Oil/suspended particulate material interactions and sedimentation

Spill Science and Technology Bulletin

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 201-221

  Payne, James R ^a   Clayton Jr , John R ^b   Kirstein, Bruce E ^c  

^a Payne Environmental Consultants Inc   (United States)

^b AMEC FOSTER WHEELER   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Agglomeration; Modeling; Oil; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Sedimentation; Suspended particulate material

Indexed keywords

MODELING; OIL SPILL; PAH; SEDIMENTATION; SUBTIDAL ENVIRONMENT; SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER;

EID: 0037586415     PISSN: 13532561     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00048-3     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Allen T. Particle Size Measurement 1981 Chapman and Hall, Publishers London 678 pp
2. Aravamudan, K., Ray, P., Ostland, J., Newman, E., Tucker, W., 1982. Break-up of oil on rough seas--simplified models and step-by-step calculations. Report CG-D-28-82. US Coast Guard. Washington, DC
3. Arthur D. Little (ADL)., 2001. Sediment quality in depositional areas of Shelikof Strait and outermost Cook Inlet. Final Report for OCS Study MMS 2000-024. 345 pp. plus appendices
4. Atlas R.M. Venkatesan M.I. Kaplan I.R. Feely R.A. Griffiths R.P. Morita R.Y. Distribution of hydrocarbons and microbial populations related to sedimentation processes in Lower Cook Inlet and Norton Sound, Alaska Artic 36 3 1983 251-261
5. Atlas R.M. Microbial hydrocarbon degradation--bioremediation of oil spills Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 52 2 1991 149-156
6. Bartha R. Atlas R.M. Transport and transformations of petroleum--biological processes Boesch D.F. Rabalais N.N. Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development 1987 287-341 Elsevier Applied Science London - New York
7. Bassin N.J. Ichiye T. Flocculation behavior of suspended sediments and oil emulsions Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 47 2 1977 671-677
8. Bauer J.E. Capone D.G. Degradation and mineralization of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons anthracene and naphthalene in intertidal marine sediments Applied and Environmental Microbiology 50 1985 81-90
9. Bauer J.E. Capone D.G. Effects of co-occurring aromatic hydrocarbons on degradation of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment slurries Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54 1988 1644-1655
10. Bobra, M., 1990. A study of the formation of water-in-oil emulsions. In: Proceedings of the 1990 AMOP Seminar. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 87-117
11. Bobra, M., 1991. Water-in-oil emulsification: A physicochemical study. In: Proceedings of the 1991 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 483-492
12. Boehm, P.D., Fiest, D.L., 1980. Surface water column transport and weathering of petroleum hydrocarbons during the IXTOC I blowout in the Bay of Campeche and their relation to surface oil and microlayer compositions. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Preliminary Results from the September 1979 Researcher/Pierce IXTOC I Cruise, Key Biscayne, Florida. NOAA, Office of Marine Pollution Assessment, Rockville, MD, pp. 267-338
13. Boehm P.D. Fiest D.L. Subsurface distribution of petroleum from an offshore well blowout. The IXTOC I blowout, Bay of Campeche Environmental Science and Technology 16 2 1982 67-74
14. Boehm P.D. Transport and transformation processes regarding hydrocarbon and metal pollutants in offshore sedimentary environments Boesch D.F. Rabalais N.N. Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development 1987 233-287 Elsevier Applied Science London - New York
15. Boesch D.F. Rabalais N.N. Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development 1987 Elsevier Applied Science New York
16. Boesch D.F. Butler J.N. Cacchione D.A. Geraci J.M. Neff J.M. Ray J.P. Teal J.M. An assessment of the long-term environmental effects of US offshore oil and gas development activities: Future research needs Boesch D.F. Rabalais N.N. Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development 1987 1-53 Elsevier Applied Science London - New York
17. Bouwmeester R.J.B. Wallace R.B. Dispersion of oil on a water surface due to wind and wave action 1986 Michigan State University East Lansing, MI
