The character of transport caused by E × B drift turbulence

Physics of Plasmas

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 963-976

  Scott, B ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR PLASMAPHYSIK   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC CHARGE; ELECTRONS; ELECTROSTATICS; MAGNETIC FLUX; MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS; PLASMA TURBULENCE;

TURBULENT DIFFUSION;

PLASMAS;

EID: 0037395767     PISSN: 1070664X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1063/1.1545100     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. J. Hugill, Nucl. Fusion 23, 331 (1983).
2. A. J. Wootton, B. A. Carreras, H. Matsumoto, K. McGuire, W. A. Peebles, Ch. P. Ritz, P. W. Terry, and S. J. Zweben, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2879 (1990).
3. There is now a substantial volume of experimental evidence concerning fluctuations in tokamak edges, directly implying the presence of E × B turbulence. A nonexhaustive list would include W. L. Rowan, C. C. Klepper, Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, K. W. Gentle, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, B. Richards, and A. J. Wootton, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1105 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Fluids 27, 2956 (1984); Ch. P. Ritz, D. L. Brower, T. L. Rhodes, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., W. A. Peebles, and E. J. Powers, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1125 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, E. J. Powers, and R. D. Bengston, Phys. Fluids B 1, 153 (1989); Ch. P. Ritz, R. V. Bravanec, P. M. Schoch, R. D. Bengston, J. A. Boedo, J. C. Forster, K. W. Gentle, Y. He, R. L. Hickok, Y. J. Kim, H. Lin, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, W. L. Rowan, P. M. Valanju, and A. J. Wootton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1844 (1989); T. L. Rhodes, Ch. P. Ritz, and R. D. Bengston, Nucl. Fusion 33, 1147 (1993); A. V. Filippas, R. D. Bengston, G.-X. Li, M. Meier, Ch. P. Ritz, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Plasmas 2, 839 (1995); M. Endler, H. Niedermeyer, L. Giannone, E. Holzhauer, A. Rudyj, G. Theimer, N. Tsois, and ASDEX Team, Nucl. Fusion 35, 1307 (1995); C. Hidalgo, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37, A53 (1995).
4. There is now a substantial volume of experimental evidence concerning fluctuations in tokamak edges, directly implying the presence of E × B turbulence. A nonexhaustive list would include W. L. Rowan, C. C. Klepper, Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, K. W. Gentle, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, B. Richards, and A. J. Wootton, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1105 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Fluids 27, 2956 (1984); Ch. P. Ritz, D. L. Brower, T. L. Rhodes, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., W. A. Peebles, and E. J. Powers, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1125 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, E. J. Powers, and R. D. Bengston, Phys. Fluids B 1, 153 (1989); Ch. P. Ritz, R. V. Bravanec, P. M. Schoch, R. D. Bengston, J. A. Boedo, J. C. Forster, K. W. Gentle, Y. He, R. L. Hickok, Y. J. Kim, H. Lin, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, W. L. Rowan, P. M. Valanju, and A. J. Wootton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1844 (1989); T. L. Rhodes, Ch. P. Ritz, and R. D. Bengston, Nucl. Fusion 33, 1147 (1993); A. V. Filippas, R. D. Bengston, G.-X. Li, M. Meier, Ch. P. Ritz, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Plasmas 2, 839 (1995); M. Endler, H. Niedermeyer, L. Giannone, E. Holzhauer, A. Rudyj, G. Theimer, N. Tsois, and ASDEX Team, Nucl. Fusion 35, 1307 (1995); C. Hidalgo, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37, A53 (1995).
5. There is now a substantial volume of experimental evidence concerning fluctuations in tokamak edges, directly implying the presence of E × B turbulence. A nonexhaustive list would include W. L. Rowan, C. C. Klepper, Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, K. W. Gentle, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, B. Richards, and A. J. Wootton, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1105 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Fluids 27, 2956 (1984); Ch. P. Ritz, D. L. Brower, T. L. Rhodes, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., W. A. Peebles, and E. J. Powers, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1125 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, E. J. Powers, and R. D. Bengston, Phys. Fluids B 1, 153 (1989); Ch. P. Ritz, R. V. Bravanec, P. M. Schoch, R. D. Bengston, J. A. Boedo, J. C. Forster, K. W. Gentle, Y. He, R. L. Hickok, Y. J. Kim, H. Lin, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, W. L. Rowan, P. M. Valanju, and A. J. Wootton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1844 (1989); T. L. Rhodes, Ch. P. Ritz, and R. D. Bengston, Nucl. Fusion 33, 1147 (1993); A. V. Filippas, R. D. Bengston, G.-X. Li, M. Meier, Ch. P. Ritz, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Plasmas 2, 839 (1995); M. Endler, H. Niedermeyer, L. Giannone, E. Holzhauer, A. Rudyj, G. Theimer, N. Tsois, and ASDEX Team, Nucl. Fusion 35, 1307 (1995); C. Hidalgo, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37, A53 (1995).
