Transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum to Ixodes ricinus ticks from sheep in the acute and post-acute phases of infection

Infection and Immunity

Volumn 71, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 2071-2078

  Ogden, N H ^a,b   Casey, A N J ^a   Woldehiwet, Z ^a   French, N P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANAPLASMA; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BLOOD SMEAR; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEMALE; INFECTION; IXODES RICINUS; MOLTING; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHEEP; TICK; UNITED KINGDOM;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; ANIMALS; DNA, RIBOSOMAL; EHRLICHIOSIS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; IXODES; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 16S; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SHEEP; SHEEP DISEASES; TICK INFESTATIONS;

EID: 0037378091     PISSN: 00199567     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.4.2071-2078.2003     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Abdul-Amir, I. M., and J. S. Gray. 1987. Resistance of sheep to laboratory infestations of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Res. Vet. Sci. 43:266-267.
2. Alberdi, M. P., A. R. Walker, and K. A. Urquhart. 2000. Field evidence that roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) are a natural host for Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Epidemiol. Infect. 124:315-323.
3. Belongia, E. A., K. D. Reed, P. D. Mitchell, C. P. Kolbert, D. H. Persing, J. S. Gill, and J. J. Kazmierczak. 1997. Prevalence of granulocytic Ehrlichia infection among white-tailed deer in Wisconsin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1465-1468.
4. Bjoersdorff, A., L. Svendenius, J. H. Owens, and R. F. Massung. 1999. Feline granulocytic ehrlichiosis - a report of a new clinical entity and characterisation of the infectious agent. J. Small Anim. Pract. 40:20-24.
5. Castro, M. B., W. L. Nicholson, V. L. Kramer, and J. E. Childs. 2001. Persistent infection in Neotoma fuscipes (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) with Ehrlichia phagocytophila sensu lato. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65:261-267.
6. Chen, S. M., J. S. Dumler, J. S. Bakken, and D. H. Walker. 1994. Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:589-595.
7. Diggle, P. J., K.-Y. Liang, and S. L. Zeger. 1994. Analysis of longitudinal data. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, United Kingdom.
8. Dumler, J. S., A. F. Barbet, C. P. J. Bekker, G. A. Dasch, G. H. Palmer, S. C. Ray, Y. Rikihisa, and F. R. Rurangirwa. 2001. Reorganisation of the genera of the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new combinations and designations of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51:2145-2165.
9. Engvall, E. O., B. Pettersson, M. Persson, K. Artursson, and K.-E. Johansson. 1996. A 16S rRNA-based assay for detection and identification of granulocytic Ehrlichia species in dogs, horses and cattle. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:2170-2174.
10. Foggie, A. 1951. Studies on the infectious agent of tick-borne fever in sheep. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 63:1-15.
11. Gokce, H. I. 1998. Studies on the effect of Ehrlichia (Cytoecetes) phagocytophila on some cellular immune responses in sheep. Ph.D. thesis. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
12. Hodzic, E., D. Fish, C. M. Maretzki, A. M. de Silva, S. L. Feng, and S. W. Barthold. 1998. Acquisition and transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by Ixodes scapularis ticks. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:3574-3578.
13. Hudson, J. R. 1950. The recognition of tick-borne fever as a disease of cattle. Br. Vet. J. 106:3-J7.
14. Inokuma, H., R. L. Kerlin, D. H. Kemp, and P. Willadsen. 1994. Effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation on the bovine immune system. Vet. Parasitol. 53:293-299.
15. Jones, L. D., W. R. Kaufman, and P. A. Nuttall. 1992. Modification of the skin feeding site by tick saliva mediates virus transmission. Experientia 48:779-782.
16. Kieser, S. T., I. S. Eriks, and G. H. Palmer. 1990. Cyclic rickettsemia during persistent Anaplasma marginale infection of cattle. Infect. Immun. 58:1117-1119.
17. Kurtenbach, K., M. Peacey, S. G. T. Rijpkema, A. N. Hoodless, P. A. Nuttall, and S. E. Randolph. 1998. Differential transmission of the genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by game birds and small rodents in England. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1169-1174.
18. Labuda, M., J. M. Austyn, E. Zuffova, O. Kozuch, N. Fuchsberger, J. Lysy, and P. A. Nuttall. 1996. Importance of localized skin infection in tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission. Virology 219:357-366.
19. Levin, M. L., and D. Fish. 2000. Immunity reduces reservoir host competence of Peromyscus leucopus for Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Infect. Immun. 68:1514-1518.