18. Braddock, J., Rasley, B.T., Yeager, T.R., Lindstrom, J.E., Brown, E.J., 1993. Hydrocarbon mineralization potentials and microbial populations in marine sediments following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Final Report to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. Anchorage, AK
19. Braddock J. Lindstrom J.E. Brown E.J. Distributions of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms in sediments from Prince William Sound, Alaska following the Exxon Valdez oil spill Marine Pollution Bulletin 30 1995 125-132
20. Braddock, J.F., Richter, Z.D., 1998. Microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Final Report OCS Study MMS 97-0041. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska--Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 82 pp
21. Bragg, J.R., Yang, S.H., Roffall, J.C., 1990. Experimental studies of natural cleansing of oil residue from rocks in Prince William Sound by wave/tidal action. Unpublished Report, Exxon Production Research Co., Houston, TX, 77252, 31 p
22. Bragg, J.R., Owens, E.H., 1994. Clay-oil flocculation as a natural cleansing process following oil spills: Part 1--Studies of shoreline sediments and residues from past spills. In: Proceedings of the 1994 AMOP Seminar, Ottawa ON, pp. 1-23
23. Bragg, J.R., Owens, E.H., 1995. Shoreline cleansing by interactions between oil and fine mineral particles. In: Proceedings of the 1995 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 216-227
24. Brakstad, O.G., Faksness, L.G., Stokland, O., Altin, D., Singassaas, I., 2000. Disappearance and biological effects of crude oils after sedimentation on subtidal soft-bottom seabed sediments: Experiments in a laboratory seabed mesocosm. In: Proceedings of the 2000 AMOP Seminar, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. 295-311
25. Bridie, A.L, Wandersh, Th.H., Zegveld, W., Van der Heijde, H.B., 1980a. The formation, prevention and breaking of sea-water-in crude-oil emulsions: "chocolate mousse". Paper presented at International Research Symposium, Chemical Dispersion of Oil Spills. Toronto, Canada, 17-19 November 1980
26. Bridie A.L. Wanders Th.H. Zegveld W. Van der Heijde H.B. Formation, prevention and breaking of sea water in crude oil emulsions "chocolate mousses" Marine Pollution Bulletin 2 1980 343-348
27. Brooks, J.M., Weisenburg, D.A., Burke, R.A., Kenicutt, M.C., Bernard, B.B., 1980. Gaseous and volatile hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico following the IXTOC I blowout. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Preliminary Results from the September 1979 Researcher/Pierce IXTOC I Cruise, Key Biscayne, Florida. NOAA, Office of Marine Pollution Assessment, Rockville, MD, pp. 53-88
28. Colwell R.R. Mills A.L. Walker J.D. Garcia-Tello P. Campos V. Microbial ecology studies of the Metula spill in the Straits of Magellan Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada 35 1978 573-580
29. Conover R.J. Some relations between zooplankton and Bunker C oil in Chedabucto Bay following the wreck of the tanker Arrow Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada 28 1971 1327-1330
30. CSE/ASA/BAT, 1986. Development of a coastal oil spill smear model. Phase 1: Analysis of available and proposed models, Prepared for Minerals Management Service by Coastal Science - Engineering, Inc. (CSE) with Applied Science Associates, Inc. (ASA) and Battelle New England Research Laboratory (BAT)
31. Delvigne, G.A.L., 1985. Experiments on natural and chemical dispersion of oil in laboratory and field circumstances. In: Proceedings of the 1985 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 507-514
32. Delvigne G.A.L. Sweeney C.E. Natural dispersion of oil Oil and Chemical Pollution 4 1988 281-310
33. Drake D.E. Suspended sediment transport and mud deposition on continental shelves Stanley D.J. Swift D.J. Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management 1976 127-158 Wiley Interscience New York
34. Fingas M. Water-in-oil emulsion formation: A review of physics and mathematical modeling Spill Science and Technology Bulletin 2 1 1995 55-59
35. Fingas, M., Fieldhouse, B., 1994. Studies of water-in-oil emulsions and techniques to measure emulsion treating agents. In: Proceedings of the 1994 AMOP Seminar, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. 233-244