6. There is now a substantial volume of experimental evidence concerning fluctuations in tokamak edges, directly implying the presence of E × B turbulence. A nonexhaustive list would include W. L. Rowan, C. C. Klepper, Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, K. W. Gentle, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, B. Richards, and A. J. Wootton, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1105 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Fluids 27, 2956 (1984); Ch. P. Ritz, D. L. Brower, T. L. Rhodes, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., W. A. Peebles, and E. J. Powers, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1125 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, E. J. Powers, and R. D. Bengston, Phys. Fluids B 1, 153 (1989); Ch. P. Ritz, R. V. Bravanec, P. M. Schoch, R. D. Bengston, J. A. Boedo, J. C. Forster, K. W. Gentle, Y. He, R. L. Hickok, Y. J. Kim, H. Lin, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, W. L. Rowan, P. M. Valanju, and A. J. Wootton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1844 (1989); T. L. Rhodes, Ch. P. Ritz, and R. D. Bengston, Nucl. Fusion 33, 1147 (1993); A. V. Filippas, R. D. Bengston, G.-X. Li, M. Meier, Ch. P. Ritz, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Plasmas 2, 839 (1995); M. Endler, H. Niedermeyer, L. Giannone, E. Holzhauer, A. Rudyj, G. Theimer, N. Tsois, and ASDEX Team, Nucl. Fusion 35, 1307 (1995); C. Hidalgo, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37, A53 (1995).
7. There is now a substantial volume of experimental evidence concerning fluctuations in tokamak edges, directly implying the presence of E × B turbulence. A nonexhaustive list would include W. L. Rowan, C. C. Klepper, Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, K. W. Gentle, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, B. Richards, and A. J. Wootton, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1105 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Fluids 27, 2956 (1984); Ch. P. Ritz, D. L. Brower, T. L. Rhodes, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., W. A. Peebles, and E. J. Powers, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1125 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, E. J. Powers, and R. D. Bengston, Phys. Fluids B 1, 153 (1989); Ch. P. Ritz, R. V. Bravanec, P. M. Schoch, R. D. Bengston, J. A. Boedo, J. C. Forster, K. W. Gentle, Y. He, R. L. Hickok, Y. J. Kim, H. Lin, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, W. L. Rowan, P. M. Valanju, and A. J. Wootton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1844 (1989); T. L. Rhodes, Ch. P. Ritz, and R. D. Bengston, Nucl. Fusion 33, 1147 (1993); A. V. Filippas, R. D. Bengston, G.-X. Li, M. Meier, Ch. P. Ritz, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Plasmas 2, 839 (1995); M. Endler, H. Niedermeyer, L. Giannone, E. Holzhauer, A. Rudyj, G. Theimer, N. Tsois, and ASDEX Team, Nucl. Fusion 35, 1307 (1995); C. Hidalgo, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37, A53 (1995).
8. There is now a substantial volume of experimental evidence concerning fluctuations in tokamak edges, directly implying the presence of E × B turbulence. A nonexhaustive list would include W. L. Rowan, C. C. Klepper, Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, K. W. Gentle, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, B. Richards, and A. J. Wootton, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1105 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Fluids 27, 2956 (1984); Ch. P. Ritz, D. L. Brower, T. L. Rhodes, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., W. A. Peebles, and E. J. Powers, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1125 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, E. J. Powers, and R. D. Bengston, Phys. Fluids B 1, 153 (1989); Ch. P. Ritz, R. V. Bravanec, P. M. Schoch, R. D. Bengston, J. A. Boedo, J. C. Forster, K. W. Gentle, Y. He, R. L. Hickok, Y. J. Kim, H. Lin, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, W. L. Rowan, P. M. Valanju, and A. J. Wootton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1844 (1989); T. L. Rhodes, Ch. P. Ritz, and R. D. Bengston, Nucl. Fusion 33, 1147 (1993); A. V. Filippas, R. D. Bengston, G.-X. Li, M. Meier, Ch. P. Ritz, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Plasmas 2, 839 (1995); M. Endler, H. Niedermeyer, L. Giannone, E. Holzhauer, A. Rudyj, G. Theimer, N. Tsois, and ASDEX Team, Nucl. Fusion 35, 1307 (1995); C. Hidalgo, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37, A53 (1995).
