civilizations', Alternatives, Vol. 14 (1989), 263-75, at 263. See also Ashis Nandy (ed.), Science, Hegemony and Violence: A Requiem for Modernity (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988).
19. Ashis Nandy, 'Shamans, Savages, and the Wilderness: On the Audibility of Dissent and the Future of Civilizations', Alternatives, Vol. 14 (1989), 263-75, at 263. See also Ashis Nandy (ed.), Science, Hegemony and Violence: A Requiem for Modernity (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988).
20. Sandra Harding, 'Is Science Multicultural? Challenges, Resources, Opportunities', Configurations,Vol. 2 (1994), 301-30, at 327.
21. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).
22. A similar distinction, using slightly different terms, is made in Bart Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics (London: Verso, 1997), esp. Chapter 1.
23. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures (London: Routledge, 1989).
24. Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Spivak (eds), Selected Subaltern Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); and Gyan Prakash, 'Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism', American Historical Review, Vol. 99 (1994), 1475-90.
25. Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Spivak (eds), Selected Subaltern Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); and Gyan Prakash, 'Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism', American Historical Review, Vol. 99 (1994), 1475-90.
26. Deepak Kumar, Science and the Raj 1857-1905 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995), and Roy M. MacLeod and Deepak Kumar (eds), Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technical Transfers to India (New Delhi: Sage, 1995).
27. Deepak Kumar, Science and the Raj 1857-1905 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995), and Roy M. MacLeod and Deepak Kumar (eds), Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technical Transfers to India (New Delhi: Sage, 1995).
28. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmari (New York: Grove Press, 1967).
29. For surveys of postcolonial theory, see Robert J.C. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1990); R.J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge, 1995); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (eds), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Francis Barker, Peter Hulme and Margaret Iversen (eds), Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1994); Padmini Mongia (ed.), Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (London: Arnold, 1996); Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory, op. cit. note 14; Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Leela Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998).
30. For surveys of postcolonial theory, see Robert J.C. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1990); R.J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge, 1995); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (eds), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Francis Barker, Peter Hulme and Margaret Iversen (eds), Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1994); Padmini Mongia (ed.), Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (London: Arnold, 1996); Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory, op. cit. note 14; Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Leela Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998).
31. For surveys of postcolonial theory, see Robert J.C. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1990); R.J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge, 1995); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (eds), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Francis Barker, Peter Hulme and Margaret Iversen (eds), Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1994); Padmini Mongia (ed.), Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (London: Arnold, 1996); Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory, op. cit. note 14; Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Leela Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998).
32. For surveys of postcolonial theory, see Robert J.C. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1990); R.J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge, 1995); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (eds), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Francis Barker, Peter Hulme and Margaret Iversen (eds), Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1994); Padmini Mongia (ed.), Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (London: Arnold, 1996); Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory, op. cit. note 14; Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Leela Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998).
33. For surveys of postcolonial theory, see Robert J.C. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1990); R.J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge, 1995); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (eds), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Francis Barker, Peter Hulme and Margaret Iversen (eds), Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1994); Padmini Mongia (ed.), Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (London: Arnold, 1996); Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory, op. cit. note 14; Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Leela Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998).
34. For surveys of postcolonial theory, see Robert J.C. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1990); R.J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge, 1995); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (eds), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Francis Barker, Peter Hulme and Margaret Iversen (eds), Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1994); Padmini Mongia (ed.), Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (London: Arnold, 1996); Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory, op. cit. note 14; Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Leela Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998).
35. For surveys of postcolonial theory, see Robert J.C. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1990); R.J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge, 1995); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (eds), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Francis Barker, Peter Hulme and Margaret Iversen (eds), Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1994); Padmini Mongia (ed.), Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (London: Arnold, 1996); Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory, op. cit. note 14; Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Leela Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998).
36. For surveys of postcolonial theory, see Robert J.C. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1990); R.J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge, 1995); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (eds), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Francis Barker, Peter Hulme and Margaret Iversen (eds), Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1994); Padmini Mongia (ed.), Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (London: Arnold, 1996); Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory, op. cit. note 14; Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Leela Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998).
37. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994); and H.K. Bhabha (ed.), Nation and Narration (London: Routledge, 1990).
38. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994); and H.K. Bhabha (ed.), Nation and Narration (London: Routledge, 1990).
39. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics (New York: Methuen, 1987), and G.G. Spivak (ed. Sarah Harasym), The Post-Colonial Critic: Essays, Strategies, Dialogues (New York: Routledge, 1990).
40. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics (New York: Methuen, 1987), and G.G. Spivak (ed. Sarah Harasym), The Post-Colonial Critic: Essays, Strategies, Dialogues (New York: Routledge, 1990).
41. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari (trans. Dana Polan), Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986); Dipesh Chakrabarty, 'Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for "Indian" Pasts?', Representations,Vol. 37 (1992), 1-24; and Warwick Anderson, 'Where is the Postcolonial History of Medicine?', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 72 (1998), 522-30.
42. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari (trans. Dana Polan), Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986); Dipesh Chakrabarty, 'Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for "Indian" Pasts?', Representations,Vol. 37 (1992), 1-24; and Warwick Anderson, 'Where is the Postcolonial History of Medicine?', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 72 (1998), 522-30.
43. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari (trans. Dana Polan), Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986); Dipesh Chakrabarty, 'Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for "Indian" Pasts?', Representations,Vol. 37 (1992), 1-24; and Warwick Anderson, 'Where is the Postcolonial History of Medicine?', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 72 (1998), 522-30.
44. Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), at ix, 8. For an earlier plea for study of the cultures of colonialism, see Bernard S. Cohn and Nicholas B. Dirks, 'Beyond the Fringe: The Nation-State, Colonialism and the Technology of Power', Journal of Historical Sociology,Vol. 1 (1988), 224-29. Cohn and Dirks suggest that 'colonialism is too important a subject to be relegated either to the history of nineteenth-century Europe on the one hand or to the negative 'nationalisms of third world studies on the other' (ibid., 229).
45. Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), at ix, 8. For an earlier plea for study of the cultures of colonialism, see Bernard S. Cohn and Nicholas B. Dirks, 'Beyond the Fringe: The Nation-State, Colonialism and the Technology of Power', Journal of Historical Sociology,Vol. 1 (1988), 224-29. Cohn and Dirks suggest that 'colonialism is too important a subject to be relegated either to the history of nineteenth-century Europe on the one hand or to the negative 'nationalisms of third world studies on the other' (ibid., 229).
46. Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), at ix, 8. For an earlier plea for study of the cultures of colonialism, see Bernard S. Cohn and Nicholas B. Dirks, 'Beyond the Fringe: The Nation-State, Colonialism and the Technology of Power', Journal of Historical Sociology,Vol. 1 (1988), 224-29. Cohn and Dirks suggest that 'colonialism is too important a subject to be relegated either to the history of nineteenth-century Europe on the one hand or to the negative 'nationalisms of third world studies on the other' (ibid., 229).
47. Frederick Cooper, 'Conflict and Connection: Rethinking Colonial African History', American Historical Review, Vol. 99 (1994), 1516-45, at 1517, 1533. See also Prakash, op. cit. note 16: Prakash describes a shift in subaltern studies from the earlier effort to recover the subaltern as an autonomous subject, to a later historically informed critique of colonial disciplines.
48. Frederick Cooper, 'Conflict and Connection: Rethinking Colonial African History', American Historical Review, Vol. 99 (1994), 1516-45, at 1517, 1533. See also Prakash, op. cit. note 16: Prakash describes a shift in subaltern studies from the earlier effort to recover the subaltern as an autonomous subject, to a later historically informed critique of colonial disciplines.
49. Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 19.
50. Ruth Frankenberg and Lata Mani warn more explicitly against postcolonial theory dwindling into a critique of Western philosophical discourse, another version of using the Other to rethink the Western Self: see R. Frankenberg and L. Mani, 'Crosscurrents, Crosstalk: Race, "Postcoloniality", and the Politics of Location', Cultural Studies, Vol. 7 (1993), 292-310.
51. David Arnold, a member of the subaltern studies group, has written extensively on disease and the colonial state: see D. Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). The neglect of medicine and science in contemporary postcolonial theory is especially odd, given Fanon's early analysis of the contributions of technical practices to imperialism: see Frantz Fanon, 'Medicine and Colonialism', in John Ehrenreich (ed.), The Cultural Crisis of Modern Medicine (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1978), 229-51.
52. David Arnold, a member of the subaltern studies group, has written extensively on disease and the colonial state: see D. Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). The neglect of medicine and science in contemporary postcolonial theory is especially odd, given Fanon's early analysis of the contributions of technical practices to imperialism: see Frantz Fanon, 'Medicine and Colonialism', in John Ehrenreich (ed.), The Cultural Crisis of Modern Medicine (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1978), 229-51.