36. Fingas, M., Fieldhouse, B., Mullin, J.V., 1995a. Water-in-oil emulsions: How they are formed and how they are broken. In: Proceedings of the 1995 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 829-830
37. Fingas, M., Fieldhouse, B., Gamble, L., Mullin, J.V., 1995b. Studies of water-in-oil emulsions: Stability, classes, and measurement. In: Proceedings of the 1995 AMOP Seminar. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 21-42
38. Fingas, M., Fieldhouse, B., Mullin, J.V., 1996. Studies of water-in-oil emulsions: The role of asphaltenes and resins. In: Proceedings of the 1996 AMOP Seminar. Calgary, Alberta, Canada, pp. 73-88
39. Fingas, M., Fieldhouse, B., Lane, J., Mullin, J., 2000a. Studies of water-in-oil emulsions: Long-term stability, oil properties, and emulsions formed at sea. In: Proceedings of the 2000 AMOP Seminar. Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. 145-160
40. Fingas, M., Fieldhouse, B., Lane, J., Mullin, J., 2000b. Studies of water-in-oil emulsions: Energy and work threshold for emulsion formation. In: Proceedings of the 2000 AMOP Seminar. Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. 19-36
41. Fornwalt H.J. Hutchins R.A. Purifying liquids with activated carbons Chemical Engineering 11 April 1966 1966
42. French-McCay D.P. Development and application of an oil toxicity and exposure model, OILTOXEX Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21 10 2002 2080-2094
43. Garrett, R.M., Pickering, I.J., Copper, E.H., Prince, R.C., 1998. Photooxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oils. In: Proceedings of the 1998 AMOP Seminar. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 99-114
44. Gearing P.J. Gearing J.N. Pruell R.J. Wade T.L. Quinn J.G. Partitioning of No. 2 fuel oil in controlled ecosystems: Sediments and suspended particulate matter Environmental Science and Technology 14 1980 1129-1136
45. Gearing P.J. Gearing J.N. Behavior of No. 2 fuel oil in the water column of controlled ecosystems Marine Environmental Research 6 1982 115-132
46. Gearing P.J. Gearing J.N. Transport of No. 2 fuel oil between water column, surface microlayer, and atmosphere in controlled ecosystems Marine Environmental Research 6 1982 133-143
47. Griffiths R.P. McNamara T.M. Caldwell B.A. Morita R.Y. Field observations on the acute effect of crude oil on glucose and glutamate uptake in samples collected from Arctic and Subarctic waters Applied and Environmental Microbiology 41 6 1981 1400-1406
48. Griffiths R.P. Caldwell B.A. Broich W.A. Morita R.Y. Long-term effects of crude oil on uptake and respiration of glucose and glutamate in Arctic and Subarctic marine sediments Applied and Environmental Microbiology 42 1981 792-801
49. Gundlach E.R. Boehm P.D. Marchand M. Atlas R.M. Ward D.M. Wolfe D.A. Fate of Amoco Cadiz oil Science 221 1983 122-129
50. Gundlach, E.R., 1987. Oil holding capacities and removal coefficients for different shoreline types to computer simulate spills in coastal waters. In: Proceedings of the 1987 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 451-457
51. Harper, J.R., Harvey-Kelly, F., 1994. Subsurface oil retention in coarse sediments beaches. Ottawa, Ontario: Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada; Jan 1994; Report Series No. EE-147
52. Head, K.H., 1980. Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing, vol. 1. Soil Classification and Compaction Testing. Pentech Press, London, 339 pp
53. Henrichs, S., Luoma, M., Smith, S., 1997. A study of the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons by marine sediments. Final Report OCS Study MMS 97-0002. Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, AK, 47 pp
54. Herbes S.E. Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between dissolved and particulate phases in natural waters Water Research 11 1977 493-496
55. Hill P.S. Khelifa A. Lee K. Time scale for oil droplet stabilization by mineral particles in turbulent suspensions Spill Science and Technology Bulletin 81 1 2003 73-82
56. Hoffman, E.J., Quinn, J.G., 1978. A comparison of Argo Merchant oil and sediment hydrocarbons from Nantucket Shoals. In: Proceedings of "In the Wake of the Argo Merchant". January 1978, pp. 80-88
