A Red List account of Africa's cycads and implications of considering life-history and threats

Biodiversity and Conservation

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 507-528

  Golding, Janice S ^a   Hurter, P Johan H ^b  

^a SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (South Africa)

^b Lowveld National Botanical Garden   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Africa; Cycads; Cycas; Encephalartos; Fieldwork; Red Data Lists; Stangeria; Taxonomy; Threats; Zamiaceae

Indexed keywords

ANGIOSPERM; CONSERVATION; LIFE HISTORY; RED LIST;

CYCADOPSIDA; CYCAS; ENCEPHALARTOS; ENCEPHALARTOS WOODII; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; RELICTUS; STANGERIA; ZAMIACEAE;

EID: 0037374665     PISSN: 09603115     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1022472801638     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Bell P.R. 1992. Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 314 pp.
2. Cowling R.M. and Hilton-Taylor C. 1997. Phytogeography, diversity and endemism. In: Cowling R.M., Richardson D.M. and Pierce S.M. (eds), Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 43-61.
3. Donaldson J.S. 1995. Cycad conservation in South Africa. In: Donaldson J.S. (ed.), Cycad Conservation in South Africa: Issues, Priorities and Actions. Cycad Society of South Africa, Groenkloof (Pretoria), South Africa, pp. 8-13.
4. Donaldson J.S. 2002a. Cycads, Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/Species Survival Commission Cycad Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. (in press).
5. Donaldson J.S. 2002b. Saving ghosts? The implications of taxonomic uncertainty and shifting infrageneric concepts in the Cycadales for Red Listing and conservation planning. In: Walters T. (ed.), Cycad Classification Concepts. Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, Florida (in press).
6. Dyer R.A. 1965. The cycads of southern Africa. Bothalia 8: 405-515.
7. Gärdenfors U., Rodríguez J.P., Hilton-Taylor C., Hyslop C., Mace G., Molur S. et al. 1999. Draft guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List criteria at national and regional levels. Species 31/32: 58-70.
8. Gilbert S. 1984. Cycads, Status, Trade, Exploitation and Protection 1977-1982. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC.
9. Golding J.S. 2001. Southern African herbaria and Red Data Lists. Taxon 50: 12-21.
10. Golding J.S. (ed.) 2002. Southern African plant Red Data Lists. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report Series no. 14. SABONET, Pretoria, South Africa.
11. Golding J.S. and Smith P.P. 2001. A 13-point flora strategy to meet conservation challenges. Taxon 50: 1-4.
12. Goode D. 1989. Cycads of Africa. Struik-Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa.
13. Hamilton A., Cunningham A., Byarugaba D. and Kayanja F. 2000. Conservation in a region of political instability: Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. Conservation Biology 14: 1722-1725.
14. Hart A. and Hall J.S. 1996. Status of eastern Zaire's Forest Parks and Reserves. Conservation Biology 10: 316-327.
15. Hilton-Taylor C. 1996a. Red Data List of Southern African Plants. Strelitzia 4. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
16. Hilton-Taylor C. 1996b. Red Data List of southern African plants. 1. Corrections and additions. Bothalia 26: 177-182.
17. Hilton-Taylor C. (compiler) 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, xviii + 61 pp.
18. Holmgren P.K., Holmgren N.H. and Barnett L.C. (eds) 1990. Index herbariorum. Part 1: The Herbaria of the World. 8th edn. New York Botanical Garden, New York, 693 pp.
19. Huntley B.J. and Matos E.M. 1994. Botanical diversity and its conservation in Angola. In: Huntley B.J. (ed.), Botanical Diversity in Southern Africa, Strelitzia 1. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 53-74.
20. Huntley B.J., Matos E.M., Aye T.T., Nermark U., Nagendran C.R., Seyani J.H. et al. 1998. Inventory, evaluation and monitoring of botanical diversity in southern Africa: a regional capacity and institution building network (SABONET). Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report no. 4. SABONET, Pretoria, South Africa, 73 pp.
21. Hurter P.J.H. 1995. Two newly described cycads from Africa. Phytologia 78: 409-416.
22. Hurter P.J.H. and Glen H.F. 1995. Encephalartos equatorialis (Zamiaceae): a newly described species from tropical Africa. South African Journal of Botany 61: 226-229.
23. Hurter P.J.H. and Glen H.F. 1996. Encephalartos hirsutus (Zamiaceae): a newly described species from South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 62: 46-48.
24. Hurter P.J.H. and Glen H.F. 2001. Encephalartos relictus (Zamiaceae): a new species from southern Africa. Bothalia 31: 197-212.
25. Hurter P.J.H. and Whitelock L. 1998. Focus on: Encephalartos schmitzii Malaisse. Encephalartos 55: 4-8.
26. Hutton J. and Dickson B. (eds) 2001. Endangered Species, Threatened Convention: The Past, Present and Future of CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Earthscan Publications, London, 202 pp.
27. IUCN 1994. IUCN Red List Categories. Prepared by the Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 21 pp.
28. IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List Criteria Review: Draft of the Proposed Changes and Recommendations (Version 3.1). Prepared by the Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 21 pp.
29. Jones D.L. 1993. Cycads of the World. Reed Publishers, Sydney, Australia, 310 pp.
30. Jones S. and Wynants J. 1997. Encephalartos macrostrobilus (Zamiaceae): a new cycad species from northern Uganda. Encephalartos 50: 13-16.
31. Kanyambiwa S. 1998. Impact of war on conservation: Rwandan environment and wildlife in agony. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 1399-1406.
32. Lande R. 1988. Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 24: 455-460.
