Mindless or mindful? Radiation oncologists' perspectives on the evolution of prostate cancer treatment

Urologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 337-349

  Pollack, Alan ^a   Horwitz, Eric M ^a   Movsas, Benjamin ^a   Hanlon, Alexandra L ^a  

^a FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN;

BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER CONTROL; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATE CANCER; RADIATION BEAM; RADIATION DOSE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0037408068     PISSN: 00940143     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0094-0143(02)00177-5     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Campbell T, Blasko J, Crawford ED, et al. Clinical staging of prostate cancer: reproducibility and clarification of issues. Int J Cancer 2001;96(3):198-209.
2. Iyer RV, Hanlon AL, Pinover WH, et al. Outcome evaluation of the 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for prostate carcinoma treated by radiation therapy. Cancer 1999;85(8):1816-21.
3. Prostate. In: Beahrs OH, Henson DE, Hutter RV, et al, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1992. p. 177-82.
4. Prostate. In: Fleming I, Cooper J, Henson DE, et al, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997. p. 219-24.
5. Han M, Walsh PC, Partin AW, et al. Ability of the 1992 and 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging systems for prostate cancer to predict progression-free survival after radical prostatectomy for stage T2 disease. J Urol 2000;164:89-92.
6. Kupelian P, Katcher J, Levin H, et al. Correlation of clinical and pathologic factors with rising prostate-specific antigen profiles after radical prostatectomy alone for clinically localized prostate cancer. Urology 1996;48:249-60.
7. Ramos CG, Carvalhal GF, Smith DS, et al. Clinical and pathological characteristics, and recurrence rates of stage TIC versus T2A or T2B prostate cancer. J Urol 1999;161:1212-5.
8. Stamey TA, Sozen TS, Yemoto CM, et al. Classification of localized untreated prostate cancer based on 791 men treated only with radical prostatectomy: common ground for therapeutic trials and TNM subgroups. J Urol 1998;159:2009-12.
9. Liebross RH, Pollack A, Lankford SP, et al. Transrectal ultrasound for staging prostate cancer prior to radiation therapy: an evaluation based on disease outcome. Cancer 1999;85:1577-85.
10. Pinover WH, Hanlon A, Lee WR, et al. Prostate carcinoma patients upstaged by imaging and treated with irradiation. An outcome-based analysis. Cancer 1996;77(7):1334-41.
11. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Combination of the preoperative PSA level, biopsy Gleason score, percentage of positive biopsies, and MRI-T-stage to predict early PSA failure in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Urology 2000;55:572-7.
12. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz B, et al. Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2000;164:759-63.
13. Rifkin MD, Zerhouni EA, Gatsonis CA, et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in staging early prostate cancer: results of multi-institutional cooperative trial. N Engl J Med 1990;323:621-6.
14. Crook J, Malone S, Perry G, et al. Postradiotherapy prostate biopsies: what do they really mean? Results for 498 patients. Int J RadiaT Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48:355-67.
15. Kavadi VS, Zagars GK, Pollack A. Serum prostate-specific antigen after radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: prognostic implications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994;30:279-87.
16. Lee WR, Hanlon AL, Hanks GE. Prostate specific antigen nadir following external beam radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: the relationship between nadir level and disease-free survival. J Urol 1996;156(2 Pt 1):450-3.
17. Perez CA, Michalski JM, Lockett MA. Chemical disease-free survival in localized carcinoma of prostate treated with external beam irradiation: comparison of American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Consensus or 1 ng/mL as endpoint. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;49:1287-96.
18. Vicini FA, Kestin LL, Martinez AA. The correlation of serial prostate specific antigen measurements with clinical outcome after external beam radiation therapy of patients for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2000;88:2305-18.
19. Critz FA, Williams H, Holladay CT, et al. Posttreatment PSA ≤0.2 ng/ml defines disease freedom after radiotherapy for prostate cancer using modern techniques. Urology 1999;54:968-71.
20. Hanlon AL, Hanks GE. Scrutiny of the ASTRO consensus definition of biochemical failure in irradiated prostate cancer patients demonstrates its usefulness and robustness. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;46:559-66.
21. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 1998;280(11):969-74.
22. Zelefsky MJ, Fuks Z, Hunt M, et al. High dose radiation delivered by intensity modulated conformal radiotherapy improves the outcome of localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2001;166(3):876-81.
23. Kattan MW, Zelefsky MJ, Kupelian PA, et al. Pretreatment nomogram for predicting the outcome of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000;18(19):3352-9.
