Traumatic brain injury: Classification of initial severity and determination of functional outcome

Disability and Rehabilitation

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 9-18

  Van Baalen, B ^a,b   Odding, E ^a   Maas, A I R ^a   Ribbers, G M ^b   Bergen, M P ^a,b   Stam, H J ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b Rehab Ctr R Adriaanstichting   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN INJURY; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISABILITY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FAMILY; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REHABILITATION MEDICINE; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 0037422628     PISSN: 09638288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/713813430     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in the United States. In Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (ed.): Traumatic Brain (head) Injury (TBI). Available on line at: http//www.cdc.gov/ncipc/dacrrd/tbi.htm. National Centre for Injury Prevention and Control, 1999.
2. Lehr D, Baethmann A, the Study Group. Management of patients with severe head injury in the preclinical phase: a prospective analysis. Journal of Trauma 1997; 42: S71-S75.
3. Van Balen HGG, Mulder Th, Keyser A. Towards a disability-oriented epidmiology of traumatic brain injury. Disability and Rehabilitation 1996; 18: 181-190.
4. Hall KM, Johnston MV. Outcomes evaluation in TBI rehabilitation. Part 2: measurement tools for a nationwide data system. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994; 75: SC1O-SC18.
5. Levin HS, O'Donnell VM, Grossman RG. The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test. A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1979; 176: 675-684.
6. Zafonte RD, Mann NR, Millis SR, Black KL Wood DL, Hammond F. Posttraumatic amnesia: its relation to functional outcome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997; 78: 1101-1106.
7. Teasdale G, Jennet B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. The Lancet 1974; 2: 81-84.
8. Hall KM. Establishing a national traumatic brain injury information system based upon a unified data set. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997; 78: S5-S11.
9. Zasler ND. Prognostic indicators in medical rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury: a commentary and review. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 1997; 78: S12-S16.
10. Marshall LF, Bowers Marshall S, Klauber MR, Van Berkum Clark M, Eisenberg HM, Jane JA, Luersson TG, Marnarou A, Foulkes MA. A new classification of head injury based on computerized tomography. Journal of Neurosurgery 1991; 75: S14-S20.
11. Aldrich EF, Eisenberg HM, Saydjari C, Foulkes MA, Jane JA, Marshall LF, Young H, Marmarou A. Predictors of mortality in severely head-injured patients civilian gunshut wounds: a report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Surgery Neurology 1992; 38: 418-423.
12. Murray GD, Teasdale GM, Braakman R, Cohadon F, Dearden M, Iannotti F, Karimi A, Lapierre F, Maas A, Ohman J, Persson L, Servadei F, Stocchetti N, Trojanowski T, Unterberg A. The European Brain Injury Consortium survey of head injuries across Europe. Acta Neurochirurgie 1999; 141: 223-236.
13. World Health Organization. International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980.
14. World Health Organization. ICIDH-2: International Classification of Impairments, Activities and Participation. A Manual of Dimensions of Disablement and Functioning. Beta-1 Draft for Field Trials. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997.
15. Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage a practical scale. The Lancet 1975; 1: 480-485.
16. Anderson SI, Housley AM, Jones PA, Slattery J, Miller JD. Glasgow Outcome Scale: an interrater reliability study. Brain Injury 1993; 7: 309-317.
17. Boake C. Supervision Rating Scale: a measure of functional outcome from brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1996; 77: 765-772.
18. Smith RM, Fields FRJ, Lenox JL, Morris HO, Nolan JJ. A functional scale of recovery from severe head trauma. Clinical Neuropsychology 1979; 1: 48-50.
19. Maas AIR, Braakman R, Schouten HJA, Minderhoud JM, van Zomeren AH. Agreement between physicians on assessment of outcome following severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983; 58: 321-325.
20. Livingston MG, Livingston HG. The Glasgow Assessment Schedule: clinical and research assessment of head injury outcome. International Rehabilitation Medicine 1985; 7: 145-149.
21. Horne G, Schremitsch E. Assessment of the survivors of major trauma accidents. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 1989; 59: 465-470.
22. Wilson JTL, Pettigrew LEL, Teasdale GM. Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale. Journal of Neuro Trauma 1998; 15: 573-585.
23. Jennett B, Snoek J, Bond MR, Brooks N. Disability after severe head injury: Observations on the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry 1981; 44: 285-293.
24. Rappaport M, Hall KM, Hopkins K, Belleza T, Cope DN. Disability Rating Scale for severe head trauma: coma to community. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1982; 63: 118-123.