53. See, for example, Gyan Prakash, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).
54. Thomas, Colonialism's Culture, op. cit. note 23, 18. Thomas cites Arnold, Colonizing the Body (op. cit. note 27), and Megan Vaughan, Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness (Stanford, CA; Stanford University Press, 1991).
55. Thomas, Colonialism's Culture, op. cit. note 23, 18. Thomas cites Arnold, Colonizing the Body (op. cit. note 27), and Megan Vaughan, Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness (Stanford, CA; Stanford University Press, 1991).
56. Thomas, Colonialism's Culture, op. cit. note 23, 18. Thomas cites Arnold, Colonizing the Body (op. cit. note 27), and Megan Vaughan, Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness (Stanford, CA; Stanford University Press, 1991).
57. Cooper, 'Conflict and Connection', op. cit. note 24, 1526, 1541. Cooper cites Arnold, Colonizing the Body (op. cit. note 27), Vaughan, Curing Their Ills (op. cit. note 29), and Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
58. Cooper, 'Conflict and Connection', op. cit. note 24, 1526, 1541. Cooper cites Arnold, Colonizing the Body (op. cit. note 27), Vaughan, Curing Their Ills (op. cit. note 29), and Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
59. Cooper, 'Conflict and Connection', op. cit. note 24, 1526, 1541. Cooper cites Arnold, Colonizing the Body (op. cit. note 27), Vaughan, Curing Their Ills (op. cit. note 29), and Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
60. Cooper, 'Conflict and Connection', op. cit. note 24, 1526, 1541. Cooper cites Arnold, Colonizing the Body (op. cit. note 27), Vaughan, Curing Their Ills (op. cit. note 29), and Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
61. W.W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), 8.
62. George Basalla, "The Spread of Western Science', Science,Vol. 156 (5 May 1967), 611-22.
63. See, in particular, André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969), and Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974). Much of this critique retained an implicit demarcation of centre and periphery, and the economism of diffusionist models: see Gilbert M. Joseph, 'Close Encounters: Toward a New Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations', in G.M. Joseph, Catherine C. LeGrand and Ricardo Salvatore (eds), Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations (Durham, NC & London: Duke University Press, 1998), 3-46.
64. See, in particular, André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969), and Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974). Much of this critique retained an implicit demarcation of centre and periphery, and the economism of diffusionist models: see Gilbert M. Joseph, 'Close Encounters: Toward a New Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations', in G.M. Joseph, Catherine C. LeGrand and Ricardo Salvatore (eds), Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations (Durham, NC & London: Duke University Press, 1998), 3-46.
65. See, in particular, André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969), and Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974). Much of this critique retained an implicit demarcation of centre and periphery, and the economism of diffusionist models: see Gilbert M. Joseph, 'Close Encounters: Toward a New Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations', in G.M. Joseph, Catherine C. LeGrand and Ricardo Salvatore (eds), Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations (Durham, NC & London: Duke University Press, 1998), 3-46.
66. Roy MacLeod, 'On Visiting the "Moving Metropolis": Reflections on the Architecture of Imperial Science', in Nathan Reingold and Marc Rothenberg (eds), Scientific Colonialism: A Cross-Cultural Comparison (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987), 217-49.
67. David Wade Chambers, 'Period and Process in Colonial and National Science', in Reingold & Rothenberg (eds), Scientific Colonialism, op. cit. note 34, 297-321, at 314. See also D.W. Chambers, 'Locality and Science: Myths of Centre and Periphery', in Antonio Lafuente, Alberto Elena and Maria Luisa Ortega (eds), Mundialización de la ciencia y cultural nacional (Madrid: Doce Calles, 1993), 605-18; and the essays in Patrick Petitjean, Catherine Jami and Anne Marie Moulin (eds), Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992). More recently, Chambers and Richard Gillespie have recommended investigation of the 'conglomerate vectors of assemblage that form the local infrastructure of technoscience': D.W. Chambers and R. Gillespie, 'Locality in the History of Science: Colonial Science, Technoscience, and Indigenous Knowledge', in Roy MacLeod (ed.), Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise, Osiris, Vol. 15 (2000), 221-40, at 231.