9. There is now a substantial volume of experimental evidence concerning fluctuations in tokamak edges, directly implying the presence of E × B turbulence. A nonexhaustive list would include W. L. Rowan, C. C. Klepper, Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, K. W. Gentle, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, B. Richards, and A. J. Wootton, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1105 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Fluids 27, 2956 (1984); Ch. P. Ritz, D. L. Brower, T. L. Rhodes, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., W. A. Peebles, and E. J. Powers, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1125 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, E. J. Powers, and R. D. Bengston, Phys. Fluids B 1, 153 (1989); Ch. P. Ritz, R. V. Bravanec, P. M. Schoch, R. D. Bengston, J. A. Boedo, J. C. Forster, K. W. Gentle, Y. He, R. L. Hickok, Y. J. Kim, H. Lin, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, W. L. Rowan, P. M. Valanju, and A. J. Wootton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1844 (1989); T. L. Rhodes, Ch. P. Ritz, and R. D. Bengston, Nucl. Fusion 33, 1147 (1993); A. V. Filippas, R. D. Bengston, G.-X. Li, M. Meier, Ch. P. Ritz, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Plasmas 2, 839 (1995); M. Endler, H. Niedermeyer, L. Giannone, E. Holzhauer, A. Rudyj, G. Theimer, N. Tsois, and ASDEX Team, Nucl. Fusion 35, 1307 (1995); C. Hidalgo, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37, A53 (1995).
10. There is now a substantial volume of experimental evidence concerning fluctuations in tokamak edges, directly implying the presence of E × B turbulence. A nonexhaustive list would include W. L. Rowan, C. C. Klepper, Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, K. W. Gentle, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, B. Richards, and A. J. Wootton, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1105 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Fluids 27, 2956 (1984); Ch. P. Ritz, D. L. Brower, T. L. Rhodes, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., W. A. Peebles, and E. J. Powers, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1125 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, E. J. Powers, and R. D. Bengston, Phys. Fluids B 1, 153 (1989); Ch. P. Ritz, R. V. Bravanec, P. M. Schoch, R. D. Bengston, J. A. Boedo, J. C. Forster, K. W. Gentle, Y. He, R. L. Hickok, Y. J. Kim, H. Lin, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, W. L. Rowan, P. M. Valanju, and A. J. Wootton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1844 (1989); T. L. Rhodes, Ch. P. Ritz, and R. D. Bengston, Nucl. Fusion 33, 1147 (1993); A. V. Filippas, R. D. Bengston, G.-X. Li, M. Meier, Ch. P. Ritz, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Plasmas 2, 839 (1995); M. Endler, H. Niedermeyer, L. Giannone, E. Holzhauer, A. Rudyj, G. Theimer, N. Tsois, and ASDEX Team, Nucl. Fusion 35, 1307 (1995); C. Hidalgo, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37, A53 (1995).
11. There is now a substantial volume of experimental evidence concerning fluctuations in tokamak edges, directly implying the presence of E × B turbulence. A nonexhaustive list would include W. L. Rowan, C. C. Klepper, Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, K. W. Gentle, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, B. Richards, and A. J. Wootton, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1105 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Fluids 27, 2956 (1984); Ch. P. Ritz, D. L. Brower, T. L. Rhodes, R. D. Bengston, S. J. Levinson, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., W. A. Peebles, and E. J. Powers, Nucl. Fusion 27, 1125 (1987); Ch. P. Ritz, E. J. Powers, and R. D. Bengston, Phys. Fluids B 1, 153 (1989); Ch. P. Ritz, R. V. Bravanec, P. M. Schoch, R. D. Bengston, J. A. Boedo, J. C. Forster, K. W. Gentle, Y. He, R. L. Hickok, Y. J. Kim, H. Lin, P. E. Phillips, T. L. Rhodes, W. L. Rowan, P. M. Valanju, and A. J. Wootton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1844 (1989); T. L. Rhodes, Ch. P. Ritz, and R. D. Bengston, Nucl. Fusion 33, 1147 (1993); A. V. Filippas, R. D. Bengston, G.-X. Li, M. Meier, Ch. P. Ritz, and E. J. Powers, Phys. Plasmas 2, 839 (1995); M. Endler, H. Niedermeyer, L. Giannone, E. Holzhauer, A. Rudyj, G. Theimer, N. Tsois, and ASDEX Team, Nucl. Fusion 35, 1307 (1995); C. Hidalgo, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 37, A53 (1995).