24. Movsas B, Hanlon AL, Teshima T, et al. Analyzing predictive models following definitive radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1997;80:1093-102.
25. Partin AW, Kattan MW, Subong EN, et al. Combination of prostate specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multi-institutional update. JAMA 1997;277:1445-51.
26. Pisansky TM, Kahn MJ, Rasp GM, et al. A multiple prognostic index predictive of disease outcome following irradiation for clinically localized prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 1997;79:337-44.
27. Roach M III, Marquez C, You HS, et al. Predicting the risk of lymph node involvement using the pretreatment prostate specific antigen and Gleason score in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994;28:33-7.
28. Zagars GK, Pollack A, von Eschenbach AC. Prognostic factors in clinically localized prostate cancer - analysis of 938 patients irradiated in the PSA era. Cancer 1997;79:1370-80.
29. Bolla M, Gonzalez D, Warde P, et al. Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin. N Engl J Med 1997;337:295-300.
30. Granfors T, Modig H, Damber J-E, et al. Combined orchiectomy and external radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for nonmetastatic prostate cancer with or without pelvic lymph node involvement: a prospective randomized trial. J Urol 1998;159:2030-4.
31. Hanks GE, Lu JD, Machtay M, et al. RTOG protocol 92-02: a phase III trial of the use of long term androgen suppression following neoadjuvant hormonal cytoreduction and radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate [abstract]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48(Suppl):112.
32. Lawton CA, Winter K, Murray K, et al. Updated results of the phase III Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trial 85-31 evaluating the potential benefit of androgen suppression following standard radiation therapy for unfavorable prognosis carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;49(4):937-46.
33. Pilepich MV, Winter K, John MJ, et al. Phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 86-10 of androgen deprivation adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;50(5):1243-52.
34. Zagars GK, Pollack A, von Eschenbach AC. Management of unfavorable locoregional prostate carcinoma with radiation and androgen ablation. Cancer 1997;80(4):764-75.
35. Zagars GK, Pollack A, von Eschenbach AC. Addition of radiation therapy to androgen ablation improves outcome for subclinically node-positive prostate cancer. Urology 2001;58(2):233-9.
36. Stone NN, Stock RG. Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy improves the outcomes of patients undergoing radioactive seed implantation for localized prostate cancer. Mol Urol 1999;2(3):239-44.
37. D'Amico AV, Schultz D, Silver B, et al. The clinical utility of the percent of positive prostate biopsies in predicting biochemical outcome following external-beam radiation therapy for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;49(3):679-84.
38. Barry M, Fowler FJ Jr, O'Leary P. The American Urological Association symptom index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1992;148:1549-57.
39. Crook J, McLean M, Catton C. Factors influencing risk of acute urinary retention after trus-guided permanent prostate seed implantation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;52(2):453-60.
40. Gelblum DY, Potters L, Ashley R, et al. Urinary morbidity following ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate seed implantation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;45(1):59-67.
41. Lee N, Wu CS, Brody R, et al. Factors predicting for postimplantation urinary retention after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48(5):1457-60.
42. Sherertz T, Wallner K, Wang H, et al. Long-term urinary function after transperineal brachytherapy for patients with large prostate glands. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51(5):1241-5.
43. Terk MD, Stock RG, Stone NN. Identification of patients at increased risk for prolonged urinary retention following radioactive seed implantation of the prostate. J Urol 1998;160(4):1379-82.
44. Blasko JC, Ragde H, Grimm PD. Transperineal ultrasound-guided implantation of the prostate: morbidity and complications. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1991;137:113-8.
45. Stone NN, Ratnow ER, Stock RG. Prior transurethral resection does not increase morbidity following real-time ultrasound-guided prostate seed implantation. Tech Urol 2000;6(2):123-7.
46. Wallner K, Lee H, Wasserman S, et al. Low risk of urinary incontinence following prostate brachytherapy in patients with a prior transurethral prostate resection. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;37(3):565-9.
47. Borirakchanyavat S, Bhargava V, Shinohara K, et al. Systematic sextant biopsies in the prediction of extracapsular extension at radical prostatectomy. Urology 1997;50(3):373-8.
48. Sebo TJ, Cheville JC, Riehle DL, et al. Predicting prostate carcinoma volume and stage at radical prostatectomy by assessing needle biopsy specimens for percent surface area and cores positive for carcinoma, perineural invasion, Gleason score, DNA ploidy and proliferation, and preoperative serum prostate specific antigen: a report of 454 cases. Cancer 2001;91(11):2196-204.
