A review of data on spreading and vaporisation of cryogenic liquid spills

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Volumn 99, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 31-40

  Thyer, A M ^a  

^a HEALTH AND SAFETY LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cryogenic liquid spills; LNG; Nitrogen; Spread; Vaporisation

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SOFTWARE; CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS;

LIQUID SPILLS;

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS;

AMMONIA; CONCRETE; HYDROGEN; LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; LIQUID NITROGEN; OXYGEN; WATER;

CRYOGENIC FLUID; REMEDIATION; WASTE DISPOSAL;

ACCIDENT; COMPUTER PROGRAM; LIQUID; REVIEW; SAND; SOIL; SPILLAGE; VAPORIZATION;

EID: 0037418831     PISSN: 03043894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00355-2     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Sutton O.G. Wind structure and evaporation into a turbulent atmosphere. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 146:1934;701-722.
2. Reijnhart R., Piepers S., Toneman L.H. Vapour cloud dispersion and evaporation of volatile liquids in atmospheric wind fields. I. Theoretical model. Atmos. Environ. 14:1980;751.
3. Brighton P.W.M. Further verification of a theory for mass and heat transfer from evaporating pools. J. Hazard. Mater. 23:1982;215.
4. S.U. Rochmadi, Catastrophic failure of large storage facilities containing cryogenic fluids, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Imperial College of Science and Technology, Technology University of London, 1991.
5. (a) H.J. Michels, Model of two-phase flow resulting from catastrophic failure of a vertical cylindrical tank containing cryogenic liquid, HSE Agreement 2277.3/R01.20, Interim Report, Imperial College of Science and Technology, 1993;
6. (b) H.J. Michels, private correspondence.
7. R.P. Cleaver, P.S. Cronin, J.A. Evans, I.L. Hirst, A series of experiments to study the spreading of liquid pools with different bund arrangements, HSE Contract Research Report CRR 405/2002.
8. A.J. Prince, Details and results of spill experiments of cryogenic liquids onto land and water, Joint HSE and UKAEA, SRD internal publication, HSE/SRD/PD058/WP4, 1983.
9. K.M. Dilwadi, K.S. Mudan, Dike design alternatives to reduce toxic vapour dispersion hazards, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Vapour Cloud Modelling, Cambridge, MA, 2-4 November 1987, pp. 539-567.
10. Raj P.K. Models for cryogenic liquid spill behaviour on land and water. J. Hazard. Mater. 5:1981;111-130.
11. R.C. Reid, Boiling of LNG on Typical Dyke Floor Materials, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, LNG Research Centre, Cambridge, March 1980.
12. Drake E.M., Reid R.C. How LNG boils on soils. Hydrocarbon Process. 1:1975;191.
13. Takeno K., Ichinose T., Hyodo Y., Nakamura H. Evaporation rates of liquid hydrogen and oxygen spilled on the ground. J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind. 7(5):1994;425.
14. Valencia-Chevez J.A., Reid R.C. The effects of composition on the boiling rates of liquefied natural gas for confined spills on water. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 22:1979;831.
15. Jones C.J., McGugan P.J. An investigation into the evaporation of volatile solvents from domestic waste. J. Hazard. Mater. 2:1978;223.
16. J. Moorhouse, R.J. Carpenter, Factors affecting vapour evolution rates from liquefied gas spills. I. Chem. E. North Western Branch Paper No. 1, 1986.
17. R.P. Koopman, B.R. Bowman, D.L. Ermak, Data and Calculations of Dispersion of 5 m3 LNG Spill Test Results, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Report No. UCRL 52876, 1979.
18. 3 LNG spill experiments. J. Hazard. Mater. 6:1982;43.
19. H.C. Goldwire Jr., Large scale ammonia spill tests, in: Ammonia Plant Safety (and Related Facilities), vol. 26, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., New York, 1974, pp. 203-208.
20. R.C. Reid, K.A. Smith, Behaviour of LPG on water, Hydrocarbon Process. (1978) 117.
21. Reid R.C., Wang R. Boiling of LNG on a typical dyke floor. Cryogenics. July:1978;401.