20. Liz, J. S., L. Anderes, J. W. Sumner, R. F. Massung, L. Gern, B. Rutti, and M. Brossard. 2001. PCR detection of granulocytic Ehrlichiae in Ixodes ricinus ticks and wild small mammals in western Switzerland. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:1002-1007.
21. Lotric-Furlan, S., M. Petrovec, T. A. Zupanc, W. L. Nicholson, J. W. Sumner, J. E. Childs, and F. Strle. 1998. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe: clinical and laboratory findings for four patients from Slovenia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27:424-428.
22. MacLeod, J., and W. S. Gordon. 1933. Studies on tick-borne fever in sheep. I. Transmission by the tick Ixodes ricinus and description of the disease produced. Parasitology 25:273-283.
23. Massung, R. F., K. Slater, J. H. Owens, W. L. Nicholson, T. N. Mather, V. B. Solberg, and J. G. Olson. 1998. Nested PCR assay for detection of granulocytic ehrlichiae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1090-1095.
24. Medley, G. F., B. D. Perry, and A. S. Young. 1993. Preliminary analysis of the transmission dynamics of Theileria parva in Eastern Africa. Parasitology 106:251-264.
25. O'Callaghan, C. J., G. F. Medley, T. F. Peter, and B. D. Perry. 1998. Investigating the epidemiology of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) by means of a transmission dynamics model. Parasitology 117:49-61.
26. Ogden, N. H., P. A. Nuttall, and S. E. Randolph. 1997. Natural Lyme disease cycles maintained via sheep by co-feeding ticks. Parasitology 115:591-599.
27. Ogden, N. H., K. Bown, B. K. Horrocks, Z. Woldehiwet, and M. Bennett. 1998. Granulocytic Ehrlichia infection in Ixodid ticks and mammals in woodlands and uplands of the U.K. Med. Vet. Entomol. 12:423-429.
28. Ogden, N. H., R. S. Hailes, and P. A. Nuttall. 1998 Interstadial variation in the attachment site of Ixodes ricinus ticks to sheep. Exp. App. Acarol. 22:227-232.
29. Ogden, N. H., A. N. J. Casey, N. P. French, K. J. Bown, J. D. W. Adams, and Z. Woldehiwet. 2002. Natural Ehrlichia phagocytophila transmission coefficients from sheep 'carriers' to Ixodes ricinus ticks vary with the numbers of feeding ticks. Parasitology 124:127-136.
30. Ogden, N. H., A. N. J. Casey, N. P. French, J. D. W. Adams, and Z. Woldehiwet. 2002. Field evidence for density-dependent facilitation amongst Ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on sheep. Parasitology 124:117-125.
31. Ogden, N. H., A. N. J. Casey, C. Lawrie, N. P. French, Z. Woldehiwet, and S. D. Carter. 2002. IgG responses to salivary gland extract of Ixodes ricinus ticks vary inversely with resistance in naturally exposed sheep. Med. Vet. Entomol. 16:186-192.
32. Paxton, E. A., and G. R. Scott. 1989. Detection of antibodies to the agent of tick-borne fever by indirect immuno-fluorescence. Vet. Microbiol. 21:133-138.
33. Randolph, S. E. 1995. Quantifying parameters in the transmission of Babesia microti by the tick Ixodes trianguliceps amongst voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). Parasitology 110:287-295.
34. Randolph, S. E., R. M. Green, A. N. Hoodless, and M. F. Peacey. 2002. An empirical quantitative framework for the seasonal population dynamics of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Int. J. Parasitol. 32:979-989.
35. Richter, P. J., R. B. Kimsey, J. E. Madigan, J. E. Barlough, J. S. Dumler, and D. L. Brooks. 1996. Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) as a vector of Ehrlichia equi (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae). J. Med. Entomol. 33:1-5.
36. Stuen, S., I. Van De Pol, K. Bergstrom, and L. M. Schouls. 2002. Identification of Anaplasma phagocytophila (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophila) variants in blood from sheep in Norway. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:3192-3197.
37. Telford, S. R., J. E. Dawson, P. Katavlos, C. K. Warner, C. P. Kolbert, and D. H. Persing. 1996. Perpetuation of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a deer tick-rodent cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6209-6214.
38. Thompson, C., A. Spielman, and P. J. Krause. 2001. Coinfecting deer-associated zoonoses: Lyme disease, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33:676-685.
39. Tuomi, J. 1967. Experimental studies on bovine tick-borne fever. (3) Immunological strain differences. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 71:89-100.
40. Whelan, A. C., and S. K. Wikel. 1993. Acquired resistance of guinea pigs to Dermacentor andersoni mediated by humoral factors. J. Parasitol. 79:908-912.
41. Wikel, S. K. 1999. Tick modulation of host immunity: an important factor in pathogen transmission. Int. J. Parasitol. 29:851-859.
42. Woldehiwet, Z., and G. R. Scott. 1982. Corticosteroid therapy of tick-borne fever. Vet. Rec. 110:151-152.
43. Woldehiwet, Z., and G. R. Scott. 1993. Tick-borne (pasture) fever. In Z. Woldehiwet and M. Ristic (ed.), Rickettsial and chlamydial diseases of domestic animals. Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
44. Young, A. S., T. T. Dolan, S. P. Morzaria, F. N. Mwakima, R. A. I. Norval, J. Scott, A. Sherriff, and G. Gettinby. 1996. Factors influencing infections in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks fed on cattle infected with Theileria parva. Parasitology 113:255-266.