The coming of conflict to the Caspian Sea

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 32-41

  Haghayeghi, Mehrdad ^a  

^a MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037499684     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2003.11656037     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Turan [Baku] (April 25, 2002).
2. For a comprehensive discussion of relevant aspects of these treaties, see Behnaz Assadi-Kiya, "Tarikh-e Diplomatik-e Darya-ye Khazar: Ghardadha, Khaterat, va Dastanha-ye Digar, Kayhan-e Shabane" (A Glance at the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea), Kayhan Evening Daily [Tehran] (May 16,1995); Guive Mirfendereski, A Diplomatic History of the Caspian Sea: Treaties, Diaries, and Other Stories (New York: Palgrave, 2001).
3. For a comprehensive discussion of relevant aspects of these treaties, see Behnaz Assadi-Kiya, "Tarikh-e Diplomatik-e Darya-ye Khazar: Ghardadha, Khaterat, va Dastanha-ye Digar, Kayhan-e Shabane" (A Glance at the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea), Kayhan Evening Daily [Tehran] (May 16,1995); Guive Mirfendereski, A Diplomatic History of the Caspian Sea: Treaties, Diaries, and Other Stories (New York: Palgrave, 2001).
4. For more information, see A Compilation of Bilateral Treaties Between Iran and Other Countries (Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1971).
5. Articles 13 and 14 of the treaty deal specifically with the exclusive fishing and navigation rights of the two states.
6. As early as 1920, the Soviet Ministry of the Oil Industry nominally divided the sea. However, Iran was not consulted on the division, nor were there any bilateral agreements to provide a legal precedent for delimitation.
7. The Soviet law may have delimited the Caspian between Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan in 1970, but, according to Eric Sievers, Moscow has not produced the text. See his "The Caspian, Regional Seas, and the Case for a Cultural Study of Law," Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 13 (2001), via LEXIS-NEXIS.
8. Faraz Sanei, "The Caspian Sea Legal Regime, Pipeline Diplomacy, and Prospects for Iran's Isolation from the Oil and Gas Frenzy," Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 34 (May 2001), via LEXIS-NEXIS.
9. I b i d.
10. Article 122 of the law offers the following definition of applicable bodies of water: "Enclosed or semi-enclosed sea means a gulf, basin, or sea surrounded by two or more States and connected to another sea or the ocean by a narrow outlet or consisting entirely or primarily of the territorial seas and exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States."
11. Although President Ronald Reagan, in 1983, recognized the legitimacy of the law in all respects except for deep-sea mining, UNCLOS has never been applied uniformly, nor has it been enforced routinely at the international level since its approval in 1982. For more information, see www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm.
12. Kamyar Mehdiyoun, "Ownership of Oil and Gas Resources in the Caspian Sea," American Journal of International Law 94, no. 1 (January 2000): 179-89.
13. Ibid., n. 50. Chernomyrdin has been a major stakeholder in Gazprom of Russia.
14. Turkmenistan has called for an adjustment of the median line because of the extension of land into the sea on the Azerbaijan side called the Apsheron Peninsula.
15. Irna [Tehran] (May 30, 2002), via World News Connection [hereinafter, WNC].
16. Turkmen State News Agency (July 1, 2001), via British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Online [hereinafter, BBC].
17. Turkmenistan (April 20, 2001), via BBC.
18. ANS TV [Baku] (July 30, 2001), via BBC.
19. Space TV [Baku] (August 13, 2001), via BBC.
20. ANS TV [Baku] (April 19, 2002), via BBC.
21. Kazakh Commercial TV [Almaty] (October 12 and November 1, 2001), via BBC.
22. Hart's European Offshore Petroleum News Line 27, no. 23 (June 12, 2002).
23. Irna [Tehran] (August 1, 2001), via BBC.
24. Kazakh Commercial TV [Almaty] (May 23, 2002), via BBC.
25. ANS TV [Baku] (May 28, 2002), via WNC.
26. Interfax-Kazakhstan News Agency [Almaty] (November 29, 2001), via BBC.
27. Izvestiia (May 15, 2002), via WNC.
28. Trud-7 [Moscow] (May 16-22, 2002), via WNC.
29. Turan [Baku] (April 10, 2002), via WNC.
30. Kazakh Commercial Television [Almaty] (March 11, 2002), via BBC.
31. Azadlyg [Baku] (April 17, 2002), via WNC.
32. Russian Media Monitoring Agency, Russian Military Analysis, no. 89 (August 3, 2001).
33. I b i d.
34. Moscow Vremia Novosty (April 26, 2002), via WNC.
35. Zerkalo [Baku] (August 18, 2001), via BBC.
36. I b i d.
37. Dagestanskaia Pravda and Makhachkala Izyesliia (January 23, 2002) and (March 2, 2002), via BBC.
38. Dagestanskaia Pravda (March 22, 2002), via BBC.
39. Nezavisimaia gazeta (August 13, 2002), on-line edition.
40. Agence France-Presse (August 1, 2002).
41. Ibid.; Zerkalo [Baku] (August 18, 2001), via BBC.
42. Ibid.; Zerkalo [Baku] (August 18, 2001), via BBC.
43. Zerkalo [Baku] (August 1, 2001), via BBC.
44. Vremia novosty (April 26, 2002), via WNC.
45. Ekho [Baku] (April 19, 2002), via BBC.
46. Ibid., n. 43.
47. I b i d.
48. ANS TV [Baku] (January 25, 2002), via BBC.
49. Jane's Defense on-line, Sentinel Security Assessment - Russia and the CIS (August 28, 2001).
50. Khabar Television [Almaty] (May 17, 2002), via BBC.
51. Khabar Television [Almaty] (May 21, 2002), via BBC; Kazakh Commercial TV [Almaty] (September 27, 2001), via BBC.
52. Turkmen Television First Channel (DATE), via BBC.
53. Ekho [Baku] (July 3, 2001), via BBC.
54. ANS TV [Baku] (June 1, 2001), via BBC.
55. Anton Alexeyev, "Armed Forces of Turkmenistan," Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, no. 3 (June/July 2002): 16.
56. ANS TV [Baku] (February 28, 2002), via BBC.
57. See www.fas.org/nuke/iran/missile/shahab-1.htm.
58. Kremlin Press Release (December 4, 2002), via WNC.
59. Thomas Friedman, "Third Wave Will Bring a New Iran," Baltimore Sun (June 18, 2002): A9.
60. Tehran Times (January 12, 2003), via WNC.
61. Vesti (September 3, 2002); available at www.rtr-vesti.ru. In an unpopular move, President Niyazov ordered 20,000 military draftees assigned to various ministries and government institutions to assist in the implementation of his domestic policies.
62. Bilik Dunyasi News Agency [Baku] (August 10, 2001), via BBC.
63. WorldOil.com Industry News (June 6, 2002).