49. Veltri RW, Miller MC, Partin AW, et al. Prediction of prostate carcinoma stage by quantitative biopsy pathology. Cancer 2001;91(12):2322-8.
50. Brachman DG, Thomas T, Hilbe J, et al. Failure-free survival following brachytherapy alone or external beam irradiation alone for T1-2 prostate tumors in 2222 patients: results from a single practice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48(1):111-7.
51. Ragde H, Korb LJ, Elgamal AA, et al. Modern prostate brachytherapy-prostate specific antigen results in 219 patients with up to 12 years of observed follow-up. Cancer 2000;89:135-41.
52. Blasko JC, Grimm PD, Sylvester JE, et al. The role of external beam radiotherapy with 1-124/Pd-103 brachytherapy for prostate carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2000;57(3):273-8.
53. Davis BJ, Pisansky TM, Wilson TM, et al. The radial distance of extraprostatic extension of prostate carcinoma: implications for prostate brachytherapy. Cancer 1999;85(12):2630-7.
54. Sohayda C, Kupelian PA, Levin HS, et al. Extent of extracapsular extension in localized prostate cancer. Urology 2000;55(3):382-6.
55. Nag S, Ciezki JP, Cormack R, et al. Clinical Research Committee, American Brachytherapy Society. Intraoperative planning and evaluation of permanent prostate brachytherapy: report of the American Brachytherapy Society. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51(5):1422-30.
56. Stock RG, Stone NN, Lo YC. Intraoperative dosemetric representation of the real-time ultrasound-guided prostate implant. Tech Urol 2000;6(2):95-8.
57. Zelefsky MJ, Yamada Y, Cohen G, et al. Post-implantation dosemetric analysis of permanent transperineal prostate implantation: improved dose distributions with an intraoperative computer-optimized conformal planning technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48(2):601-8.
58. Stock RG, Stone NN, Tabert A, et al. A dose-response study for I-125 prostate implants. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;41(1):101-8.
59. Potters L, Cao Y, Calugaru E, et al. A comprehensive review of CT-based dosimetry parameters and biochemical control in patients treated with permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;50(3):605-14.
60. Dong L, O'Daniel JC, Smith LG, et al. Comparison of 3D conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for early-stage prostate cancer [abstract]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51(3, Suppl):320.
61. Hanks GE, Hanlon AL, Schultheiss TE, et al. Dose escalation with 3D conformal treatment: five year outcomes, treatment optimization, and future directions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;41:501-10.
62. Lyons JA, Kupelian PA, Mohan DS, et al. Importance of high radiation doses (72 Gy or greater) in the treatment of stage T1-T3 adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Urology 2000;55:85-90.
63. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Smith LG, et al. Preliminary results of a randomized radiotherapy dose-escalation study comparing 70 Gy with 78 Gy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:3904-11.
64. Kupelian PA, Buchsbaum JC, Reddy CA, et al. Radiation dose response in patients with favorable localized prostate cancer (Stage T1-T2 biopsy Gleason
65. Pinover WH, Hanlon AL, Horwitz EM, et al. Defining the appropriate radiation dose for pretreatment PSA
66. Pollack A, Zagars GK. External beam radiotherapy dose response of prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;39:1011-8.
67. Kupelian PA, Willoughby TR. Short-course, intensity-modulate radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer J 2001;7(5):421-6.
68. Skwarchuk MW, Jackson A, Zelefsky NJ, et al. Late rectal toxicity after conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer (I): multivariate analysis and dose-response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47(1):103-13.
69. Storey MR, Pollack A, Zagars GK, et al. Complications from dose escalation in prostate cancer: preliminary results of a randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48:635-42.
70. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Starkschall G, et al. Prostate cancer radiation dose response: Results of the MD Anderson Phase III Randomized Trial. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 2002;53:1097-105.
71. Gardner BG, Zietman AL, Shipley WU, et al. Late normal tissue sequelae in the second decade after high dose radiation therapy with combined photons and conformal protons for locally advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 2002;167(1):123-6.
72. Horwitz EM, Hanlon AL, Pinover WH, Anderson PR, Hanks GE. Defining the optimal radiation dose with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for patients with nonmetastatic prostate carcinoma by using recursive partitioning techniques. Cancer 2001;92(5):1281-7.