68. David Wade Chambers, 'Period and Process in Colonial and National Science', in Reingold & Rothenberg (eds), Scientific Colonialism, op. cit. note 34, 297-321, at 314. See also D.W. Chambers, 'Locality and Science: Myths of Centre and Periphery', in Antonio Lafuente, Alberto Elena and Maria Luisa Ortega (eds), Mundialización de la ciencia y cultural nacional (Madrid: Doce Calles, 1993), 605-18; and the essays in Patrick Petitjean, Catherine Jami and Anne Marie Moulin (eds), Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992). More recently, Chambers and Richard Gillespie have recommended investigation of the 'conglomerate vectors of assemblage that form the local infrastructure of technoscience': D.W. Chambers and R. Gillespie, 'Locality in the History of Science: Colonial Science, Technoscience, and Indigenous Knowledge', in Roy MacLeod (ed.), Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise, Osiris, Vol. 15 (2000), 221-40, at 231.
69. David Wade Chambers, 'Period and Process in Colonial and National Science', in Reingold & Rothenberg (eds), Scientific Colonialism, op. cit. note 34, 297-321, at 314. See also D.W. Chambers, 'Locality and Science: Myths of Centre and Periphery', in Antonio Lafuente, Alberto Elena and Maria Luisa Ortega (eds), Mundialización de la ciencia y cultural nacional (Madrid: Doce Calles, 1993), 605-18; and the essays in Patrick Petitjean, Catherine Jami and Anne Marie Moulin (eds), Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992). More recently, Chambers and Richard Gillespie have recommended investigation of the 'conglomerate vectors of assemblage that form the local infrastructure of technoscience': D.W. Chambers and R. Gillespie, 'Locality in the History of Science: Colonial Science, Technoscience, and Indigenous Knowledge', in Roy MacLeod (ed.), Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise, Osiris, Vol. 15 (2000), 221-40, at 231.
70. David Wade Chambers, 'Period and Process in Colonial and National Science', in Reingold & Rothenberg (eds), Scientific Colonialism, op. cit. note 34, 297-321, at 314. See also D.W. Chambers, 'Locality and Science: Myths of Centre and Periphery', in Antonio Lafuente, Alberto Elena and Maria Luisa Ortega (eds), Mundialización de la ciencia y cultural nacional (Madrid: Doce Calles, 1993), 605-18; and the essays in Patrick Petitjean, Catherine Jami and Anne Marie Moulin (eds), Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992). More recently, Chambers and Richard Gillespie have recommended investigation of the 'conglomerate vectors of assemblage that form the local infrastructure of technoscience': D.W. Chambers and R. Gillespie, 'Locality in the History of Science: Colonial Science, Technoscience, and Indigenous Knowledge', in Roy MacLeod (ed.), Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise, Osiris, Vol. 15 (2000), 221-40, at 231.
71. Paolo Palladino and Michael Worboys, 'Science and Imperialism', Isis, Vol. 84 (1993), 91-102, at 99, 100. Palladino and Worboys recommend Macleod's notion of the 'moving metropolis', in which scientific relations are variable and polycentric.
72. Roy MacLeod, 'Introduction', in MacLeod (ed.), Nature and Empire, op. cit. note 35, 1-13, at 6.
73. Marilyn Strathern, 'The New Modernities', in her Property, Substance and Effect: Anthropological Essays on Persons and Things (London & New Brunswick, NJ: Athlone Press, 1999), 117-35, at 122.
74. Bruno Latour, 'Irreductions', in his The Pasteurization of France, trans. Alan Sheridan and John Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 153-236, at 227. Despite this example, Latour later criticizes the 'perverse taste for the margins', and urges anthropology to 'come home from the Tropics': B. Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), at 122, 100.
75. Bruno Latour, 'Irreductions', in his The Pasteurization of France, trans. Alan Sheridan and John Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 153-236, at 227. Despite this example, Latour later criticizes the 'perverse taste for the margins', and urges anthropology to 'come home from the Tropics': B. Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), at 122, 100.
76. John Law, 'On the Methods of Long-Distance Control: Vessels, Navigation and the Portuguese Route to India', in John Law (ed.), Power, Action and Belief; A New Sociology of Knowledge? (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986), 234-63.
77. Marianne de Laet and Annemarie Mol, "The Zimbabwe Bush Pump: Mechanics of a Fluid Technology', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 30, No. 2 (April 2000), 225-63.
78. Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, op. cit. note 39, 117.
79. Perhaps as a supplement to John Law and John Hassard (eds), Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford & Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1999).
80. Helen Watson-Verran and David Turnbull, 'Science and Other Indigenous Knowledge Systems', in Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen and Trevor Pinch (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications/4S, 1995), 115-39. Wade Chambers and others would, of course, be part of this loose affiliation in Melbourne. For an example of the local interest in ethnohistory, and the dialogue between history and cultural anthropology, see Greg Dening, Islands and Beaches; Discourse on a Silent Land: Marquesas, 1774-1880 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1980). For many years Helen Verran and Dipesh Chakrabarty were in the same department at the University of Melbourne, talking about postcolonialism and science studies. Another key reference point is Donna Haraway, 'Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective', in D. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991), 183-202.
81. Helen Watson-Verran and David Turnbull, 'Science and Other Indigenous Knowledge Systems', in Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen and Trevor Pinch (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications/4S, 1995), 115-39. Wade Chambers and others would, of course, be part of this loose affiliation in Melbourne. For an example of the local interest in ethnohistory, and the dialogue between history and cultural anthropology, see Greg Dening, Islands and Beaches; Discourse on a Silent Land: Marquesas, 1774-1880 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1980). For many years Helen Verran and Dipesh Chakrabarty were in the same department at the University of Melbourne, talking about postcolonialism and science studies. Another key reference point is Donna Haraway, 'Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective', in D. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991), 183-202.
82. Helen Watson-Verran and David Turnbull, 'Science and Other Indigenous Knowledge Systems', in Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen and Trevor Pinch (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications/4S, 1995), 115-39. Wade Chambers and others would, of course, be part of this loose affiliation in Melbourne. For an example of the local interest in ethnohistory, and the dialogue between history and cultural anthropology, see Greg Dening, Islands and Beaches; Discourse on a Silent Land: Marquesas, 1774-1880 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1980). For many years Helen Verran and Dipesh Chakrabarty were in the same department at the University of Melbourne, talking about postcolonialism and science studies. Another key reference point is Donna Haraway, 'Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective', in D. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991), 183-202.
83. Helen Verran, 'Re-imagining Land Ownership in Australia', Postcolonial Studies, Vol. 1 (1998), 237-54. Verran here makes extensive use of the term 'hybridity', derived from postcolonial studies and from the later work of Latour. The notion of 'assemblage', and the practice of 'nomad thought', derives from Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), passim.
84. Helen Verran, 'Re-imagining Land Ownership in Australia', Postcolonial Studies, Vol. 1 (1998), 237-54. Verran here makes extensive use of the term 'hybridity', derived from postcolonial studies and from the later work of Latour. The notion of 'assemblage', and the practice of 'nomad thought', derives from Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), passim.
85. Helen Verran, 'A Postcolonial Moment in Science Studies: Alternative Firing Regimes of Environmental Scientists and Aboriginal Landowners', in this issue of Social Studies of Science, Vol. 32, Nos 5/6 (October/December 2002), 729-62. Verran emphasizes that this need not imply purification, compromise, synthesis, or conversion. See also Linda Tuhiwari Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago Press, 1999).
86. Helen Verran, 'A Postcolonial Moment in Science Studies: Alternative Firing Regimes of Environmental Scientists and Aboriginal Landowners', in this issue of Social Studies of Science, Vol. 32, Nos 5/6 (October/December 2002), 729-62. Verran emphasizes that this need not imply purification, compromise, synthesis, or conversion. See also Linda Tuhiwari Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago Press, 1999).
87. David Turnbull, Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers: Comparative Studies in the Sociology of Scientific and Indigenous Knowledge (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic, 2000), at 4, 6.
88. Sandra Harding, Is Science Multicultural? Postcolonialisms, Feminisms, and Epistemologies (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), at 8, 16. See also David J. Hess, Science and Technology in a Multicultural World: The Cultural Politics of Facts and Artifacts (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1995).
89. Sandra Harding, Is Science Multicultural? Postcolonialisms, Feminisms, and Epistemologies (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), at 8, 16. See also David J. Hess, Science and Technology in a Multicultural World: The Cultural Politics of Facts and Artifacts (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1995).