33. Lovett J.C. and Friis I. 1996. Some patterns of endemism in the tropical northeast and eastern African woody flora. In: van der Maesen L.J.G., van der Burgt X.M. and van Medenbach de Rooy J.M. (eds), The Biodiversity of African Plants. Proceedings of the XIVth AETFAT Congress, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 582-602.
34. Lucas G. and Synge H. 1978. The IUCN Plant Red Data Book. IUCN Threatened Plants Committee, Kew, UK.
35. Mace G., Cellar N., Cooke J., Gaston K., Ginsberg J., Leader-Williams N. et al. 1992. The development of new criteria for listing species on the IUCN Red List. Species 19: 16-22.
36. Melville R. 1957. Encephalartos in central Africa. Kew Bulletin 2: 237-257.
37. Morat P. and Lowry II P.P. 1997. Floristic richness in the Africa-Madagascar region: a brief history and perspective. Adansonia 19: 101-115.
38. Morris A.V., Roberts C.M. and Hawkins J.P. 2000. The threatened status of groupers (Epinephelinae). Biodiversity and Conservation 9: 919-942.
39. Newmark W.D. 1998. Forest area, fragmentation, and loss in the Eastern Arc Mountains: Implications for the conservation of biological diversity. Journal of East African Natural History 87: 29-36.
40. Oberprieler R.G. 1995a. The weevils (Coleoptera: Cucurlionoidea) associated with cycads. 1. Classification, relationships and biology. In: Vorster P. (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology. Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa, pp. 295-334.
41. Oberprieler R.G. 1995b. The weevils (Coleoptera: Cucurlionoidea) associated with cycads. 2. Host specificity and implications for cycad taxonomy. In: Vorster P. (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology. Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa, pp. 335-366.
42. Oldfield S., Lusty C. and MacKinven A. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK, 649 pp.
43. Osborne R. 1988. Focus on: Encephalartos barteri. Encephalartos 14: 8-16.
44. Osborne R. 1990. A conservation strategy for the South African cycads. South African Journal of Science 86: 220-223.
45. Osborne R. 1995. The world cycad census and a proposed revision of the threatened species status for cycad taxa. Biological Conservation 71: 1-12.
46. Osborne R., Grobbelaar N. and Vorster P. 1988. South African cycad research: progress and prospects. South African Journal of Science 84: 891-896.
47. Pianka E.R. 1970. On 'r' and 'K' selection. The American Naturalist 104: 592-597.
48. Pòcs T., Temu R.P.C. and Mina T.R.A. 1990. Survey of the vegetation and natural flora of the Nguru Mountain. In: Hedberg I. and Persson I. (eds), Research for Conservation of Tanzanian Catchment Forests. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 135-149.
49. Pressey R.L., Ferrier S., Hager T.S., Woods C.A., Tully S.L. and Weinman K.M. 1996. How well protected are the forests of northeastern New South Wales? - Analyses of forest environments in relation to formal protection measures, land tenure, and vulnerability to clearing. Forest Ecology and Management 85: 311-333.
50. Rourke J.P. 1999. Plant systematics in South Africa: a brief historical overview. 1753-1953. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 54: 179-190.
51. Saunders D.A., Hobbs R.J. and Margules C.R. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology 5: 18-32.
52. Schweinfurth G. 1871. Cycadaceae. Botanische Zeitung 29: 334.
53. Scott-Shaw R. 1999. Rare and Threatened Plants of KwaZulu-Natal and Neighbouring Regions. KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service, Congella, South Africa, 181 pp.
54. Soule' E. 1986. Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
55. Stevenson D.W., Osborne R. and Hill K.D. 1995. The World List of Cycads. In: Vorster P. (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology. Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa, pp. 55-64.
56. van der Bank F.H., Vorster P. and van der Bank M. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships, based on allozyme data, between six cycad taxa indigenous to South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 64: 182-188.
57. Vorster P. 1993. Taxonomy of Encephalartos (Zamiaceae): taxonomically useful external characteristics. In: Stevenson D.W. and Norstog K.J. (eds), Proceedings of CYCAD 90, The Second International Conference on Cycad Biology. Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia, Milton, Australia, pp. 294-299.
58. Vorster P. 1995. Aspects of the reproduction of cycads. 2. An annotated review of known information. In: Vorster P. (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology. Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa, pp. 379-389.
59. Vorster P. 1996a. Encephalartos aplanatus (Zamiaceae): a new species from Swaziland. South African Journal of Botany 62: 57-60.
60. Vorster P. 1996b. Encephalartos msinganus (Zamiaceae): a new species from KwaZulu-Natal. South African Journal of Botany 62: 67-70.
61. Vorster P. 1996c. Encephalartos senticosus (Zamiaceae): a new species from northern KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland. South African Journal of Botany 62: 76-79.
62. Vorster P. 1996d. Encephalartos brevifoliolatus (Zamiaceae): a new species from the Northern Province. South African Journal of Botany 62: 61-64.
63. Vorster P. 1996e. Encephalartos venetus (Zamiaceae): a new species from the Northern Province. South African Journal of Botany 62: 71-75.
64. Walter S.K. and Gillett H.J. (eds) 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, ixiv + 862 pp.
65. WCMC 1998. Checklist of CITES Species. CITES Secretariat/World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK, pp. 277-278.
66. Wilke D., Shaw E., Rotberg F., Morelli G. and Auzel P. 2000. Roads, development and conservation in the Congo Basin. Conservation Biology 14: 1614-1622.
67. Zalba S.M. and Nebbia A.J. 1999. Neosparton darwinii (Verbenaceae), a restricted endemic species. Is it also endangered? Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 1585-1593.