Ultrathin films of poly(ethylene oxides) on oxidized silicon. 2. In situ study of crystallization and melting by hot stage AFM

Macromolecules

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 1199-1208

  Schönherr, Holger ^a,b   Frank, Curtis W ^a  

^a Stanford University   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CRYSTAL GROWTH; CRYSTALLIZATION; GLASS TRANSITION; ISOTHERMS; MELTING; OXIDATION; SILICON; THERMAL EFFECTS; ULTRATHIN FILMS;

ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION;

POLYETHYLENE OXIDES;

EID: 0037465026     PISSN: 00249297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ma020686a     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Physics of Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces; Sanchez, I. C., Ed.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Boston, 1992.
2. Frank, C. W.; Rao, V.; Despotopoulou, M. M.; Pease, R. F. W.; Hinsberg, W. D.; Miller, R. D.; Rabolt, J. F. Science 1996, 273, 912 and references cited therein.
3. Keddie, J. L.; Jones, R. A. L.; Cory, R. A. Europhys. Lett. 1994, 27, 59.
4. Keddie, J. L.; Jones, R. A. L.; Cory, R. A. Faraday Discuss. 1994, 98, 219.
5. Forrest, J. A.; Dalnoki-Veress, K.; Dutcher, J. R. Phys. Rev. E 1997, 56, 5705.
6. (b) Forrest, J. A.; Mattson, J. Phys. Rev. E 2000, 61, R53.
7. Prucker, O.; Christian, S.; Bock, H.; Rühe, J.; Frank, C. W.; Knoll, W. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1998, 199, 1435.
8. DeMaggio, G. B.; Frieze, W. E.; Gidley, D. W.; Zhu, M.; Hristov, H. A.; Yee, A. F. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78, 1524.
9. Jones, R. A. L. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 1999, 4, 153.
10. Kim, J. H.; Jang, J.; Zin, W. C. Langmuir 2000, 16, 4064.
11. (b) Kim, J. H.; Jang, J.; Zin, W. C. Langmuir 2001, 17, 2703.
12. van Zanten, J. H.; Wallace, W. E.; Wu, W. L. Phys. Rev. E 1996, 53, R2053.
13. Fryer, D. S.; Nealey, P. F.; de Pablo, J. J. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 6439.
14. (b) Torres, J. A.; Nealey, P. F.; dePablo, J. J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 85, 3221.
15. (c) Fryer, D. S.; Nealey, P. F.; de Pablo, J. J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 2000, 18, 3376.
16. Frank, B.; Gast, A. P.; Russell, T. P.; Brown, H. R.; Hawker, C. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 6531.
17. Zheng, X.; Rafailovich, M. H.; Sokolov, J.; Strzhemechny, Y.; Schwarz, S. A.; Sauer, B. B.; Rubinstein, M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 79, 241.
18. Zheng, X.; Sauer, B. B.; van Alsten, J. G.; Schwarz, S. A.; Rafailovich, M. H.; Sokolov, J.; Rubinstein, M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 74, 407.
19. Russell, T. P.; Kumar, S. K. Nature (London) 1997, 386, 771.
20. Lin, E. K.; Kolb, R.; Satija, S. K.; Wu, W.-L. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 3753.
21. Tseng, K. C.; Turro, N. J.; Durning, C. J. Phys. Rev. E 2000, 61, 1800.
22. (b) Tseng, K. C.; Turro, N. J.; Durning, C. J. Polymer 2000, 41, 4751.
23. Hall, D. B.; Torkelson, J. M. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 8817.
24. Krausch, G.; Dai, C.-A.; Kramer, E. J.; Marko, J. F.; Bates, F. S. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5566.
25. Meuse, C. W.; Yang, X.; Yang, D.; Hsu, S. L. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 925.
26. (b) Tao, H.-J.; Meuse, C. W.; Yang, X.; MacKnight, W. J.; Hsu, S. L. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 7146.
27. Fasolka, M. J.; Banerjee, P.; Mayes, A. M.; Pickett, G.; Balazs, A. C. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 5701.