57. Hoffman E.J. Quinn J.G. Gas chromatographic analysis of Argo Merchant oil and sediment hydrocarbons at the wreck site Marine Pollution Bulletin 10 1979 20-24
58. Humphrey, B., 1994. Stranded oil in coarse sediments (SOCS) model. Report Series No. EE-146. Ottawa, Ontario: Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada; Jan 1994, 27 p
59. Jahns, H.O., Bragg, J.R., Dash, L.C., Owens, E.H., 1991. Natural cleaning of shorelines following the Exxon Valdez spill. In: Proceedings of the 1991 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 167-176
60. Johansen, O., Audunson, T., 1982. Drift of submerged oil at sea. Report P 319/1. Continental Shelf Institute, Trondheim, Norway
61. Johansson S.U. Larsson U. Boehm P.D. The Tsesis oil spill impact on the pelagic ecosystem Marine Pollution Bulletin 11 1980 284-293
62. Jordan R.E. Payne J.R. Fate and Weathering of Petroleum Spills in the Marine Environment: A Literature Review and Synopsis 1980 Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc. Ann Arbor, Michigan 175 pp
63. Kan A.T. Fu G. Tomson M.B. Adsorption/desorption hysteresis in organic pollutant and soil/sediment interaction Environmental Science and Technology 28 1994 859-867
64. Kan A.T. Fu G. Hunter M.A. Tomson M.B. Irreversible adsorption of naphthalene and tetrachlorobiphenyl to Lula and surrogate sediments Environmental Science and Technology 31 1997 2176-2185
65. Karickhoff S.W. Brown D.S. Scott T.A. Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments Water Research 13 1979 241
66. Karickhoff S.W. Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils Chemosphere 10 1981 833-846
67. Karl D.M. The grounding of the Bahia Paraiso--microbial ecology of the 1989 Antarctic oil spill Microbial Ecology 24 1 1992 77-89
68. Kochany J. Maguire R.J. Abiotic transformations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic nitrogen heterocycles in aquatic environments Science of the Total Environment 144 1994 17-31
69. Kolpak, R.L., Mattson, J.S., Mark, H.B., Yu, T.C., 1971. Hydrocarbon content of Santa Barbara Channel sediments. In: Kolpak, R.L. (Ed.), Biological and Oceanographical Survey of the Santa Barbara Channel Oil Spill 1969-1970, vol. II. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, pp. 276-295
70. Kovats von E. Gas-chromatographische charakterisierung organischer verbindungen, teil 1: Retentionsindices aliphatischer halogenide, alkohole, aldehyde und ketone Helvetica Chimica Acta 10 1958 1915-1932
71. Lee, K., Lunel, T., Wood, P., Swannell, R., Stoffyn-Egli, P., 1997a. Shoreline cleanup by acceleration of clay-oil flocculation processes. In: Proceedings of the 1997 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 235-240
72. Lee, K., St-Pierre, S., Weise, A.M., 1997b. Enhanced oil biodegradation with mineral fine interaction. In: Proceedings of the 1997 AMOP Seminar. Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. 715-722
73. Lee, K., Stoffyn-Egli, P., Owens, E.H., 2001. Natural dispersion of oil in a freshwater ecosystem: Desaguadero pipeline spill, Bolivia. In: Proceedings of the 2001 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 1445-1448
74. Lees, D.C., Payne, J.R., Driskell, W.B., 1999. Technical evaluation of the Environmental Monitoring Program for Cook Inlet Regional Citizens Advisory Council. Littoral Ecological - Environmental Services, Leucadia, CA, 168 pp
75. Mackay, D., 1987. Formation and stability of water-in-oil emulsions. DIWO Report No. 1. IKU. Trondheim, Norway
76. Mackay D. Hossain K. An exploratory study of naturally and chemically dispersed oil Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada EE-35 1982 1-24
77. Malinky, G., Shaw, D.G., 1979. Modeling the association of petroleum hydrocarbons and sub-arctic sediments. In: Proceedings of the 1979 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 621-623
78. 10 hydrocarbons from crude oils on the sea surface Wolfe D.A. Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Organisms and Ecosystems 1977 Pergamon Press
79. Miller I. Freund J.E. Probability and Statistics for Engineering 1965 Prentice-Hall Publishers New York
80. National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 1985. Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates, and Effects. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