25. Gouvier WD, Blanton PD, LaPorte KK, Nepomuceno C. Reliability and validity of the Disability Rating Scale and the Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale in monitoring recovery from severe head injury. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 1987; 68: 94-97.
26. Heinemann AW, Linacre JM, Wright BD, Hamilton BB, Granger C. Prediction of rehabilitation outcomes with disability measures. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994; 75: 133-143.
27. Fleming JM, Maas F. Prognosis of rehabilitation outcome in head injury using the disability rating scale. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994; 75: 156-163.
28. Rappaport M, Hall K, Hopkins K, Belleza T, Berrol S, Reynolds G. Evoked brain potentials and disability in brain-damaged patients. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 1977; 58: 333-338.
29. Rappaport M, Hall K, Hopkins K, Belleza T. Evoked potentials and head injury: 1. Rating of evoked potential abnormality. Clinical Electroencephalography 1981; 12: 154-166.
30. Pettigrew LEL, Wilson JTL, Teasdale GM. Assessing disability after head injury: improved use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Journal of Neurosurgery 1998; 89: 939-943.
31. Wade DT. Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
32. Collin C, Wade DT, Davis S et al. The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. International Disability Studies 1988; 10: 61-63.
33. Heyink J. The Barthel Index. In: A Hutchinson, N Bentzen and C König-Zahn (ed.) Cross Cultural Health Outcome Assessment: a User's Guide. Ruinen: Barier, 1997; 99-103.
34. Hagen C. Language cognitive disorganization following closed head injury: a conceptualization. In: LE Trexler, (ed.) Cognitive Rehabilitation: Conceptualization and Intervention. New York: Plenum Press, 1982; 131-151.
35. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment, third edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
36. Sohlberg MM, Mateer CA. Introduction to Cognitive Rehabilitation. New York: Guilford Press, 1989.
37. Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Keith RA, Zielezny M, Sherwin FS. Advances in functional assessment for medical rehabilitation. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 1986; 1: 59-74.
38. Hamilton BB, Granger CV, Sherwin FS et al. A uniform national data system for medical rehabilitation. In: MJ Fuhrer (ed.) Rehabilitation Outcomes: Analysis and Measurement (Baltimore, MD: PH Brookes), 1987; 137-147.
39. Hamilton BB, Laughlin JA, Granger CV et al. Interrater agreement of the seven level functional independence measure. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1991; 72: 790.
40. Ottenbacher KJ, Hsu Y, Granger CV, Fiedler RC. The reliability of the functional independence measure: a quantitative review. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 1996; 77: 1226-1232.
41. Smith-Knapp K, Corrigan JD, Arnett JA. Predicting functional independence from neuropsychological tests following tramatic brain injury. Brain Injury 1996; 10: 651-661.
42. Granger CV, Cotter AC, Hamilton BB et al. Functional assessment scales: study of persons with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1990; 71: 870-875.
43. Granger CV, Cotter AC, Hamilton BB et al. Functional assessment scales: a study of persons after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1993; 74: 133-138.
44. Granger CV, Divan N, Roger BS et al. Functional assessment scales: a study of persons after traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1995; 74: 107-113.
45. Willer B, Rosenthal M, Kreutzer JS, Gordon WA, Rempel R. Assessment of community integration following rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1993; 8: 75-87.
46. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Report 1962; 10: 799-812.
47. Levin HS, High WM, Goethe KE, Sisson RA, Overall JE, Rhoades HM, Eisenberg HM, Kalisky Z, Gary HE. The neurobehavioral rating scale: assessment of the behavioural sequelae of head injury by the clinician. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1987; 50: 183-193.
48. Corrigan JD, Dickerson J, Fisher E and Meyer P. The Neurobehavioural Rating Scale: replication in an acute, inpatient rehabilitation setting. Brain Injury 1990; 4: 215-222.
49. Powell JH, Beckers K, Greenwood RJ. Measuring progress and outcome in community rehabilitation after brain injury with a new assessment instrument- the BICRO-39 scales. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 1998; 79: 1213-1225.
50. Berger E, Leven F, Pirente N, Boullon B, Neugebauer E. Quality of life after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of the literature. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 1999; 14: 93-102.
51. Pollard WE, Bobbit RA, Bergner M, Martin DP, Gilson BS. The sickness impact profile: reliability of a health status measure. Medical Care 1976; 14: 146-155.
52. Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Kressel S et al. The Sickness Impact Profile: conceptual formulation and methodology for the development of a health status measure. International Journal of Health Services 1976; 6: 393-415.