28. Pfromm, P. H.; Koros, W. J. Polymer 1995, 36, 2379.
29. Beck Tan, N. C.; Wu, W. L.; Wallace, W. E.; Davis, G. T. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1998, 36, 155.
30. Liang, T.; Makita, Y.; Kimura, S. Polymer 2001, 42, 4867.
31. Hietpas, G. D.; Allara, D. L. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1998, 36, 1247.
32. Bartczak, Z.; Argon, A. S.; Cohen, R. E.; Kowalewski, T. Polymer 1999, 40, 2367.
33. Despotopoulou, M. M.; Frank, C. W.; Miller, R. D.; Rabolt, J. D. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 6687.
34. (b) Despotopoulou, M. M.; Miller, R. D.; Rabolt, J. D.; Frank, C. W. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1996, 34, 2335.
35. Despotopoulou, M. M.; Frank, C. W.; Miller, R. D.; Rabolt, J. F. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 5797.
36. Reiter, G. Europhys. Lett. 1993, 23, 579.
37. Sawamura, S.; Miyaji, H.; Izumi, K.; Sutton, S. J.; Miyamoto, Y. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1998, 67, 3338.
38. (b) Sutton, S. J.; Izumi, K.; Miyaji, H.; Miyamoto, Y.; Miyatashi, S. J. Mater. Sci. 1997, 32, 5621.
39. Zhu, L.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Calhoun, B. H.; Ge, Q.; Quirk, R. P.; Thomas, E. L.; Hsiao, B. S.; Yeh, F.; Lotz, B. Polymer 2001, 42, 5829 and references cited therein.
40. Jing, S.; Qiao, C.; Tian, S.; Ji, X.; An, L.; Jiang, B. Polymer 2001, 42, 5755.
41. Reiter, G.; Sommer, J.-U. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 80, 3771.
42. (b) Reiter, G.; Sommer, J.-U. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 112, 4376.
43. Avrami, M. J. Chem. Phys. 1939, 7, 1103.
44. (b) See ref 28.
45. Schönherr, H.; Frank, C. W. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 1188.
46. In the course of writing these manuscripts a similar study has been published by Dalnoki-Veress et al. which describes the reduction of crystallization rates for PEO thin films on silicon and gold substrates as studied by quartz crystal microbalance and video optical microscopy (Dalnoki-Veress, N.; Forrest, J. A.; Massa, M. V.; Pratt, A.; Williams, A. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2001, 39, 2615). The complementary results reported by these authors are in good agreement with our data.
47. Pearce, R.; Vancso, G. J. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5843.
48. (b) Pearce, R.; Vancso, G. J. Polymer 1998, 39, 1237.
49. Schultz, J. M.; Miles, M. J. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1998, 36, 2311.
50. Studies on polymer crystallization close to room temperature (without active control of the specimen temperature) have been reported: e.g. McMaster, T. J.; Hobbs, J. K.; Barham, P. J. Miles, M. J. Probe Microsc. 1997, 1, 43.
51. Schönherr, H.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hawker, C. J.; Frank, C. W. ACS Polym. Mater.: Sci. Eng. 2001, 84, 453.
52. Hoffman, J. D.; Weeks, J. J. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 1962, 66A, 13.
53. Recently, Marand et al. have shown that the established linear Hoffman-Weeks extrapolation leads to a significant underestimation of the equilibrium melting temperature (Marand, H.; Xu, J.; Srinivas, S. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 8219). In this work we have utilized the linear extrapolation, and hence our result is likely an underestimate. Taking the limited number of available data points into account, we were unable to perform the correct nonlinear extrapolation.