12. Compare the first reference in the above list.
13. S. I. Braginskii, Rev. Plasma Phys. 1, 205 (1965).
14. One-dimensional semiempirical transport models up to 1990 are reviewed by W. A. Houlberg, D. W. Ross, G. Bateman, S. C. Cowley, P. C. Efthimion, W. W. Pfeiffer, G. D. Porter, D. E. Shumaker, L. E. Sugiyama, and J. C. Wiley, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2913 (1990); see also Ref. 1 for the earliest efforts. Some more recent efforts are G. Becker, Nucl. Fusion 36, 1751 (1996); G. Bateman, A. Kritz, J. Kinsey, A. Redd, and J. Weiland, Phys. Plasmas 5, 1793 (1998); P. Strand, H. Nordman, J. Weiland, and J. Christiansen, Nucl. Fusion 38, 545 (1998); G. Vlad, M. Marinucci, F. Romanelli, A. Cherubini, M. Erba, V. Parail, and A. Taroni. ibid. 38, 557 (1998); Two-dimensional edge transport models start with the B2 code, B. Braams, NET Report No. 68, January 1987 (EUR-FU/XII-80/87/68), A Multi-Fluid Code for Simulation of the Edge Plasma in Tokamaks; R. Schneider, B. Braams, D. Reiter, H. Zehrfeld, J. Neuhauser, M. Baelmans, H. Kastelewicz, and R. Wunderlich, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 32, 450 (1992); and the UEDGE code, T. Rognlien, P. Brown, T. Campbell et al., ibid. 34, 362 (1994); T. Rognlien, J. Milovich, M. Resnick, and G. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196-198, 347 (2002).
15. One-dimensional semiempirical transport models up to 1990 are reviewed by W. A. Houlberg, D. W. Ross, G. Bateman, S. C. Cowley, P. C. Efthimion, W. W. Pfeiffer, G. D. Porter, D. E. Shumaker, L. E. Sugiyama, and J. C. Wiley, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2913 (1990); see also Ref. 1 for the earliest efforts. Some more recent efforts are G. Becker, Nucl. Fusion 36, 1751 (1996); G. Bateman, A. Kritz, J. Kinsey, A. Redd, and J. Weiland, Phys. Plasmas 5, 1793 (1998); P. Strand, H. Nordman, J. Weiland, and J. Christiansen, Nucl. Fusion 38, 545 (1998); G. Vlad, M. Marinucci, F. Romanelli, A. Cherubini, M. Erba, V. Parail, and A. Taroni. ibid. 38, 557 (1998); Two-dimensional edge transport models start with the B2 code, B. Braams, NET Report No. 68, January 1987 (EUR-FU/XII-80/87/68), A Multi-Fluid Code for Simulation of the Edge Plasma in Tokamaks; R. Schneider, B. Braams, D. Reiter, H. Zehrfeld, J. Neuhauser, M. Baelmans, H. Kastelewicz, and R. Wunderlich, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 32, 450 (1992); and the UEDGE code, T. Rognlien, P. Brown, T. Campbell et al., ibid. 34, 362 (1994); T. Rognlien, J. Milovich, M. Resnick, and G. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196-198, 347 (2002).
