Geochronology of basement rocks in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana, and implications for regional Proterozoic tectonics

Precambrian Research

Volumn 121, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 47-71

  Singletary, Steven J ^a   Hanson, Richard E ^b   Martin, Mark W ^a   Crowley, James L ^a   Bowring, Samuel A ^a   Key, Roger M ^c   Ramokate, Lepate V ^d   Direng, Brets B ^d   Krol, Michael A ^e  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^d Geological Survey Department   (Botswana)

^e BRIDGEWATER STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Botswana; Geochronology; Kalahari Desert; Proterozoic tectonics

Indexed keywords

BASEMENT ROCK; CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; PROTEROZOIC; TECTONICS;

ASTHENOSPHERIC UPWELLING; BOTSWANA; CHRONOLOGY; DESERT; GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; GEOCHEMISTRY; ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; PROTEROZOIC; REVIEW; ROCK;

BOTSWANA; KALAHARI DESERT;

EID: 0037470603     PISSN: 03019268     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00201-2     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Aldiss, D.T., Carney, J.N., 1992. The geology and regional correlation of the Proterozoic Okwa Inlier, western Botswana. Precambrian Res. 56, 255-274.
2. Borg, G., 1988. The Koras-Sinclair-Ghanzi rift in southern Africa. Volcanism, sedimentation, age relationships and geophysical signature of a late Middle Proterozoic rift system. Precambrian Res. 38, 75-90.
3. Bowring, S.A., Erwin, D.H., Jin, Y.G., Martin, M.W., Davidek, K., Wang, W., 1998. Geochronology of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science 280, 1039-1045.
4. Bowring, S.A., Housh, T., 1995. The Earth's early evolution. Science 269, 1535-1540.
5. Breitkopf, J.H., 1988. Iron formations related to mafic volcanism and ensialic rifting in the Southern Margin Zone of the Damara Orogen, Namibia. Precambrian Res. 38, 111-130.
6. Breitkopf, J.H., 1989. Geochemical evidence for magma source heterogeneity and activity of a mantle plume during advanced rifting in the southern Damara Orogen, Namibia. Lithos 23, 115-122.
7. Breitkopf, J.H., Maiden, K.J., 1988. Tectonic setting of the Matchless belt pyritic copper deposits, Namibia. Econ. Geol. 83, 710-723.
8. Bühn, B., Stanistreet, I.G., Okrusch, M., 1992. Late Proterozoic outer shelf manganese and iron deposits at Otjosondu (Namibia) related to the Damaran oceanic opening. Econ. Geol. 87, 1393-1411.
9. Burger, A.J., Clifford, T.N., Miller, R.McG., 1976. Zircon U-Pb ages of the Fransfontein granitic suite, northern South West Africa. Precambrian Res. 3, 405-431.
10. Cahen, L., Ledent, D., 1979. Précisions sur l'age, la pétrogenèse et la position stratigraphique des "granites à étain" de l'est de l'Afrique Centrale. Bulletin Société Belge Géologique 88, 33-49.
11. Carney, J.N., Dowsett, J.S., 1991. Lithological information from a borehole cored through cover and basement rocks near Gweta and its bearing on the distribution of major crustal boundaries in Botswana. Botswana J. Earth Sci. 1, 1-13.
12. Carney, J.N., Aldiss, D.T., Lock, N.P., 1994. The geology of Botswana. Botswana Geol. Surv. Bull. 37.
13. Coates, J.N.M., Davies, J., Gould, D., Hutchins, D.G., Jones, C.R., Key, R.M., et al., 1979. The Kalatraverse One report. Botswana Geol. Surv. Bull. 21.
14. Cornell, D.H., Humphreys, H., Theart, H.F.J., Scheepers, D.J., 1992. A collision-related pressure-temperature-time path for Prieska Copper Mine, Namaqua-Natal tectonic province, South Africa. Precambrian Res. 59, 43-71.
15. DePaolo, D.J., 1988. Neodymium Isotope Geochemistry. Springer, Berlin.
16. de Villiers, J., Simpson, E.S.W., 1974. Late-Precambrian Tectonic Patterns in South-Western Africa, Bulletin 15. Precambrian Research Unit, University of Cape Town, pp. 141-152.
17. Eberle, D., Hutchins, D.G., Rebbeck, R.J., Somerton, I., 1996. Compilation of the Namibian airborne magnetic surveys: procedures, problems and results. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 22, 191-205.
18. Franz, L., Romer, R.L., Dingeldey, D.P., 1999. Diachronous Pan-African granulite-facies metamorphism (650 Ma and 550 Ma) in the Kaoko belt, NW Namibia. Eur. J. Mineral. 11, 167-180.
19. Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., Pickard, A., Barley, M.E., 2000. 1170 Ma SHRIMP age for Koras Group bimodal volcanism, Northern Cape Province. S. Afr. J. Geol. 103, 32-37.
20. Hames, W.E., Bowring, S.A., 1994. An empirical evaluation of the argon diffusion geometry in muscovite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 124, 161-167.
21. Hanson, R.E., Brueckner, H.K., Onstott, T.C., Wardlaw, M.S., Johns, C.C., Hardcastle, K.C., 1988. Reconnaissance geochronology, tectonothermal evolution, and regional significance of the Middle Proterozoic Choma-Kalomo block, southern Zambia. Precambrian Res. 42, 39-61.
22. Hanson, R.E., Martin, M.W., Bowring, S.A., Munyanyiwa, H., 1998. U-Pb zircon age for the Umkondo dolerites, eastern Zimbabwe: 1.1 Ga large igneous province in southern Africa-East Antarctica and possible Rodinia correlations. Geology 26, 1143-1146.
23. Hartnady, C., Joubert, P., Stowe, C., 1985. Proterozoic crustal evolution in southwestern Africa. Episodes 8, 236-244.
24. Hawkesworth, C.J., Kramers, J.D., Miller, R.McG., 1981. Old model Nd ages in Namibian Pan-African rocks. Nature 289, 278-282.
25. Hegenberger, W., Burger, A.J., 1985. The Oorlogsende Porphyry Member, South West Africa/Namibia: its age and regional setting. S. West Afr./Namibia Geol. Surv. Commun. 1, 23-29.
26. Hoal, B.G., Heaman, L.M., 1995. The Sinclair Sequence: U-Pb age constraints from the Awasib Mountain area. Namibia Geol. Surv. Commun. 10, 83-91.
27. 39 Ar geochronologic constraints on Eohimalayan metamorphism in the Dinggyê area, southern Tibet. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 117, 151-163.
28. Hoffman, K.H., 1989. New aspects of lithostratigraphic subdivision and correlation of Late Proterozoic to Early Cambrian rocks of the southern Damara belt and their correlation with the central and northern Damara belt and the Gariep belt. Namibia Geol. Surv. Commun. 5, 59-67.
29. Hoffman, P.F., Hawkins, D.P., Isachsen, C.E., Bowring, S.A., 1996. Precise U-Pb zircon ages for early Damaran magmatism in the Summas Mountains and Welwitshia Inlier, northern Damara belt, Namibia. Namibia Geol. Surv. Commun. 11, 47-52.
30. Holzer, L., Barton Jr., J.M., Paya, B.K., Kramers, J.D., 1999. Tectonothermal history of the western part of the Limpopo Belt: tectonic models and new perspectives. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 28, 383-402.
31. Holzer, L., Frei, R., Barton Jr., J.M., Kramers, J.D., 1998. Unraveling the record of successive high grade events in the Central Zone of the Limpopo belt using Pb single phase dating of metamorphic minerals. Precambrian Res. 87, 87-115.
32. Hunting, L., and Associates, 1981. A photogeological study of the Aha Hills, northwestern Botswana. Report G.3/81, Hunting and Associates, Bramley, South Africa (unpublished report available at Botswana Geological Survey, Lobatse).
33. Hutchins, D.G., Reeves, C.V., 1980. Regional geophysical exploration of the Kalahari in Botswana. Tectonophysics 69, 201-220.
34. Ikingura, J.R., Bell, K., Watkinson, D.H., Van Straaten, P., 1990. Geochronology and chemical evolution of granitic rocks, NE Kibaran (Karagwe-Ankolean) belt, NW Tanzania. In: Rocci, G., Deschamps, M. (Eds.), Recent Data in African Earth Sciences, vol. 22. International Center for Training and Exchanges in the Geosciences Occasional Publication, pp. 97-99.
35. 39 Ar thermochronological constraints on the structural evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Natal Metamorphic Province, SE Africa. Precambrian Res. 86, 71-92.
36. Kampunzu, A.B., Akanyang, P., Mapeo, R.B.M., Modie, B.N., Wendorff, M., 1998. Geochemistry and tectonic significance of the Mesoproterozoic Kgwebe metavolcanic rocks in northwest Botswana: implications for the evolution of the Kibaran Namaqua-Natal belt. Geol. Magazine 135, 669-683.
37. Kampunzu, A.B., Armstrong, R.A., Modisi, M.P., Mapeo, R.B.M., 2000. Ion microprobe U-Pb ages on detrital zircon grains from the Ghanzi Group: implications for the identification of a Kibaran-age crust in northwest Botswana. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 30, 579-587.
38. Key, R.M., Ayres, N., 2000. The 1998 edition of the National Geological Map of Botswana. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 30, 427-451.
39. Key, R., Mapeo, R., 1999. The Mesoproterozoic history of Botswana and the relationship of the NW Botswana Rift to Rodinia. Episodes 22, 118-122.