81. Owens E.H. The interaction of fine particles with stranded oil Pure and Applied Chemistry 71 1 1999 83-93
82. Owens, E.H., Lee, K., in press. Interaction of oil and mineral fines on shorelines: Review and assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin
83. Parker C.A. Freegarde M. Hatchard C.G. The effect of some chemical and biological factors on the degradation of crude oil at sea Hepple P. Water Pollution by Oil 1971 237-244 Institute of Petroleum London
84. Payne, J.R., Flynn, N.W., Mankiewicz, P.J., Smith, G.S. 1980a. Surface evaporation/dissolution partitioning of lower-molecular-weight aromatic hydrocarbons in a down-plume transect from the IXTOC I wellhead. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Preliminary Results from the September 1979 Researcher/Pierce IXTOC I Cruise, Key Biscayne, Florida. NOAA, Office of Marine Pollution Assessment, Rockville, MD, pp. 239-263
85. Payne, J.R., Smith, G.S., Mankiewicz, P.J., Shokes, R.F., Flynn, N.W., Moreno, W., Altamirano, J., 1980b. Horizontal and vertical transport of dissolved and particulate-bound higher-molecular-weight hydrocarbons from the IXTOC I blowout. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Preliminary Results from the September 1979 Researcher/Pierce IXTOC I Cruise, Key Biscayne, Florida. NOAA, Office of Marine Pollution Assessment, Rockville, MD, pp. 119-166
86. Payne, J.R., Kirstein, B.E., McNabb Jr., G.D., Lambach, J.L., de Oliveira, C., Jordan, R.E., Hom, W., 1983. Multivariate analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon weathering in the subarctic marine environment. In: Proceedings of the 1983 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 423-434
87. Payne J.R. McNabb G.D.Jr. Weathering of petroleum in the marine environment Marine Technology Society Journal 18 3 1984 24-42
88. Payne, J.R., Kirstein, B.E., McNabb Jr., G.D., Lambach, J.L., Redding, R., Jordan, R.E., Hom, W., de Oliveira, C., Smith, G.S., Baxter, D.M., Geagel, R., 1984. Multivariate analysis of petroleum weathering in the marine environment--Subarctic, vol. I. Technical Results, vol. II, Appendices. Final Reports of Principal Investigators, vols. 21 and 22. Juneau, Alaska, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ocean Assessment Division
89. Payne J.R. Phillips C.R. Petroleum Spills in the Marine Environment: The Chemistry and Formation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions and Tar Balls 1985 Lewis Publishers, Inc. Chelsea, Michigan 148 pp
90. Payne J.R. Phillips C.R. Photochemistry of petroleum in water Environmental Science and Technology 19 7 1985 569-579
91. Payne, J.R., Kirstein, B.E., Clayton Jr., J.R., Clary, C., Redding, R., McNabb Jr., G.D., Farmer, G.H.., 1987a. Integration of suspended particulate matter and oil transportation study. Final Report submitted to Minerals Management Service, Environmental Studies Branch, Anchorage, Alaska 99508
92. Payne J.R. Phillips C.R. Hom W. Transport and transformations: Water column processes Boesch D.F. Rabalais N.N. Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development 1987 175-231 Elsevier Applied Science London - New York
93. Payne, J.R., McNabb Jr., G.D., Hachmeister, L.E., Kirstein, B.E., Clayton Jr., J.R., Phillips, C.R., Redding, R.T., Clary, C.L., Smith, G.S., Farmer, G.H., 1988. Development of a predictive model for the weathering of oil in the presence of sea ice. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, Final Reports of Principal Investigators, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Rep. 59, pp. 147-465
94. Payne, J.R., Clayton Jr., J.R., McNabb Jr., G.D., Kirstein, B.E., Clary, C.L., Redding, R.T., Evans, J.S., Reimnitz, E., Kempema, E.W., 1989. Oil-ice-sediment interactions during freezeup and breakup. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, Final Reports of Principal Investigators, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Rep. 64, pp. 1-382
95. Payne, J.R., Clayton Jr., J.R., McNabb Jr., G.D., Kirstein, B.E., 1991a. Exxon Valdez oil weathering fate and behavior: Model predictions and field observations. In: Proceedings of the 1991 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 641-654
96. Payne J.R. McNabb G.D.Jr. Clayton J.R.Jr. Oil-weathering behavior in arctic environments Polar Research 10 2 1991 631-662