54. For discussion of various aspects of polymer crystallization see e.g.: (a) Wunderlich, B. Macromolecular Physics; Academic Press: New York, 1973, 1976, 1980; Vols. 1, 2, 3.
55. (b) Woodward, A. E. Atlas of Polymer Morphology; Hanser: Munich, 1989.
56. (c) Bassett, D. C. Principles of Polymer Morphology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1981.
57. (d) Strobl, G. Polymer Physics; Springer: Heidelberg, 1997.
58. (e) Gedde, U. Polymer Physics, 1st ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1995.
59. (f) Crystallization of Polymers; Dosiere, M., Ed.; NATO ASI Series; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1993.
60. Lauritzen, J. I., Jr.; Hoffman, J. D. J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 1960, 64A, 73.
61. (b) Clark, E. J.; Hoffman, J. D. Macromolecules 1984, 17, 878.
62. (c) Hoffman, J. D. Polymer 1983, 24, 3.
63. (d) Lauritzen, J. I., Jr.; Hoffman, J. D. J. Appl. Phys. 1973, 44, 4340.
64. (e) Hoffman, J. D.; Miller, R. L. Macromolecules 1989, 22, 3502.
65. Schönherr, H.; Bailey, L. E.; Frank, C. W. Langmuir 2002, 18, 490.
66. Kovacs, A. J.; Straupe, C.; Gonthier, A. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Symp. Ed. 1977, 59, 31.
67. Geil, P. H. Polymer Single Crystals; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1963; Chapter 3.
68. Vaughan, A. S.; Bassett, D. C. Comprehensive Polymer Science; Pergamon Press: New York, 1989; Vol. 2, p 415.
69. Bassett, D. C. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A: Phys. Sci. Eng. 1994, 348, 29.
70. Keller, A. In Growth and Perfection of Crystals; Doremus, R. H., Roberts, B. W., Turnbull, D., Eds.; Wiley: New York, 1958; p 499.
71. (b) Norton, D. R.; Keller, A. Polymer 1985, 26, 704.
72. (c) Reference 43c.
73. (d) Bassett, D. C. Macromol. Symp. 1999, 143, 11.
74. For the specific case of thin films of PEO, the AFM data acquisition is limited to lamellar growth rates of ca. 0.5-1.0 μm/s and slower. This estimate is based on the growth of a lamellar crystal over the distance of a typical scan size of 20 μm within the time elapsed to capture six subsequent images using the following parameters: resolution = 128 pixels/line, 16 lines scanned, scan rate = 2.5-5.0 Hz.
75. Barham, P. J.; Chivers, R. A.; Keller, A.; Martinez-Salazar, J.; Organ, S. J. J. Mater. Sci. 1985, 20, 1625.
76. 55.
77. Kim, J. H.; Jang, J.; Zin, W.-C. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2001, 22, 386.
78. Marentette, J. M.; Brown, G. R. Polymer 1998, 39, 1405.
79. 0/kδH. Regime I growth (j = 2) refers to the situation where the secondary nucleation step controls the linear growth rate and regime II growth (j = 1) refers to the multiple nucleation case, while regime III growth (j = 2) characterizes prolific nucleation; see refs 44 and 43e, p 178). On the basis of a comparison of the temperature and molar mass range investigated, we tentatively assign our data to regime III growth in accordance with ref 55.
80. Simulation work by various methods suggested disturbed single chain properties for polymer molecules near a wall in the melt. (a) Ten Brinke, G.; Ausserre, D.; Hadziioannou, G. J. Chem. Phys. 1988, 89, 4374.
81. (b) Kumar, S. K.; Vacatello, M.; Yoon, D. Y. J. Chem. Phys. 1988, 89, 5207.
82. (c) Bitsanis, I.; Hadziioannou, G. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 92, 3827.
83. Recent experimental findings by Jones et al. (Jones, R. A. L.; Kumar, S. K.; Ho, D. L.; Briber, R. M.; Russell, T. P. Nature (London) 1999, 400, 14)
84. Kraus, J.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.; Kuhlmann, T.; Schubert, D. W.; Stamm, M. Europhys. Lett. 2000, 49, 210