40. Key, R.M., Mothibi, D., 1999. The national geological map of the Republic of Botswana. Botswana Geol. Surv. (1:500,000).
41. Key, R.M., Rundle, C.C., 1981. The regional significance of new isotopic ages from Precambrian windows through the "Kalahari Beds" in north-western Botswana. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 84, 51-66.
42. Killick, A.M., 1983. A preliminary account of the geology of the Kamtsas Formation of the Damara Sequence, eastern Gobabis District, South West Africa/Namibia. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 86, 11-18.
43. Kröner, A., Jaeckel, P., Brandl, G., Nemchin, A.A., Pidgeon, R.T., 1999. Single zircon ages for granitoid gneisses in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, Southern Africa and geodynamic significance. Precambrian Res. 93, 299-337.
44. Lüdtke, G., Eberle, D., Van Der Boom, G., 1986. Geophysical, geochemical and geological investigations in the Ngami and Kheis areas of Botswana, 1980-1983. Final Report. Botswana Geol. Surv. Bull. 32.
45. Ludwig, K.R., 1980. Calculation of uncertainties of U-Pb isotopic data. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 46, 212-220.
46. Ludwig, K.R., 1990. ISOPLOT: a plotting and regression program for radiogenic-isotope data, for IBM-PC compatible computers, version 2.02. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-557.
47. Majaule, T., Hanson, R., Key, R., Singletary, S., Martin, M., Bowring, S., 2001. The Magondi belt in NE Botswana: regional relations and new geochronological data from the Sua Pan area. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 32, 257-267.
48. Mapeo, R.B.M., Armstrong, R.A., Kampunzu, A.B., 2001. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of gneisses from the Gweta borehole, northeast Botswana: implications for the Palaeoproterozoic Magondi Belt in southern Africa. Geol. Magazine 138, 299-308.
49. Mapeo, R.B.M., Kampunzu, A.B., Armstrong, R.A., 2000. Ages of detrital zircon grains from Neoproterozoic siliciclastic rocks in the Shakawe area: implications for the evolution of Proterozoic crust in northern Botswana. S. Afr. J. Geol. 103, 156-161.
50. Mason, R., 1998. Tectonic setting of the Kalahari suture zone - Botswana. In: McMullan, S., Paya, B., Holmes, H. (Eds.), Abstracts. International Conference on the Role of a National Geological Survey in Sustainable Development. Geological Survey of Botswana, Gaborone, pp. 51-53.
51. Master, S., 1991. Stratigraphy, tectonic setting, and mineralization of the Early Proterozoic Magondi Supergroup, Zimbabwe: a review. Economic Geology Research Unit (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg), Information Circular No. 238.
52. Matheson, G.D., 1974. The geology of the Masuku-Kabanga area. Explanation of Degree Sheets 1726, SE Quarter, and 1727, NW and SW Quarters. Geol. Surv. Zambia Rep. 37.
53. Mazac, O., 1974. Reconnaissance gravity survey of Zambia. Geol. Surv. Zambia Tech. Rep. 76.
54. McCourt, S., Armstrong, R.A., 1998. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of granites from the Central Zone, Limpopo Belt, southern Africa: implications for the age of the Limpopo Orogeny. S. Afr. J. Geol. 101, 329-338.
55. McMullan, S.R., 1998. Lithostratigraphic provinces of southern Africa based on regional geophysics. In: McMullan, S., Paya, B., Holmes, H. (Eds.), Abstracts, International Conference on the Role of a National Geological Survey in Sustainable Development. Geological Survey of Botswana, Gaborone, pp. 108-113.
56. McMullan, S.R., Campbell, C.J., Koosimile, D.I., 1995. National gravity survey of Botswana, second edition. In: Blenkinsop, T.G., Tromp, P.L. (Eds.), Sub-Saharan Economic Geology, Geological Society of Zimbabwe Special Publication No. 3, pp. 133-140.
57. Meixner, H.M., Peart, R.J., 1984. The Kalahari Drilling Project. Botswana Geol. Surv. Bull. 27.
58. Miller, R.McG., 1983a. The Pan-African Damara orogen of South West Africa/Namibia. In: Miller, R.McG. (Ed.), Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa/Namibia. Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication No. 11, pp. 431-515.
59. Miller, R.McG., 1983b. Tectonic implications of the contrasting geochemistry of Damaran mafic volcanic rocks, Southwest Africa/Namibia. In: Miller, R.McG. (Ed.), Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa/Namibia. Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication No. 11, pp. 115-138.