97. Payne J.R. Hachmeister L.E. McNabb G.D.Jr. Sharpe H.E. Smith G.S. Manen C.A. Brine-induced advection of dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons to arctic bottom waters Environmental Science and Technology 25 5 1991 940-951
98. Reed, M., Kana, T., Gundlach, E., 1988. Development, testing and verification of an oil spill surf-zone mass-transport model. Final Report to: Mineral Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, Contract no. 14-12-0001-30130; by Applied Science Associates, Inc. (ASA), Coastal Science - Engineering, Inc. (CSE), and E-Tech, Inc., June 1988
99. Reed M. Gundlach E. Hindcast of the Amoco Cadiz event with a coastal zone oil spill model Oil and Chemical Pollution 5 1989 451-476
100. Reed M. Gundlach E. Kana T. A coastal zone oil spill model: development and sensitivity studies Oil and Chemical Pollution 5 1989 411-449
101. Rogers R.D. McFarlane J.C. Cross A.J. Adsorption and desorption of benzene in two soils and montmorillonite clay Environmental Science and Technology 14 1980 457-461
102. Short, J.W., Lindeberg, M.R., Harris, P.M., Maselko, J., Rice, S.D., 2002. Vertical oil distribution within the intertidal zone 12 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound Alaska. In: Proceedings of the 2002 AMOP Seminar, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, pp. 57-72
103. Shoemaker D.P. Garland C.W. Experiments in Physical Chemistry 1962 McGraw-Hill Inc. New York
104. Siebert P.C. Simple sedimentation methods, including the Andreason pipette and the Cahn sedimentation balance Stockham J.D. Fochtman E.G. Particle Size Analysis 1979 45-55 Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. Ann Arbor, MI
105. Subba-Rao Alexander M. Effects of sorption on mineralization of low concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons in lake water Applied Environmental Microbiology 44 1982 659-668
106. The Ecological Steering Group on the Oil Spill in Shetland, 1994. The environmental impact of the Braer. Scottish Office. ISBN 07480-09-000
107. van Loosdrecht M.C.M. Lyklema J. Norde W. Zehnder A.J.B. Influence of interfaces on microbial activity Microbiology Reviews 54 1990 75-87
108. Wade T.L. Quinn J.G. Incorporation, distribution and fate of saturated petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from a controlled marine ecosystem Marine Environmental Research 3 1980 15-33
109. Walker, A.H., Ducey, D.L., Gould, J.R., Nordvik, A.B., 1993a. Formation and breaking of water-in-oil emulsions: Workshop proceedings. 303 pp
110. Walker, M., McDonaugh, M., Albone, D., Grigson, S., Wilkinson, A., Baron, G., 1993b. Comparison of observed and predicted changes to oil after spills. In: Proceedings of the 1993 Oil Spill Conference. pp. 389-393
111. Walker, A.H., Lunel, T., Brandvik, P.J., Lewis, A., 1995. Emulsification processes at sea--Forties crude oil. In: Proceedings of the 1995 AMOP Seminar. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 471-491
112. Ward D.M. Atlas R.M. Boehm P.D. Calder J.A. Microbial biodegradation and chemical evolution of oil from the Amoco spill Ambio 9 1980 277-283
113. Winters, J.K., 1978. Fate of petroleum-derived aromatic compounds in seawater held in outdoor tanks. South Texas Outer Continental Shelf Study (Chapter 12). US Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management: University of Texas Marine Science Institute
114. Wolfe D.A. Hameedi M.J. Galt J.A. Watabayashi G. Short J. O'Claire C. Rice S. Michel J. Payne J.R. Braddock J. Hanna S. Sale D. The fate of the oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez Environmental Science and Technology 28 13 1994 561-568
115. Wood, P.A., Lunel, T., Daniel, F., Swannell, R., Lee, K., Stoffyn-Egli, P., 1998. Influence of oil and mineral characteristics on oil-mineral interaction. In: Proceedings of the 1998 AMOP Seminar. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 51-77
116. Wu S.C. Gschwend P.M. Sorption kinetics of hydrophobic organic compounds to natural sediments and soils Environmental Science and Technology 20 1985 717-725
117. Zagorski, W., Mackay, D., 1982. Studies of water-in-oil emulsions. EPS Report EE-34. Environment Canada. Ottawa
118. Zurcher F. Thuer M. Rapid weathering processes of fuel oil in natural waters--analysis and interpretations Environmental Science and Technology 12 1978 838-843