Solutions to the tethered galaxy problem in an expanding universe and the observation of receding blueshifted objects

American Journal of Physics

Volumn 71, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 358-364

  Davis, Tamara M ^a   Lineweaver, Charles H ^a   Webb, John K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037391021     PISSN: 00029505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1119/1.1528916     Document Type: Article

References (54)

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15. G. C. McVittie, "Distance and large redshifts," Q. J. R. Astron. Soc. 15, 246-263 (1974); S. Weinberg, The First Three Minutes (Bantum Books, London, 1977), pp. 12, 25, 27; B. F. Schutz, A First Course in General Relativity (Cambridge U.P., Cambridge, 1985), p. 320; P. J. E. Peebles, D. N. Schramm, E. L. Turner, and R. G. Kron, "The case for the relativistic hot big bang cosmology," Nature (London) 352, 769-776 (1991).
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17. See, for example, H. S. Murdoch, "Recession velocities greater than light," Q. J. R. Astron. Soc. 18, 242-247 (1977); W. M. Stuckey, "Can galaxies exist within our particle horizon with Hubble recessional velocities greater than c?," Am. J, Phys. 60 (2), 142-146 (1992); T. Kiang, "Horizon and the question whether galaxies that recede faster than light are observable," Chin. Astron. Astrophys. 21 (1), 1-18 (1997).
18. See, for example, H. S. Murdoch, "Recession velocities greater than light," Q. J. R. Astron. Soc. 18, 242-247 (1977); W. M. Stuckey, "Can galaxies exist within our particle horizon with Hubble recessional velocities greater than c?," Am. J, Phys. 60 (2), 142-146 (1992); T. Kiang, "Horizon and the question whether galaxies that recede faster than light are observable," Chin. Astron. Astrophys. 21 (1), 1-18 (1997).
19. See, for example, H. S. Murdoch, "Recession velocities greater than light," Q. J. R. Astron. Soc. 18, 242-247 (1977); W. M. Stuckey, "Can galaxies exist within our particle horizon with Hubble recessional velocities greater than c?," Am. J, Phys. 60 (2), 142-146 (1992); T. Kiang, "Horizon and the question whether galaxies that recede faster than light are observable," Chin. Astron. Astrophys. 21 (1), 1-18 (1997).
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21. J. A. Peacock, Cosmological Physics (Cambridge U.P., Cambridge, 1999), pp. 6, 87-88; the form of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is on p. 70.
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23. F. Munley, "Question #15: What space scales participate in cosmic expansion?" Am. J. Phys. 63 (4), 297 (1995), and subsequent answers from S. Blau, ibid. 63 (9), 779-780 (1995); C. Callender, ibid. 63 (9), 780 (1995); J. L. Anderson, ibid. 64 (5), 527-528 (1996). Also A. Harvey, "Space is expanding," ibid. 56 (6), 487-488 (1988).
24. F. Munley, "Question #15: What space scales participate in cosmic expansion?" Am. J. Phys. 63 (4), 297 (1995), and subsequent answers from S. Blau, ibid. 63 (9), 779-780 (1995); C. Callender, ibid. 63 (9), 780 (1995); J. L. Anderson, ibid. 64 (5), 527-528 (1996). Also A. Harvey, "Space is expanding," ibid. 56 (6), 487-488 (1988).
25. F. Munley, "Question #15: What space scales participate in cosmic expansion?" Am. J. Phys. 63 (4), 297 (1995), and subsequent answers from S. Blau, ibid. 63 (9), 779-780 (1995); C. Callender, ibid. 63 (9), 780 (1995); J. L. Anderson, ibid. 64 (5), 527-528 (1996). Also A. Harvey, "Space is expanding," ibid. 56 (6), 487-488 (1988).
26. F. Munley, "Question #15: What space scales participate in cosmic expansion?" Am. J. Phys. 63 (4), 297 (1995), and subsequent answers from S. Blau, ibid. 63 (9), 779-780 (1995); C. Callender, ibid. 63 (9), 780 (1995); J. L. Anderson, ibid. 64 (5), 527-528 (1996). Also A. Harvey, "Space is expanding," ibid. 56 (6), 487-488 (1988).
27. X. Shi and M. S. Turner, "Expectations for the difference between local and global measurements of the Hubble constant," Astrophys. J. 493, 519-522 (1998); F. J. Tipler, "How far out must we go to get into the Hubble Flow?" ibid. 511, 546-549 (1999); T. Chiueh and X. He, "Future island universes in a background universe accelerated by cosmological constant and by quintessence," astro-ph/0107453; Y. V. Dumin, "On a probable manifestation of Hubble expansion at the local scales, as inferred from LLR data," astro-ph/0203151.