90. Harding, Is Science Multicultural?, op. cit. note 48, 33.
91. Lawrence Cohen, 'Whodunit? -Violence and the Myth of Fingerprints: Comment on Harding', Configurations,Vol. 2 (1994), 343-47, at 345. This is a response to Harding, 'Is Science Multicultural?' (1994), op. cit. note 12.
92. Lawrence Cohen, 'Whodunit? -Violence and the Myth of Fingerprints: Comment on Harding', Configurations,Vol. 2 (1994), 343-47, at 345. This is a response to Harding, 'Is Science Multicultural?' (1994), op. cit. note 12.
93. Nandy (ed.), Science, Hegemony and Violence, op. cit. note 11. See also Shiv Visvanathan, A Carnival for Science: Essays on Science, Technology and Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
94. Nandy (ed.), Science, Hegemony and Violence, op. cit. note 11. See also Shiv Visvanathan, A Carnival for Science: Essays on Science, Technology and Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
95. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-77, trans. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), 71.
96. Arjun Appadurai, 'Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a Transnational Anthropology", in Richard G. Fox (ed.), Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1991), 191-210; Rofel, Other Modernities, op. cit. note 2; and Strathern, 'New Modernities', op. cit. note 38. Gyan Prakash charts the emergence of a different scientific modernity in India in Another Reason (op. cit. note 28). See also Itty Abraham, The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State (London: Zed Books, 1998).
97. Arjun Appadurai, 'Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a Transnational Anthropology", in Richard G. Fox (ed.), Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1991), 191-210; Rofel, Other Modernities, op. cit. note 2; and Strathern, 'New Modernities', op. cit. note 38. Gyan Prakash charts the emergence of a different scientific modernity in India in Another Reason (op. cit. note 28). See also Itty Abraham, The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State (London: Zed Books, 1998).
98. Arjun Appadurai, 'Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a Transnational Anthropology", in Richard G. Fox (ed.), Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1991), 191-210; Rofel, Other Modernities, op. cit. note 2; and Strathern, 'New Modernities', op. cit. note 38. Gyan Prakash charts the emergence of a different scientific modernity in India in Another Reason (op. cit. note 28). See also Itty Abraham, The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State (London: Zed Books, 1998).
99. Arjun Appadurai, 'Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a Transnational Anthropology", in Richard G. Fox (ed.), Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1991), 191-210; Rofel, Other Modernities, op. cit. note 2; and Strathern, 'New Modernities', op. cit. note 38. Gyan Prakash charts the emergence of a different scientific modernity in India in Another Reason (op. cit. note 28). See also Itty Abraham, The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State (London: Zed Books, 1998).
100. Arjun Appadurai, 'Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a Transnational Anthropology", in Richard G. Fox (ed.), Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1991), 191-210; Rofel, Other Modernities, op. cit. note 2; and Strathern, 'New Modernities', op. cit. note 38. Gyan Prakash charts the emergence of a different scientific modernity in India in Another Reason (op. cit. note 28). See also Itty Abraham, The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State (London: Zed Books, 1998).
101. Marshall Sahlins, 'What is Anthropological Enlightenment? Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century', Annual Review of Anthropology,Vol. 28 (1999), i-xxiii, at xi, vi.
102. Escobar, Encountering Development, op. cit. note 25, 11. Escobar relates his 'anthropology of modernity" to Paul Rabinow's call to 'anthropologize the West'. Rabinow goes on to urge anthropologists to 'show how exotic [the West's] constitution of reality has been; emphasize those domains most taken for granted as universal (this includes epistemology and economics); make them seem as historically peculiar as possible; show how their claims to truth are linked to social practices and have hence become effective forces in the world': P. Rabinow, 'Representations are Social Facts: Modernity and Post-Modernity in Anthropology', in James Clifford and George Marcus (eds), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 234-61, at 241. See also James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); and Stacy Leigh Pigg, '"Found in Most Traditional Societies": Traditional Medical Practitioners between Culture and Development', in Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (eds), International Development and the Social Sciences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 259-90.
103. Escobar, Encountering Development, op. cit. note 25, 11. Escobar relates his 'anthropology of modernity" to Paul Rabinow's call to 'anthropologize the West'. Rabinow goes on to urge anthropologists to 'show how exotic [the West's] constitution of reality has been; emphasize those domains most taken for granted as universal (this includes epistemology and economics); make them seem as historically peculiar as possible; show how their claims to truth are linked to social practices and have hence become effective forces in the world': P. Rabinow, 'Representations are Social Facts: Modernity and Post-Modernity in Anthropology', in James Clifford and George Marcus (eds), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 234-61, at 241. See also James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); and Stacy Leigh Pigg, '"Found in Most Traditional Societies": Traditional Medical Practitioners between Culture and Development', in Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (eds), International Development and the Social Sciences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 259-90.