22. R.C. Reid, Boiling of LNG on Typical Dyke Floor Materials, GRI 79/0026, LNG Research Centre, MIT, 1980.
23. D.S. Burgess, J.N. Murphy, M.G. Zabetakis, Hazards of LNG spillage of natural gas on water, Report No. 7448, US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, November 1970.
24. D.S. Burgess, J.N. Murphy, M.G. Zabetakis, Hazards of LNG spillage in marine transportation, SRC Report No. S-4105, US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, February 1970.
25. J.N. Murphy, D.S. Burgess, M.E. Harris, Hazards of marine transportation of liquid chlorine, PMSRC Report No. S-4158, US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, March 1970.
26. D.S. Burgess, J. Biordi, J. Murphy, Hazards of spillage of LNG on water, PMSRC Report No. 4177, US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, September 1971.
27. Waite P.J., Whitehouse R.J., Winn E.B. The spread and vaporisation of cryogenic liquids on water. J. Hazard. Mater. 8:1983;165.
28. G. Hankinson, D.J. Murphy, British Gas Research Station, private communication with Webber and Jones, 1987.
29. Benduz C., Rebiai R., Scurlock R.G. Thermal overfill and the surface vaporisation of cryogenic liquids under storage conditions. Adv. Cryogenic Eng. 29:1984;795-803.
30. Drake E.M., Jeje A.A., Reid R.C. Transient boiling of liquified cryogens on a water surface. I. Nitrogen, methane and ethane. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 18:1975;1361.
31. Drake E.M., Yodeji A., Jeje A., Reid R.C. Transient boiling of liquified hydrocarbons on a water surface. II. Light hydrocarbon mixtures. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 18:1975;1369.
32. Chang H.R., Reid R.C. Spreading boiling model for instantaneous spills of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) on water. J. Hazard. Mater. 7:1982;19.
33. Chang H.R., Reid R.C., Fay J.A. Boiling and spreading of liquid nitrogen and liquid methane on water. Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer. 10:1983;253.
34. H.R. Chang, R.C. Reid, Simultaneous spreading and boiling of liquified propane gas on water, US Department of Energy, Contract number DE-AC02-77EV04548, December 1981.
35. E. Ekedahl, Studies of the Evaporation Rate of Liquid Chlorine and Ways of Reducing it, Swedish Armed Forces Institute report, A 1574-H6 (C3), October 1973 (HSE Translation Number 10892).
36. Kececioglu I. Limiting evaporation rate with corrugated surfaces. Cryogenics. 31:1991;1009.
37. B.D. Miller, Spreading and vaporisation of LNG spills on land, in: Proceedings of the American Gas Association Oper. Sect., Distribution/Transmission Conf. Orlando, FL, 17-19 May 1983, pp. 612-618.
38. G.F. Feldbauer, Spills of LNG on water-vaporisation and downwind drift of combustible mixtures, Report No. EE61E-72, Esso Research and Development Laboratory, 1972.
39. G.J. Boyle, A. Kneebone, Laboratory investigations into the characteristics of LNG spills on water, in: Evaporation, Spreading and Vapour Dispersion, Shell Research Ltd., Thornton Research Centre, Chester, March 1973 (Ref 6Z32).
40. A. Kneebone, L.R. Prew, Shipboard jettison test of LNG onto the sea, in: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on LNG, Session 5, Paper 5, Algiers, 1974.
41. A.A. Jeje, R.C. Reid, Boiling of liquified hydrocarbons on water, in: Proceedings of the Third Conference on Natural Gas Research and Technology, Dallas, TX, March 1974.
42. D.R. Blackmore, L. Halvers, Refrigerated gas study, spill tests of LNG and refrigerated liquid propane on the sea, in: Proceedings of the Meeting in Shell Thornton Research Centre, Maplin Sands, UK, 1980.
43. A.R. Duffy, D.N. Gideon, A.A. Putman, Dispersion and radiation experiments, American Gas Association Project IS-3-1 LNG Safety Programme, Interim Report on Phase II Work, July 1974.
44. R. Humbert-Basset, A. Monet, Dispersion dans l'atmosphere d'un nuage gazeu forme par epandage de GNL sur le sol, in: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Liquefied Natural Gas, Washington, DC, 24-28 September 1972.
45. D.N. Gideon, A.A. Putman, Report on vapour dispersion in weather inversions, American Gas Association Project IS-3-1 Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, 21 May 1974.