16. One-dimensional semiempirical transport models up to 1990 are reviewed by W. A. Houlberg, D. W. Ross, G. Bateman, S. C. Cowley, P. C. Efthimion, W. W. Pfeiffer, G. D. Porter, D. E. Shumaker, L. E. Sugiyama, and J. C. Wiley, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2913 (1990); see also Ref. 1 for the earliest efforts. Some more recent efforts are G. Becker, Nucl. Fusion 36, 1751 (1996); G. Bateman, A. Kritz, J. Kinsey, A. Redd, and J. Weiland, Phys. Plasmas 5, 1793 (1998); P. Strand, H. Nordman, J. Weiland, and J. Christiansen, Nucl. Fusion 38, 545 (1998); G. Vlad, M. Marinucci, F. Romanelli, A. Cherubini, M. Erba, V. Parail, and A. Taroni. ibid. 38, 557 (1998); Two-dimensional edge transport models start with the B2 code, B. Braams, NET Report No. 68, January 1987 (EUR-FU/XII-80/87/68), A Multi-Fluid Code for Simulation of the Edge Plasma in Tokamaks; R. Schneider, B. Braams, D. Reiter, H. Zehrfeld, J. Neuhauser, M. Baelmans, H. Kastelewicz, and R. Wunderlich, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 32, 450 (1992); and the UEDGE code, T. Rognlien, P. Brown, T. Campbell et al., ibid. 34, 362 (1994); T. Rognlien, J. Milovich, M. Resnick, and G. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196-198, 347 (2002).
17. One-dimensional semiempirical transport models up to 1990 are reviewed by W. A. Houlberg, D. W. Ross, G. Bateman, S. C. Cowley, P. C. Efthimion, W. W. Pfeiffer, G. D. Porter, D. E. Shumaker, L. E. Sugiyama, and J. C. Wiley, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2913 (1990); see also Ref. 1 for the earliest efforts. Some more recent efforts are G. Becker, Nucl. Fusion 36, 1751 (1996); G. Bateman, A. Kritz, J. Kinsey, A. Redd, and J. Weiland, Phys. Plasmas 5, 1793 (1998); P. Strand, H. Nordman, J. Weiland, and J. Christiansen, Nucl. Fusion 38, 545 (1998); G. Vlad, M. Marinucci, F. Romanelli, A. Cherubini, M. Erba, V. Parail, and A. Taroni. ibid. 38, 557 (1998); Two-dimensional edge transport models start with the B2 code, B. Braams, NET Report No. 68, January 1987 (EUR-FU/XII-80/87/68), A Multi-Fluid Code for Simulation of the Edge Plasma in Tokamaks; R. Schneider, B. Braams, D. Reiter, H. Zehrfeld, J. Neuhauser, M. Baelmans, H. Kastelewicz, and R. Wunderlich, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 32, 450 (1992); and the UEDGE code, T. Rognlien, P. Brown, T. Campbell et al., ibid. 34, 362 (1994); T. Rognlien, J. Milovich, M. Resnick, and G. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196-198, 347 (2002).
18. One-dimensional semiempirical transport models up to 1990 are reviewed by W. A. Houlberg, D. W. Ross, G. Bateman, S. C. Cowley, P. C. Efthimion, W. W. Pfeiffer, G. D. Porter, D. E. Shumaker, L. E. Sugiyama, and J. C. Wiley, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2913 (1990); see also Ref. 1 for the earliest efforts. Some more recent efforts are G. Becker, Nucl. Fusion 36, 1751 (1996); G. Bateman, A. Kritz, J. Kinsey, A. Redd, and J. Weiland, Phys. Plasmas 5, 1793 (1998); P. Strand, H. Nordman, J. Weiland, and J. Christiansen, Nucl. Fusion 38, 545 (1998); G. Vlad, M. Marinucci, F. Romanelli, A. Cherubini, M. Erba, V. Parail, and A. Taroni. ibid. 38, 557 (1998); Two-dimensional edge transport models start with the B2 code, B. Braams, NET Report No. 68, January 1987 (EUR-FU/XII-80/87/68), A Multi-Fluid Code for Simulation of the Edge Plasma in Tokamaks; R. Schneider, B. Braams, D. Reiter, H. Zehrfeld, J. Neuhauser, M. Baelmans, H. Kastelewicz, and R. Wunderlich, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 32, 450 (1992); and the UEDGE code, T. Rognlien, P. Brown, T. Campbell et al., ibid. 34, 362 (1994); T. Rognlien, J. Milovich, M. Resnick, and G. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196-198, 347 (2002).