73. Pollack A, Smith LG, von Eschenbach AC. External beam radiotherapy dose-response characteristics of 1127 men with prostate cancer treated in the PSA era. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48:507-12.
74. Amling CL, Blute ML, Lerner SE, et al. Influence of prostate-specific antigen testing on the spectrum of patients with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy at a large referral practice. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:401-6.
75. Hankey BF, Feuer EJ, Clegg LX, et al. Cancer surveillance series: interpreting trends in prostate cancer incidence, mortality and survival rates. J Nat Cancer Inst 1999;91:1017-24.
76. Jhaveri FM, Klein EA, Kupelian PA, et al. Declining rates of extracapsular extension after radical prostatectomy: evidence for continued stage migration. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:3167-72.
77. Antolak JA, Rosen II, Childress CH, et al. Prostate target volume variations during a course of radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;42:661-72.
78. Lee WR, Hanks GE, Hanlon AL, et al. Lateral rectal shielding reduces late rectal morbidity following high dose three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: further evidence for a significant dose effect. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;35:251-7.
79. Teh BS, Mai WY, Uhl BM, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer with the use of a rectal balloon for prostate immobilization: acute toxicity and dose-volume analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;49(3):705-12.
80. Wachter S, Gerstner N, Dorner D, et al. The influence of a rectal balloon tube as internal immobilization device on variations of volumes and dose-volume histograms during treatment course of conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;52(1):91-100.
81. Alasti H, Petric MP, Catton CN, et al. Portal imaging for evaluation of daily on-line setup errors and off-line organ motion during conformal irradiation of carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;49(3):869-84.
82. Lattanzi J, McNeeley S, Pinover W, et al. A comparison of daily CT localization to a daily ultrasound-based system in prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;43(4):719-25.
83. Nederveen AJ, Lagendijk JJ, Hofman P. Feasibility of automatic marker detection with an a-Si flat-panel imager. Phys Med Biol 2001;46(4):1219-30.
84. Huang E, Dong L, Chandra A, et al. Intrafraction Prostate Motion during IMRT for Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;53:261-8.
85. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Galbreath RW, et al. Five-year biochemical outcome following permanent interstitial brachytherapy for clinical T1-T3 prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51(1):41-8.
86. Vicini FA, Kestin LL, Stromberg JS, et al. Brachytherapy boost techniques for locally advanced prostate cancer. Oncology 1999;13:491-509.
87. Lim Joon D, Hasegawa M, Sikes C, et al. Supra-additive apoptotic response of R3327-G rat prostate tumors to androgen ablation and radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;38:1071-7.
88. Zietman AL, Prince E, Nakfoor BM, et al. Androgen deprivation and radiation therapy: sequencing studies using the shionogi in vivo tumor system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;38:1067-70.
89. Roach M III, Lu JD, Lawton C, et al. A phase III trial comparing whole pelvis (WP) to prostate only (PO) radiotherapy and neoadjuvant to adjuvant total of androgen suppression (TAS): preliminary analysis of RTOG 9413 [abstract]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51:3.
90. D'Amico AV, Schultz D, Loffredo M, et al. Biochemical outcome following external beam radiation therapy with or without androgen suppression therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 2000;284:1280-3.
91. Horwitz EM, Winter K, Hanks GE, et al. Subset analysis of RTOG 85-31 and 86-10 indicates an advantage for long-term vs. short-term adjuvant hormones for patients with locally advanced nonmetastatic prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;49(4):947-56.
92. Kupelian PA, Mohan DS, Lyons J, Klein EA, Reddy CA. Higher than standard radiation doses (> or = 72 Gy) with or without androgen deprivation in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;46(3):567-74.
93. Pollack A. The prostate. In: Cox JD, Ang KK, editors. Moss' radiation oncology: rationale, technique, results. 8th edition. St. Louis: Mosby; p. 629-78.
94. Stokes SH. Comparison of biochemical disease-free survival of patients with localized carcinoma of the prostate undergoing radical prostatectomy, transperineal ultrasound-guided radioactive seed implantation, or definitive external beam irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47(1):129-36.
95. Potters L, Cha C, Oshinsky G, et al. Risk profiles to predict PSA relapse-free survival for patients undergoing permanent prostate brachytherapy. Cancer J Sci Am 1999;5(5):301-6.
96. Zelefsky MJ, Hollister T, Raben A, et al. Five-year biochemical outcome and toxicity with transperineal CT-planned permanent 1-125 prostate implantation for patients with localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47(5):1261-6.