60. Miller, R.McG., Schalk, K.E.L., 1980. Geological map of South West Africa/Namibia. S. W. Afr./Namibia Geol. Surv. (1:1,000,000).
61. Modie, B.N.J., 1996. The geology of the Ghanzi Ridge. Botswana Geol. Surv. District Memoir 7.
62. Modie, B.N.J., 2000. Geology and mineralization in the Meso- to Neoproterozoic Ghanzi-Chobe Belt of northwest Botswana. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 30, 467-474.
63. Mortimer, C., 1984. National geological map of Botswana. Botswana Geol. Surv. (1:1,000,000).
64. Munyanyiwa, H., Kröner, A., Jaeckel, P., 1995. U-Pb and Pb-Pb single zircon ages for charno-enderbites from the Magondi belt, northwest Zimbabwe. S. Afr. J. Geol. 98, 52-57.
65. Newton, A.R., 1963. The geology of the country between Choma and Gwembe. Explanation of Degree Sheet 1627, SW and SE Quarters. Geol. Surv. Northern Rhodesia Rep. 8.
66. Passchier, C.W., Trouw, R.A.J., 1996. Microtectonics. Springer, Berlin.
67. Pfurr, N., Ahrendt, H., Hansen, B.T., Weber, K., 1991. U-Pb and Rb-Sr isotopic study of granitic gneisses and associated metavolcanic rocks from the Rostock massifs, southern margin of the Damara orogen: implications for lithostratigraphy of this crustal segment. Namibia Geol. Surv. Commun. 7, 35-48.
68. Raith, J.G., Stein, H.J., 2000. Re-Os dating and sulfur isotope composition of molybdenite from tungsten deposits in western Namaqualand, South Africa: implications for ore genesis and the timing of metamorphism. Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753.
69. Ramokate, L.V., Mapeo, R.B.M., Corfu, R., Kampunzu, A.B., 2000. Proterozoic geology and regional correlation of the Ghanzi-Makunda area western Botswana. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 30, 453-466.
70. Reeves, C.V., 1978. Reconnaissance aeromagnetic survey of Botswana, 1975-1977. Final interpretation report. Terra Surveys Ltd., Botswana Geological Survey.
71. Robb, L.J., Armstrong, R.A., Waters, D.J., 1999. The history of granulite-facies metamorphism and crustal growth from single zircon U-Pb geochronology: Namaqualand, South Africa. J. Petrol. 40, 1747-1770.
72. 39 Ar dating standard Mmhb-1. Chem. Geol. 66, 27-34.
73. Schwartz, M.O., Kwok, Y.Y., Davis, D.W., Akangyang, P., 1996. Geology, geochronology and regional correlation of the Ghanzi Ridge, Botswana. S. Afr. J. Geol. 99, 245-250.
74. Seth, B., Kröner, A., Mezger, K., Nemchin, A.A., Pidgeon, R.T., Okrusch, M., 1998. Archaean to Neoproterozoic magmatic events in the Kaoko belt of NW Namibia and their geodynamic significance. Precambrian Res. 92, 341-363.
75. Singletary, S.J., 1999. Geochronology and regional tectonic significance of isolated Proterozoic basement outcrops and drill cores in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana. M.S. thesis, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth.
76. Stacey, J.S., Kramers, J.D., 1975. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 26, 207-221.
77. Steiger, R.H., Jöger, E., 1977. Subcommision on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 36, 359-362.
78. Tegtmeyer, A., Kröner, A., 1985. U-Pb zircon ages for granitoid gneisses in northern Namibia and their significance for Proterozoic crustal evolution of southwestern Africa. Precambrian Res. 28, 311-326.
79. Thomas, C.M., 1969. Geological notes on the Chobe District. Botswana Geol. Surv. unpublished report CMT/3/69.
80. Thomas, R,J., Agenbacht, A.L.D., Cornell, D.H., Moore, J.M., 1994. The Kibaran of southern Africa: tectonic evolution and metallogeny. Ore Geol. Rev. 9, 131-160.
81. Thomas, R.J., Cornell, D.H., Armstrong, R.A., 1999. Provenance age and metamorphic history of the Quha Formation, Natal Metamorphic Province: a U-Th-Pb zircon SHRIMP study. S. Afr. J. Geol. 102, 83-88.
82. Treloar, P.J., 1988. The geological evolution of the Magondi mobile belt, Zimbabwe. Precambrian Res. 38, 55-73.
83. Wendorff, M., 2000. The framework of stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of the Tsodilo Hills, northwest Botswana. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 30, 87-88.
84. Wingate, M.T.D., 2001. SHRIMP baddeleyite age for an Umkondo dolerite sill, Nyanga Mountains, eastern Zimbabwe. S. Afr. J. Geol. 104, 13-22.