19. One-dimensional semiempirical transport models up to 1990 are reviewed by W. A. Houlberg, D. W. Ross, G. Bateman, S. C. Cowley, P. C. Efthimion, W. W. Pfeiffer, G. D. Porter, D. E. Shumaker, L. E. Sugiyama, and J. C. Wiley, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2913 (1990); see also Ref. 1 for the earliest efforts. Some more recent efforts are G. Becker, Nucl. Fusion 36, 1751 (1996); G. Bateman, A. Kritz, J. Kinsey, A. Redd, and J. Weiland, Phys. Plasmas 5, 1793 (1998); P. Strand, H. Nordman, J. Weiland, and J. Christiansen, Nucl. Fusion 38, 545 (1998); G. Vlad, M. Marinucci, F. Romanelli, A. Cherubini, M. Erba, V. Parail, and A. Taroni. ibid. 38, 557 (1998); Two-dimensional edge transport models start with the B2 code, B. Braams, NET Report No. 68, January 1987 (EUR-FU/XII-80/87/68), A Multi-Fluid Code for Simulation of the Edge Plasma in Tokamaks; R. Schneider, B. Braams, D. Reiter, H. Zehrfeld, J. Neuhauser, M. Baelmans, H. Kastelewicz, and R. Wunderlich, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 32, 450 (1992); and the UEDGE code, T. Rognlien, P. Brown, T. Campbell et al., ibid. 34, 362 (1994); T. Rognlien, J. Milovich, M. Resnick, and G. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196-198, 347 (2002).
20. One-dimensional semiempirical transport models up to 1990 are reviewed by W. A. Houlberg, D. W. Ross, G. Bateman, S. C. Cowley, P. C. Efthimion, W. W. Pfeiffer, G. D. Porter, D. E. Shumaker, L. E. Sugiyama, and J. C. Wiley, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2913 (1990); see also Ref. 1 for the earliest efforts. Some more recent efforts are G. Becker, Nucl. Fusion 36, 1751 (1996); G. Bateman, A. Kritz, J. Kinsey, A. Redd, and J. Weiland, Phys. Plasmas 5, 1793 (1998); P. Strand, H. Nordman, J. Weiland, and J. Christiansen, Nucl. Fusion 38, 545 (1998); G. Vlad, M. Marinucci, F. Romanelli, A. Cherubini, M. Erba, V. Parail, and A. Taroni. ibid. 38, 557 (1998); Two-dimensional edge transport models start with the B2 code, B. Braams, NET Report No. 68, January 1987 (EUR-FU/XII-80/87/68), A Multi-Fluid Code for Simulation of the Edge Plasma in Tokamaks; R. Schneider, B. Braams, D. Reiter, H. Zehrfeld, J. Neuhauser, M. Baelmans, H. Kastelewicz, and R. Wunderlich, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 32, 450 (1992); and the UEDGE code, T. Rognlien, P. Brown, T. Campbell et al., ibid. 34, 362 (1994); T. Rognlien, J. Milovich, M. Resnick, and G. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196-198, 347 (2002).
21. One-dimensional semiempirical transport models up to 1990 are reviewed by W. A. Houlberg, D. W. Ross, G. Bateman, S. C. Cowley, P. C. Efthimion, W. W. Pfeiffer, G. D. Porter, D. E. Shumaker, L. E. Sugiyama, and J. C. Wiley, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2913 (1990); see also Ref. 1 for the earliest efforts. Some more recent efforts are G. Becker, Nucl. Fusion 36, 1751 (1996); G. Bateman, A. Kritz, J. Kinsey, A. Redd, and J. Weiland, Phys. Plasmas 5, 1793 (1998); P. Strand, H. Nordman, J. Weiland, and J. Christiansen, Nucl. Fusion 38, 545 (1998); G. Vlad, M. Marinucci, F. Romanelli, A. Cherubini, M. Erba, V. Parail, and A. Taroni. ibid. 38, 557 (1998); Two-dimensional edge transport models start with the B2 code, B. Braams, NET Report No. 68, January 1987 (EUR-FU/XII-80/87/68), A Multi-Fluid Code for Simulation of the Edge Plasma in Tokamaks; R. Schneider, B. Braams, D. Reiter, H. Zehrfeld, J. Neuhauser, M. Baelmans, H. Kastelewicz, and R. Wunderlich, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 32, 450 (1992); and the UEDGE code, T. Rognlien, P. Brown, T. Campbell et al., ibid. 34, 362 (1994); T. Rognlien, J. Milovich, M. Resnick, and G. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196-198, 347 (2002).
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