28. X. Shi and M. S. Turner, "Expectations for the difference between local and global measurements of the Hubble constant," Astrophys. J. 493, 519-522 (1998); F. J. Tipler, "How far out must we go to get into the Hubble Flow?" ibid. 511, 546-549 (1999); T. Chiueh and X. He, "Future island universes in a background universe accelerated by cosmological constant and by quintessence," astro-ph/0107453; Y. V. Dumin, "On a probable manifestation of Hubble expansion at the local scales, as inferred from LLR data," astro-ph/0203151.
29. X. Shi and M. S. Turner, "Expectations for the difference between local and global measurements of the Hubble constant," Astrophys. J. 493, 519-522 (1998); F. J. Tipler, "How far out must we go to get into the Hubble Flow?" ibid. 511, 546-549 (1999); T. Chiueh and X. He, "Future island universes in a background universe accelerated by cosmological constant and by quintessence," astro-ph/0107453; Y. V. Dumin, "On a probable manifestation of Hubble expansion at the local scales, as inferred from LLR data," astro-ph/0203151.
30. X. Shi and M. S. Turner, "Expectations for the difference between local and global measurements of the Hubble constant," Astrophys. J. 493, 519-522 (1998); F. J. Tipler, "How far out must we go to get into the Hubble Flow?" ibid. 511, 546-549 (1999); T. Chiueh and X. He, "Future island universes in a background universe accelerated by cosmological constant and by quintessence," astro-ph/0107453; Y. V. Dumin, "On a probable manifestation of Hubble expansion at the local scales, as inferred from LLR data," astro-ph/0203151.
31. O. Lahav, P. B. Lilje, J. R. Primack, and M. J. Rees, "Dynamical effects of the cosmological constant," Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 251, 128-136 (1991); J. L. Anderson, "Multiparticle dynamics in an expanding universe," Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (20), 3602-3604 (1995); F. K. Cooperstock, V. Faraoni, and D. N. Vollick, "The influence of the cosmological expansion on local systems," Astrophys. J. 503, 61-66 (1998); A. J. S. Hamilton, "Formulae for growth factors in expanding universes containing matter and a cosmological constant," Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 322, 419-425 (2001); G. A. Baker, Jr., "Effect on the structure of the universe of an accelerating expansion," Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 34, 767-791 (2002); astro-ph/0112320.
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36. A. N. Silverman, "Resolution of a cosmological paradox using concepts from general relativity theory," Am. J. Phys. 54 (12), 1092-1096 (1986); W. M. Stuckey, "Can galaxies exist within our particle horizon with Hubble recessional velocities greater than c?," ibid. 60 (2), 142-146 (1992); "Kinematics between comoving photon exchangers in a closed, matter-dominated universe," ibid. 60 (6), 554-560 (1992); G. F. R. Ellis and T. Rothman, "Lost horizons," ibid. 61 (10), 883-893 (1993); F. J. Tipler, "Rigorous Newtonian cosmology," ibid. 64 (10), 1311-1315 (1996).
37. A. N. Silverman, "Resolution of a cosmological paradox using concepts from general relativity theory," Am. J. Phys. 54 (12), 1092-1096 (1986); W. M. Stuckey, "Can galaxies exist within our particle horizon with Hubble recessional velocities greater than c?," ibid. 60 (2), 142-146 (1992); "Kinematics between comoving photon exchangers in a closed, matter-dominated universe," ibid. 60 (6), 554-560 (1992); G. F. R. Ellis and T. Rothman, "Lost horizons," ibid. 61 (10), 883-893 (1993); F. J. Tipler, "Rigorous Newtonian cosmology," ibid. 64 (10), 1311-1315 (1996).
38. A. N. Silverman, "Resolution of a cosmological paradox using concepts from general relativity theory," Am. J. Phys. 54 (12), 1092-1096 (1986); W. M. Stuckey, "Can galaxies exist within our particle horizon with Hubble recessional velocities greater than c?," ibid. 60 (2), 142-146 (1992); "Kinematics between comoving photon exchangers in a closed, matter-dominated universe," ibid. 60 (6), 554-560 (1992); G. F. R. Ellis and T. Rothman, "Lost horizons," ibid. 61 (10), 883-893 (1993); F. J. Tipler, "Rigorous Newtonian cosmology," ibid. 64 (10), 1311-1315 (1996).
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50. See Peacock 1999 (Ref. 10) and Peacock 2001 (Ref. 16) for a different interpretation.
51. E. R. Harrison, "The redshift-distance and velocity-distance laws," Astrophys. J. 403, 28-31 (1993), Eq. 13.
52. R. C. Vermeulen and G. B. Taylor, "Redshifts for superluminal candidates," Astron. J. 109 (5), 1983-1987 (1995).
53. pec).
54. rec with z = 0 in Eq. (19) (except in the upper limit of the integral).