104. Escobar, Encountering Development, op. cit. note 25, 11. Escobar relates his 'anthropology of modernity" to Paul Rabinow's call to 'anthropologize the West'. Rabinow goes on to urge anthropologists to 'show how exotic [the West's] constitution of reality has been; emphasize those domains most taken for granted as universal (this includes epistemology and economics); make them seem as historically peculiar as possible; show how their claims to truth are linked to social practices and have hence become effective forces in the world': P. Rabinow, 'Representations are Social Facts: Modernity and Post-Modernity in Anthropology', in James Clifford and George Marcus (eds), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 234-61, at 241. See also James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); and Stacy Leigh Pigg, '"Found in Most Traditional Societies": Traditional Medical Practitioners between Culture and Development', in Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (eds), International Development and the Social Sciences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 259-90.
105. Escobar, Encountering Development, op. cit. note 25, 11. Escobar relates his 'anthropology of modernity" to Paul Rabinow's call to 'anthropologize the West'. Rabinow goes on to urge anthropologists to 'show how exotic [the West's] constitution of reality has been; emphasize those domains most taken for granted as universal (this includes epistemology and economics); make them seem as historically peculiar as possible; show how their claims to truth are linked to social practices and have hence become effective forces in the world': P. Rabinow, 'Representations are Social Facts: Modernity and Post-Modernity in Anthropology', in James Clifford and George Marcus (eds), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 234-61, at 241. See also James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); and Stacy Leigh Pigg, '"Found in Most Traditional Societies": Traditional Medical Practitioners between Culture and Development', in Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (eds), International Development and the Social Sciences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 259-90.
106. Akhil Gupta, Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India (Durham, NC & London: Duke University Press, 1998), quotes at 20.
107. Gabrielle Hecht, 'Rupture-Talk in the Nuclear Age: Conjugating Colonial Power in Africa", in this issue of Social Studies of Science, Vol. 32, Nos 5/6 (October/December 2002), 691-727, quote at 691 (Abstract); for 'conjugating' see 693.
108. Peter Redfield, 'The Half-Life of Empire in Outer Space', in this issue of Social Studies of Science, Vol. 32, Nos 5/6 (October/December 2002), 791-825, quote at 792.
109. Vincanne Adams, 'Randomized Controlled Crime: Postcolonial Sciences in Alternative Medicine Research', in this issue of Social Studies of Science, Vol. 32, Nos 5/6 (October/December 2002), 659-900.
110. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London & New York: Routledge, 1992), Chapter 1.
111. Joseph, 'Close Encounters', op. cit. note 33, 5.
112. Nicholas B. King, 'Security, Disease, Commerce: Ideologies of Postcolonial Global Health", in this issue of Social Studies of Science, Vol. 32, Nos 5/6 (October/December 2002), 763-789.
113. One can look at it the other way, too, of course. Kim Fortun, for example, seeks to put 'globalization into an ethnographic field of vision': K. Fortun, 'Locating Corporate Environmentalism: Synthetics, Implosions, and the Bhopal Disaster', in George M. Marcus (ed.), Critical Anthropology Now: Unexpected Contexts, Shifting Constituencies, Changing Agendas (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1999), 203-44, at 241.
114. Fernando Coronil, 'Foreword', in Joseph, LeGrand & Salvatore (eds), Close Encounters of Empire, op. cit. note 33, ix-xii, at xi.
115. That is, they might allow 'an anthropology of intersecting global imaginations', in Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing's terms: A.L. Tsing, In the Realm of the Diamond Queen: Marginality in an Out-of-the-Way Place (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 289.
116. Redfield, op. cit. note 58, 793.
117. Bernard S. Cohn, An Anthropologist Among the Historians and Other Essays (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
118. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), xiii.
119. Escobar, Encountering Development, op. cit. note 25, 223.
120. Fernando Coronil, 'Beyond Occidentalism: Toward Nonimperial Geohistorical Categories', Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 11 (1996), 51-87, at 80.