53. Krenz C, Larson EB, Buchner DM, Canfield CG. Characterizing patient dysfunction in Alzheimer's-Type dementia. Medical Care 1988; 26: 453-461.
54. Hart CG, Evans RW. The functional status of ESRD patients as measured by the Sickness Impact Profile. Journal of Chronic Disease 1987; 40: 1175-1305.
55. Dego R. Pitfalls in measuring the health status of Mexican Americans: comparative validity of the English and Spanish Sickness Impact Profile. American Journal of Public Health 1984; 74: 569-573.
56. Corrigan JD, Smith-Knapp K, Granger CV. Outcomes in the first 5 years after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998; 79: 298-305.
57. Smith JL, Magill-Evans J, Brintnell S. Life satisfaction following traumatic brain injury. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation 1998; 11: 131-140.
58. Van Balen HGG, Mulder Th. Beyond the stereotype: an epidemiological study on the long-term sequelae of traumatic brain injury. Clinical Rehabilitation 1996; 10: 259-266.
59. Moore AD, Stambrook M, Gill DD, Lubusko AA. Differences in long-term quality of life in married and single TBI patients. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 1992; 6: 89-98.
60. Fleming JH, Strong J, Ashton R. Cluster analysis of self-awareness levels in adults with traumatic brain injury and relationship to outcome. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1998; 13: 39-51.
61. Temkin N, McLean A, Dikmen S, Gale J, Bergner M, Almes MJ. Development and evaluation of modifications to the Sickness Impact Profile for head injury. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1988; 41: 47-57.
62. Wilkin D, Hallam L, Doggett MA. Measures of Need and Outcome for Primary Health Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
63. Keith RA. Functional status and health status. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 1994; 75: 478-483.
64. de Bruin AF, Diederiks JPM, Witte de LP, Stevens FCJ, Philipsen H. The development of a short generic version of the Sickness Impact Profile. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1994; 47: 407-418.
65. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). I: conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care 1992; 30: 473-483.
66. Brazier JE, Harper R, Jones NMB et al. Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: a new outcome measure for primary care. British Medical Journal 1992; 305: 160-164.
67. Ware J, Snow KK, Kosinski M et al. SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Centre Hospitals, 1993.
68. McHorney CA, Ware JE, Raczek AE. The MOS-36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). II: psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care 1993; 31: 247-263.
69. Hanestad BR. The MOS SF-36/RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0/HSQ. In: A Hutchinson, N Bentzen, C König-Zahn (ed.) Cross Cultural Health Outcome Assessment: a users guide. Ruinen: Barier, 1997; 60-67.
70. Coughlan AK. The Wimbledon Self-Report Scale: emotional and mood appraisal. Clinical Rehabilitation 1988; 2: 207-213.
71. Nelson E, Wasson J, Kirk J et al. Assessment of function in routine clinical practice: description of the COOP Chart method and preliminary findings. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1987; 40: 55S-63S.
72. Scholten JHG, van Weel C. Functional Status Assessment in Family Practice: the Dartmouth COOP Functional Health Assessment Charts/WONCA. Lelystad: Meditekst, 1992.
73. Weel C, van König-Zahn C, Touw-Otten FWMM et al. Measuring Functional Health Status with the COOP/WONCA Charts. A manual. NCH series no.7. Groningen: Northern Centre of Health Care Research, 1995.
74. Nelson EC, Landgraf JM, Hayes RD et al. The functional status of patients: how can it be measured in physician's offices? Medical Care 1990; 28: 1111-1126.
75. König-Zahn C. The COOP/WONCA charts. In: A Hutchinson, N Bentzen, C König-Zahn (ed.) Cross Cultural Health Outcome Assessment: A User's Guide, 1997; 48-53.
76. Willer B, Ottenbacher KJ, Coad ML. The community integration questionnaire. A comparitive examination. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1994; 73: 103-111.
77. Dijkers M. Measuring the long-term outcomes of traumatic brain injury: A review of the community integration questionnaire. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1997; 12: 74-91.
78. Hütter BO, Glisbach JM. Das Aachener Lebensqualitätsinventar (ALQI) für Patienten mit Hirnschädigung:Erste Ergebnisse zu methodischen Gütekriterien. Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 1999; 10: 38.
79. McMahon CG, Yates DW, Campbell FM, Hollis S, Woodford M. Unexpected contribution of moderate traumatic brain injury to death after major trauma. Journal of Trauma 1999; 47: 891-895.